• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.17
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• pp.251-293
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• 2002

The study is a comparative and analytical study which comprises of the analysis of the rules of the buyer's right to withhold performance where the seller delivers defective goods or documents of three legal systems; the CISG, English law and Korean law. The purposes underlying this study are twofold. The first is to clarify the current position as to the right of withholding performance in the event of the seller's tender of defective goods or documents in Korean law, CISG and English law so that it may assist the parties in drafting the buyer's right to withhold performance in their own contract. The second is to compare the rules of one jurisdiction with those of other jurisdictions and to evaluate the rules in light of the practical functions and benefits of the right to withhold performance and the discipline of comparative law the basic question of which is whether a solution from one jurisdiction may facilitate the systematic development and reform of another jurisdiction. It shows that each jurisdiction does not have any provision or case law specifically dealing with the buyer's right to withhold performance where the seller delivers the goods which are defective in terms of quality or quantity. The absence of such provision or case in each jurisdiction has resulted in either disputes or uncertainty. However, the study executed in light of the primary functions and benefits of the right in practice and the discipline of comparative law reveals that, first, the view in English law which is against recognizing the right may not be justified when one considers the practical importance of having the right and the position taken by the CISG as a well developed and modernized law, second, the view in Korean law which argues that the principle of specific goods dogma on which it is based is extended even to substitutable or repairable goods cannot be also justified on the ground of one's ordinary expectation and the position under the CISG and English law which imposes a contractual duty to deliver non-defective goods on the seller insofar as the buyer's payment is deemed to be made in exchange for the seller's delivery of non-defective goods and they are substitutable or repairable. Regarding the right to withhold performance in the event of the seller's tender of defective documents, the study shows that the relatively detailed rules in English law may be utilized as a guideline to fill the gap in the CISG and Korean law in terms of the practicability and appropriateness to govern documentary sales. Furthermore, it is found that the position in English law which confers on the buyer the right to withhold performance for a trivial defect in documents may be unreasonable in terms of one's need to enable justice to be done in individual cases.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.24-39
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• 2000

Various methods and graft materials have been used to fill in the defect adjacent to the implants and considered as clinically acceptable. But it is not clear whether the regenerated bone increases the implant-bone contact and supports the implant. The purpose of this study is to evaluate regenerated bone surrounding implants using bone morphogenetic protein(BMP) and demineralized freeze-dried bone(DFDB), and the interfaces between implants and regenerated bone. bBMP was extracted and partially purified from the bovine bone matrix using heparine chromatography. Demineralized freeze-dried bone was made from the dog. Inactive insoluble collagenous bone matrix(IBM) of dog was used as carrier of bBMP. Interfaces of titanium coated epoxy resin implants were processed for demineralized section for transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and those of screw type implants were for nondemineralized section for light and fluoromicroscopic examination. Implants were inserted in the inferior border of mandible of adult dogs and artificial bony defects($3{\times}3{\times}4mm$) were made at the mesial and distal side of implants. Defects were filled with BMP(BMP group) and DFDB(DFDB group). For the fluoromicroscopic examination, the fluorescent dyes(oxytetracycline, calcein green, alizarin red) were injected 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 weeks after implantation. The experimental animals were sacrificed at the 6th and the 12th week and their mandible were extirpated and processed for examination with light microscopy, fluoromicroscopy and TEM. The obtained results were as follows : 1. By the light microscopic findings, the defects were filled with woven bone at the 6th week and compact bone at the 12th week, and the osseointegrations were seen in both groups. There was no histological difference between them. 2. On the basis of the histomorphometric analysis, BMP group(6th week: 40.25%, 12th week: 56.04%) had higher bony contact ratio than DFDB group(38.37%, 42.63%). There was significant difference between two groups at the 12th week(p<0.05). 3. The amount of bone formation in BMP group was more prominent than in DFDB group. Significant difference was noted among two groups at the 6th and the 8th week(p<0.05). 4. By the transmission electron microscopic findings, $0.4-2{\mu}m$ soft tissue layer was found in adjacent to the interfaces and over the collagen fibrils of bone at the 6th week. However, about 100nm amorphous layer was noted at the interface or collagen fibrils directly extended to the titanium surface at the 12th week. There was no significant difference between two groups. 5. These results suggest that BMP and DFDB can be used as good graft materials in the regeneration of bone adjacent to implant, and BMP is more valuable as a bone inducer than DFDB.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.91-102
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• 2011

This study was carried out to analyze the problems on several steps of the establishment of the Nature Ecological Forest in Yeouido Park, Seoul, and also to suggest improved approaches on each step. For execution drawing, planting models and plans seemed to be uncertain, and the quantity and size of planting trees seemed to be impractical. For construction, the woody plants planted on the site were different in species and size from the planting plan. Ecological planting was somewhat limited because of the inappropriate soil properties. For management, replacement of the dead trees was not executed properly, and no management scheme was prepared after the replacement period. We suggested improved approaches for the establishment of ecological forests in urban areas as follows: for execution drawing, overstory, understory and herbaceous ground cover layers should be composed based on standard plant community structures. Trees that are available from tree markets should be specified in the planting plan. For construction, trees for planting need to be tagged to identify species and size. When tree species and size are changed, they should be checked to ensure that they are proper to the plant community model. Soil information should be collected to check that they fit the target plant community model. For management, the proper amount of trees needs to be specified in the planting plan by applying regular discount rates, especially for trees supplied from the government sector. The replacement period should be extended from two years to five years. The change of plant communities should be monitored during first five years after establishment.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.627-635
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• 2011

Purpose: Advanced breast cancer traditionally has been perceived as a contraindication to immediate breast reconstruction, because of concerns regarding adjuvant treatment delays and the cosmetic effects of radiotherapy to breast reconstruction, so delayed reconstruction is usually preferred in advanced breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy. However, with the improved outcome using multimodality therapy, consisting of perioperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy, immediate breast reconstruction is now being performed as surgical option for selected advanced breast cancer patients. Additionally, advanced breast cancer patients may be needed soft tissue coverage of an extensive skin and soft tussue defect after mastectomy. Current authors have experienced several types of immediate breast and chest wall reconstruction for advanced breast cancer. Methods: From December of 2007 to June of 2009, 14 women performed for immediate breast and chest wall reconstruction for advanced breast cancer. They had been treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy followed by modified radical mastectomy or radical mastectomy. Four different techniques were used immediate breast and chest wall reconstruction, which are pedicled TRAM flap (4 cases), extended LD flap with STSG (3 cases), thoracoabdominal flap (4 cases) and thoracoepigastric flap (3 cases). Results: The mean age was 53 years and mean follow up period was 9 months. Patients' oncologic status ranged stage IIIa to stage IV. Two patients had major complications: partial flap necrosis of TRAM flap and one distal necrosis of thoracoabdominal flap. Three patients with stage IV disease died from metastases. Conclusion: The result of this study suggests that immediate breast and chest wall reconstruction can be considered as surgical option for advanced breast cancer. But we need long term follow up and large prospective studies for recurrence and survival.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.483-488
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• 2003

There are still debates in the literature on the relative benefits of blood cardioplegia and crystalloid cardioplegia in pediatric cardiac surgery. We performed a clinical trial to compare the myocardial protective effect between HTK solution and blood cardioplegic solution in congenital heart surgery. Material and Method: 15 patients who underwent HTK solution cardioplegia (group 1) and 15 patients who underwent blood cardioplegia(group 2) were included in this study. Preoperative and postoperative serial serum cardiac enzyme levels (troponin I, CK-MB, LDH) were measured in all patients. Clinical data were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Result: There were no differences in age and body weight between the two groups. Operative diagnosis included ventricular septal defect (VSD, n＝4), atrial septal defect (ASD, n＝1), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF, n＝4), and other complex heart diseases (n＝6) in group 1, VSD (n＝7), ASD (n＝5), and TOF (n＝3) in group 2. Cardiopulmonary bypass times were 99.1$\pm$48.1 minutes in group 1, and 69.3$\pm$27.3 minutes in group 2 (p＝0,02). Aortic clamping times were 52.1$\pm$23.6 minutes in group 1, and 37.9$\pm$20.5 minutes in group 2 (p＝0.07). There was no mortality and spontaneous defibrillation was possible in all patients. No differences were observed in the serial enzyme levels between the two groups. There were no differences in the duration of inotropic support and ventilator time between the two groups. Conclusion: HTK solution provided comparable myocardial protection compared with blood cardioplegic solution. A single high dose of HTK solution may be safely and conveniently used for an extended periods as well in congenital heart surgery.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2000

Objective: When an alveolar cleft is too large to close with adjacent mucobuccal flaps or large secondary fistula following a primary bilateral palatoplasty exists, a one-stage procedure for bone grafting becomes challenging. In such a case, we used the tongue flap to repair the fistula and cleft alveolus in the first stage, and bone grafting to the cleft defect was performed in the second stage several months later. The purpose of this paper is to report our experiences with the use of an anteriorly-based Y-shaped tongue flap to fit the palatal and labial alveolar defects and the ultimate result of the bone graft. Patients: A series of 14 patients underwent surgery of this type from January 1994 to December 1998.The average age of the patients was 15.8 years old (range: 5 to 28 years old). The mean period of follow-up following the 2nd stage bone raft operation was 45.9 months (range: 9 to 68 months). In nine of the 14 cases, the long-fork type of a Yshaped tongue flap was used for extended coverage of the labial side alveolar defects with the palatal fistula in the remaining cases the short-forked design was used. Results: All cases demonstrated a good clinical result after the initial repair of cleft alveolus and palatal fistula. There was no fistula recurrence, although Partial necrosis of distal margin in long-forked tongue flap was occurred in one case. Furthermore, the bone graft, which was performed an average of 8 months after the tongue flap repair, was always successful. Occasionally, the transferred tongue tissue was bulging and interfering with the hygienic care of nearby teeth; however, these problems were able to be solved with proper contour-pasty performed afterwards. No donor site complications such as sensory disturbance, change in taste, limitations in tongue movement, normal speech impairments or tongue disfigurement were encountered. Conclusion: This two-stage reconstruction of a bilateral cleft alveolus using a Y-shaped tongue flap and iliac bone graft was very successful. It may be indicated for a bilateral cleft alveolus patient where the direct closure of the cleft defect with adjacent tissue or the buccal flap is not easy due to scarred fibrotic mucosa and/or accompanied residual palatal fistula.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.5 no.1 s.9
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• pp.55-92
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• 2005

The factors contributing to the formation of an important scientific concept in South Korea and its circulation in the society are the scientific knowledge that had been already formed, matured, and established in the U.S.A, Europe and Japan and has been introduced into Korea, and the institutions that have been formed during the recent modernization in South Korea. The concept of 'genetic information' cannot be an exception in this context. The concept of genetic information is the one that has been extended and intensified by the genomics and bioinformatics formed and matured through the Human Genome Projects from the former concept of inheritance or heredity within the framework of classical and molecular genetics. The purpose of this study was to find out 'how the production structure of genetic information in South Korea has been formed', under the perspective of the conceptual, epistemic, and institutional holisticity or integratedness in the concept and knowledge production structure idealized in Western advanced nations. The discourse of genetic engineering popular in the mid 1980's in South Korea has catalyzed the development of molecular biology. However, the institutional balance that had been established for the biochemistry departments in Natural Science College and Medical College was not formed between the genetic engineering and genetics departments in South Korea. Therefore, they were unable to achieve the more integrative and macro-level disciplinary impact on life sciences, largely due to institutional lack of the capable (human) genetics departments in some leading Korean colleges of Medicine. In genomics, the cutting-edge reprogramming and restructuring of the traditional genetics in the West, South Korea has not invested, even meagerly, in the infrastructure, fund, and research and development (R & D) for the Basic or First Phase of the research trajectory in the Human Genome Project. Without a minimal Basic Phase, the genomics research and development in Korea has been running more or less for the Advanced or Second Phase. Bioinformatics has started developing in Korea under a narrow perspective which regards it as a mere sub-discipline of information technology (IT). Having developed itself in parallel with genomics, bioinformatics contains its own unique logics and contents that can be both directly and indirectly connected to the information science and technology. As a result, bioinformatics reveals a defect in respect of being synergistically integrated into genetics and life sciences in Korea. Owing to the structural problem in the production, genetic information appears to be produced in a fragmented pattern in the Korean society since its fundamental base is weak and thin. A good example of the conceptual and institutional fragmentedness is that 'the genetics of individual identification' is not a normal integrated part of the Korean genetics, but a scientific practice exercised in the departments of legal medicine in a few Medical Colleges. And the environment contributing to the production structure of genetic information in South Korea today comprises 'sangmyung gonghak'(or life engineering) discourse and non-governmental organization movement.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.561-565
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• 2001

Patients who have complex endocarditis with involvement of both the aortic and mitral valves and intervalvular fibrous skeleton are among the most difficult to treat and still have the highest surgical mortality and morbidity rates. We report one case of aortic and mitral valve replacement with reconstruction of the fibrous skeleton performed in a 55-year-old female patient who had an aortic annular abscess and both the aortic and mitral prosthetic valve endocarditis with destruction of the fibrous skeleton. Previously, she had undergone redo double valve replacement\`, Transesophageal echocardiogram showed the paravalvular defect at the noncoronary aortic sinus and abnormal sinus tract along the fibrous skeleton. Emergent operation was performed due to positive blood cultures of staphylococcus epidermidis and persistent sepsis despite appropriate antibiotic therapy. After aortotomy extended to the roof of left atrium, both prosthetic valves and destroyed fibrous skeleton were completely resected and the aortic annular abscess was debrided and closed with a bovine pericardial patch. Reconstructions of both aortic and mitral annuli and the fibrous skeleton were done by using two separate bovine pericardial patches in triangular shape and mechanical valves were implanted. Postoperatively, adequate antibiotic therapies were continued and the patient was discharged at the postoperative 72 days without evidence of recurrence of endocarditis. Transthoracic echocardiogram of the postoperative 8 months shows no paravalvular leakage or recurrence of endocarditis and the patient has been followed up with no symptom.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 1997

Purpose : To evaluate the efficacy of combined treatment of surgery and chemoradiotherapy for supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (SPNET) and obtain the Prognostic factors and complications Materials and Methods .The a9e of 18 patients ranged from 1 to 27 years (median=5 years). There were 12 males and 6 females The extents of surgery were gross total (n:9), subtotal (n:8), biopsy only (n: 1). Craniospinal radiotherapy was delivered to all the patients except 2 patients who were treated only with the whole brain and primary lesion. Radiation dose were 3120-5800cGy (median=5460) to primary mass, 1500-4200cGy (median=3600cGy) to the whole brain and 1320-3600cGy (median= 2400 cGy) to the spinal axis. Chemotherapy was done in 13 patients. Median follow-up period was 45 months ranged from 1 to 89 months. Results : Patterns of failure were as follows; local recurrence (1), multiple intracranial recurrence (2), spinal seeding (3), craniospinal seeding (2) and multiple bone metastasis (1). Two of two patients who did not received craniospinal radiotherapy failed at spinal area. All the relapsed cases died at 1 to 13 months after diagnosis of progression. The 2- and 5-rear overall survival rates were $61\%\;and\;49\%$, respectively The a9e, sex, tumor location did not influence the survival but aggressive resection with combined chemotherapy showed better outcome. Among 9 survivors, complications were detected as radiation necrosis (n=1), hypopituitarism (n=2), cognitive defect(n=1), memory deficit (n=1), growth retardation (n=1). Conclusion : To improve the results of treatment of SPNET, maximal surgical resection followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy is necessary. The extended radiation field including craniospinal axis may reduce the recurrence in spinal axis.