• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.111-121
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• 2015

A correct information of customer returns ratio under e-commerce is not always shared between supply chain (SC) members. Also, it is important issue for SC members to handle the unsold products in a market. This paper discusses the impact of information sharing of customer returns ratio on an optimal sales strategy including resale of customer returns and buyback policy for a SC under e-commerce with a manufacturer and a retailer. A retailer sells a single product and resells the resalable customer returns in the same market. A manufacturer produces the products and buys back the unsold products as to their quality from the retailer. The integrated SC (ISC) determines the optimal product order quantity to maximize the expected profit of the whole SC. The decentralized SC (DSC) makes the optimal decisions for order quantity and the wholesale price of products to maximize the expected profit of each SC member. The effect of information sharing is discussed between SC members under ISC and DSC. The analysis numerically investigates how information sharing of the returns ratio affects the optimal decision and the expected profits under ISC and DSC. Besides, effect of SC coordination to encourage the shift to ISC is discussed.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.3-21
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• 1992

By localizing the production of core parts and intermediate goods previously imported from Japan, Korean firms have been striving to increase their market share and profit in the final goods market in which Japanese firms are dominating. Korean producers' efforts, however, have often been thwarted by Japanese suppliers' "strategic" behavior. This competitive strategy involves Japanese exporters supplying parts and intermediate goods at very high prices until Korean firms must locally develop them, and then setting the prices far below the previous level so that the profitability of localization is dramatically reduced, or even means a loss for the Korean manufacturer. This paper intends to explain the strategic behavior of Japanese firms through the concepts of strategic interactions and joint economies. Strategic interactions can be aggressive or accommodating depending on whether competitors are dealing with strategic substitutes or complements. Joint economies exist in multi-stage competition when competition in the previous state favorably influences "profits" of the ensuing stage. Competiton between Korean and Japanese firms (a two-stage game involving production and technology rivalries) can be characterized by joint economies and strategic substitutes: joint economies since technological improvement results in more profits in the production stage; and strategic substitutes since an increase in marginal profits of one firm brings about a decrease in marginal profits of the other in a duopolitic production stage. This implies that the flood of "low price" Japense substitutes is an almost "natural" phenomenon in the context of the duopolistic market described in this paper. In the technology competition stage, on the other hand, technology development and technology transfer can be either strategic complements or substitutes. This implies that, in typical comparative static analyses, the effect of changes in exogenous variables cannot be expected a priori. Thus it becomes very difficult to determine the desirability of applying various policy measures such as countervailing duties, R&D subsidies, and creating demand for localized products. For these reasons, it is indeed likely that the measures suggested as means of circumventing the strategic behavior of Japanese firms (and enhancing technological development of Korean firms) may not work.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.209-247
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• 2004

Although various publicly reserved funds have recently come to the fore of academic and policy-making attention in Korea, researchers rarely take up the issue of the reserve fund retained from annual profits by the central bank (i.e., the Bank of Korea). Starting with the general public choice premise that bureaucrats seek to maximize their discretionary budget, this paper first provides a theoretical reasoning why central bank's bureaucrats would prefer retaining annual profits to turning them to the Treasury. The major tenet to be emphasized is that retained profits as a reserve fund can give the central bankers discretionary power in their disposition. In particular, we focus on the close relationship between the reserve fund and the discount windows. The latter, as a monetary instrument, has traditionally been demonstrated to cause secrecy, arbitrariness, and other bureaucratic amenities in the previous literature. Subsequently, this paper, based on 61 countries data, empirically verifies that the central bank's reserve fund is at least partially used to additionally increase the discount windows. Since an excessive use of discount windows results in inflationary bias, we conclude the paper with some policy suggestions to have such bureaucratic power of discretion in check. This paper, if in its experimental nature yet, is expected to shed a critical implication for establishing the meaningful independence of the central bank to a host of countries.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.117-132
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• 2023

With the recent spread of COVID-19, the size of the online shopping market continues to increase, and various online platforms are appearing in the market, and many small and medium businesses are entering the platform. As the recent increase in the use of the platform by small andmedium businesses as raised the issue of appropriate platform fees, the need for social discussions on the use of the platform and fees is raised. Currently, most discussions regarding fees primarily focus on specific cases from a negative perspective, and discussions that comprehensively consider the platform's utilization value and fees are insufficient. Therefore, this study aims to systematically and comprehensively understand platform fees by considering the value of using platform services and commission costs together. To achieve this, the economic value of each platform service was estimated and analyzed in detail. It selected two industries that are actively using online platforms, delivery services and e-commerce, and paid attention to changes in expected profits generated by sellers using platform services, and compared and analyzed expected profits based on estimated sales and costs for each scenario, such as whether sellers entered the platform and whether they used the service. As a result of the study, our results that entering the platform and using the platform service enable sales increase and cost reduction, which have a positive effect on the seller's expected profit. Through this study, we intend to understand platform fees from the perspective of user fees for platform service use and value acquisition, and based on this, estimate the economic value of platform services and fees to expand the value and cost of using platform services to a comprehensive and systematic discussion.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.163-166
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• 2012

This study was carried out to compare the cut meat yields of Cobb and Avian and their profits at productive aspect. Two different breeds, Cobb (34,086,758 birds) and Avian (4,087,600 birds) produced from January 2009 to August 2009 were used. The whole chickens were divided into cut meats including tenderloins, breast fillets, whole wings, boneless thighs, and drumsticks. The growth performance and cut meat yield of Cobb and Avian were measured to investigate possible profit difference. Cobb was superior in the aspect of production performance to Avian with significant differences in survival rate and slaughtering age. As the weight gained, the yields of Cobb increased in breast fillets and boneless thighs as well as lean meat percentage. Significantly higher yield (%) of breast fillets was produced by Cobb at size 14 when compared with Avian. However, there was no significant difference in expected market prices for both cut meat and whole chicken meat between the two breeds in all sizes.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.109-118
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• 2002

Such effects would be paid off in the right way only when management of the firms perform marketing activities focusing on long term effectiveness, which would drive company profits up and keep them for long. Demands of customers are being changed and varied. In this result with the advantage of mass marketing and database marketing have been drawing attentions from company. To fulfill these demands of customer, they need a concept of eCRM(Web based Customer Relationship Management), and go from selling products and services, or gathering customer requests, up to the phase of solving customer's problem by real time or previous action. With the help of internet, the frequency and speed of the problem solving has improved greatly. For these purposes, we try to determine the most important and most urgent factors in eCRM: utilization by using SN Ratio Decision making, one of the Multi-criteria decision-making methods SN Ratio Decision making is widely used for determining relative magnitude per evaluation item, i. e. priority on problems and is expected to make more systematic and objective evaluations than conventional methods do. Even in the present situation where any general criterion on eCRM dose not exist, utilization of eCRM is expected to be actively continued, which will cause many problems. In this regard, evaluating eCRM counts.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.9
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• pp.1174-1180
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• 2018

In December 2017, the government announced plans to increase the current proportion of renewable energy from 7% to 20% by 2030 through a plan called the Renewable Energy 3020 Implementation Plan. Therefore, the demand for installation of photovoltaic(PV), wind turbine(WT) and battery energy storage system(BESS) is expected to increase. In particular, the system combined with energy storage system(ESS) is expected to take up a large portion since PV and WT can receive high renewable energy certificates(REC) weights when combined with ESS. In this study, we calculate the optimal capacity of the power conditioning system(PCS) and the BESS by comparing the economical efficiency and maximize the efficiency of the PV-BESS system in which the PV and the BESS are connected. By analyzing the system marginal price(SMP) and REC, it maximize profits through application of REC weight 5.0 and optimal charge-discharge scheduling according to the SMP changes.

• The Journal of Bigdata
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

As FTA is spreading, it is becoming more and more necessary to improve the accuracy and reliability of the country of origin information at the domestic trading stage in preparation for the actual surveys expected to surge in the near future. However, there are many problems in collecting and managing information related to origin. It is pointed out that the shortage of export-oriented profits and the incentive for issuance of FTA-related profits, as well as the lack of information on the distribution and management of origin information of domestic manufacturing companies are also pointed out as important causes. In this paper, we propose a method to improve the efficiency of management and circulation of smooth FTA origin (comprehensive) certificate of Korean companies and to improve reliability through manipulation prevention by building prototype of origin information management system based on private block chain Hyperledger. The block chain, called Distributed Ledger or Trusted Internet, provides a technical infrastructure that enables various related companies to distribute origin information with high reliability and immediate distribution in the supply chain, but research on its application is still in the beginning stage.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.121-130
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• 2016

An ansemble of N players arranged in a circle play a spatially dependent Parrondo game B. One player is randomly selected to play game B, which is based on the toss of a biased coin, with the amount of the bias depending on states of the selected player's two nearest neighbors. The player wins one unit with heads and loses one unit with tails. In game A' the randomly chosen player transfers one unit of capital to another player who is randomly chosen among N - 1 players. Game A' is fair with respect to the ensemble's total profit. The games are said to exhibit the Parrondo effect if game B is losing and the random mixture game C is winning and the reverse-Parrondo effect if game B is winning and the random mixture game C is losing. We compute the exact mean profits for games B and C by applying a state space reduction method with lumped Markov chains and we sketch the Parrondo and reverse-Parrondo regions for $3{\leq}N{\leq}6$.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.157-164
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• 2020

The reinforcement of the token, which is based on the token economy currently applied in blockchain-based cryptography, plays a critical role in forming the cryptographic-related ecosystem. Therefore, in this paper, it was investigated the reinforcement principle of token supporting the Token economy for blockchain model. In order to create a healthy ecosystem based on the reinforcement system principle, it is necessary to find ways to secure scalability by seeking consensus between the participants and the market economy structure so that it can generate an influx of more participants than seeking to maximize profits of certain people. Desirable behavior is defined as an action required by ecosystem participants that have the property of making the token ecosystem sustainable, and to do so, each individual receives appropriate incentives (rewards) when taking this action, ultimately encouraging voluntary participation and action by all participants in the ecosystem to optimize the interests of both individuals and participants. The expected benefit of this study may contribute to the establishment of various business models based on the principle of the reinforcement system.