• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.99-117
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• 2021

Korea's FTA e-commerce regulations are evolving into a standardized norm. However, "location of computing facilities", which was not covered by Korea's existing FTA, was newly established in Korea's first Mega FTA, RCEP. China, a member of RCEP, restricts data movement and requires data localization through its Cybersecurity law. These facts have led to start this study with interest in data-related regulations. It examined country-specific and regulatory characteristics in the process of forming digital trade norms, using the TAPED established by Burri et al. (2020). It also analyzed the current status of introducing norms related to 'data flow', 'data localization' and 'data protection' of the EU, USA and China, which are leading the formation of e-commerce trade norms. Finally, the legal review was conducted to compare the exact meaning of the wording expressed in each agreement for the six recently enacted Mega FTAs and Digital Economic Agreements. These findings are meaningful in that they provided implications for the effectiveness of RCEP and the direction of negotiations on Korea's digital trade norms.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.183-199
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• 2024

In this paper, a closed-form rigorous solution for interfacial stress in continuous steel beam with variable section strengthened with bonded prestressed FRP plates and subjected to a uniformly distributed load is developed using linear elastic theory and including the variation of fiber volume fractions with a longitudinal orientation of the fibers of the FRP plates. The results show that there exists a high concentration of both shear and normal stress at the ends of the laminate, which might result in premature failure of the strengthening scheme at these locations. The theoretical predictions are compared with other existing solutions. Overall, the predictions of the different solutions agree closely with each other. A parametric study has been conducted to investigate the sensitivity of interface behavior to parameters such as laminate and adhesive stiffness, the thickness of the laminate and the fiber volume fractions where all were found to have a marked effect on the magnitude of maximum shear and normal stress in the composite member. This research gives a numerical precision in relating to the others studies which neglect the effect of prestressed plate and the shear lag impact. The physical and geometric properties of materials are taken into account, and that may play an important role in reducing the interfacial stresses magnitude.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.86-93
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• 2023

As the hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete members under cyclic loading progresses, the energy dissipation ability decreases due to a decrease in stiffness and strength and pinching effects. However, the guideline "Nonlinear Analysis Model for Performance-Based Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Building Structures, 2021" requires calculating a single energy dissipation factor for each member and all histeric step, so the decrease in energy dissipation capacity according to histeric step cannot be considered. It is judged that Therefore, in this study, the energy dissipation factor according to the histeric step was examined by comparing the existing experimental results and the nonlinear time history analysis results for a general beam under cyclic loading. The energy dissipation factor was calculated as the ratio of the energy dissipation amount of the actual specimen to the energy dissipation amount of the idealized elastoplastic behavior obtained as a result of nonlinear time history analysis. In the existing experiment results, the energy dissipation factor was derived by calculating one cycle for each histeric step, and the energy dissipation factor was derived based on the nonlinear modeling process in the guidelines. In the existing experimental study, the energy dissipation factor was calculated by setting each histeric step (Y-L-R), and the energy dissipation factor was found to be 0.36 in the Y-L step and 0.28 in the L-R step, and the energy dissipation factor in the guideline was found to be 0.31. This shows that the energy dissipation factor calculation formula in the guidelines does not indicate a decrease in the energy dissipation capacity of reinforced concrete members.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.91-98
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• 2012

In this paper, the behavior of offshore wind turbine(OWT) foundation which is modeled by using existing design method and FEM is compared. When the same type of foundation is designed under the same sea and ground condition, the behavior characteristics with each model are compared. As a result, the member forces between apparent fixity and distributed spring type foundation which consider the ground stiffness are not different markedly, while fixed-base type foundation shows relatively lower member forces, which results in smaller safety margin. In other words, considering ground stiffness is reasonable because soil-pile interaction affects significantly on the analysis result. A case study with a monopile shows significant errors between p-y and FEM model at the head and tip of the pile. Also, it shows that the errors at the tip with diameter increase of the pile is larger. Thus, considering ground characteristics and engineering judgment are necessary in practice. A comparison of reliability analysis between tripod and monopile type foundation on the same condition shows larger probability of failure in monopile type and it indicates that the safety margin of monopile type can be lower.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 2003

This paper described the ultimate strength and deformation limit of new uniplanar T-joints in cold-formed square hollow sections. The new T-joint had the configuration that only a branch member was oriented at 45 degrees to a chord member in the plane of the truss. This study focused on the branch-rotated T-joints governed by chord web failure. Based on the test results of the T-joint in cold-formed square hollow sections, the deformation lirnit was found to be 3%B for $16.7{\leq}2(B/T){\leq}33.3$ and $0.63{\leq}(b_1/B)=0.7$. Existing strength formulas for traditional T-joint were investigated, and the new strength formula for the branch-rotated T-joint was proposed. This proposed formula was based on column buckling theory considering the rounded corners of cold-formed square hollow sections. Finally, the optimization condition of yield stress and $2{\gamma}$ was recommended to select the optimized chord section.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.10
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• pp.50-64
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• 2013

In clustered sensor networks, since a CH (Cluster Head) collects data from its members and delivers the collected data to the sink, it is very important to prevent compromised nodes from joining a CH election and manipulating and fabricating the election result. In order to protect CH elections from compromised nodes, unpredictability, non-manipulability, and agreement property should be guaranteed in CH elections. However, existing CH election schemes cannot prevent intelligent compromised nodes from skilfully violating those properties via their cooperation. In this paper, we propose a scheme which protects the CH election process by detecting intelligent compromised nodes and excluding them. For every CH election round, each member gives a direct trust value to other members according to their behavior. Then a real reputation value is given to each member by combining the direct trust value and indirect trust values provided by other members. Then, each node evaluates the real reputation values of members in its cluster and excludes some untrustable nodes from CH candidates. The scheme greatly improves the non-manipulability and agreement property of CH election results compared to other rival schemes. Furthermore, the scheme preserves the high non-manipulability and the high agreement property even in an environment where message losses can happen.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.919-930
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• 2014

In this study, the load capacities and behaviors of a shotcrete member with steel supports, as composite member, are investigated numerically by using a fiber section element. The cross section of a shotcrete lining with steel support is divided into a bundle of fibers, which are allocated nonlinear stress-strain relations and used for determining internal forces. To verify the used approach of the finite element method for shotcrete with steel supports, the load-displacement relations of shotcrete lining obtained by numerical analysis are compared with existing experimental results and are analyzed with the stress distribution of the shotcrete and steel support obtained numerically. As a result, it is shown that the proposed approach can predict the load capacities of each material and the overall nonlinear behavior of shotcrete lining with steel supports. The change of location of the neutral axis and the flexural resistance ratio of each material are also derived from the stress distribution of the cross section of the shotcrete lining with steel supports. From the results, it is concluded that the flexural resistance performance of steel support should be considered in shotcrete lining design.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.347-353
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• 2005

The risk assessment is the qualitative or quantitative evaluation of the risk posed to human health and the environment by the actual or potential presence or release of hazardous substances, pollutants or contaminants. The environmental impact assessment (EIA) is assessed by the environmental criteria, and risk assessment is assessed by the risk rate. Risk rate based on dose-response values may not be easy to apply on regulatory basis like EIA for uncertainty. Internationally there is an example of OECD program. Risk assessment of High Production Volume (HPV) Chemicals has started since the OECD Program with the 1990 Council Act on the Co-operative Investigation and Risk Reduction of Existing Chemicals. These HPV chemicals include all chemicals produced or imported at levels greater than 1,000 tonnes per year in at least one Member country or in the European Union region. The SIDS called the Screening Information Data Set is regarded as the minimum information needed to assess an HPV chemical to determine whether any further work should be carried out or not. All the data elements of SIDS including assessment for environment and health are prepared as three formats of the full SIDS Dossier, the SIDS Initial Assessment Report (SIAR), and the SIDS Initial Assessment Profile (SIAP) of an HPV chemical. In 1998 the global chemical industry through the International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) has joined to work with OECD. The OECD has assessed approximately 1,000 chemicals from 1991 through 2004 with ICCA. Till the February of 2005, 592 chemicals of those chemicals completed SIDS reports. Member countries have been targeted the goal of 1,000 new chemicals from 2005 to 2010 and Korea shared 36 chemicals from the 1,000 new chemicals. Currently Korea has completed SIDS reports of 7 chemicals among sponsored 24 chemicals. In conclusion SIDS project will be linked to national program for outputs application with more reliable production. Both the OECD and industry will carry out their commitment to complete assessments for more and the remaining chemicals assessment. The major outputs will contribute to cope with international chemical management.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.3 s.55
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• pp.87-96
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• 2007

A new Energy-Dissipating Sacrificial Device (EDSD) is developed for steel plate girders, which can effectively dissipate the energy stored in the structures during seismic actions. To verify the performance of the EDSD, various seismic responses of a sample bridge with the EDSD are analyzed in terms of energy, member forces and deformation. The full scale model tests are conducted to certify the performance of the EDSD when it is applied on existing bridges. Using the improved hysteretic model of the sacrificial member, the seismic analysis for an example bridge is performed. The results show that the proposed EDSD under seismic excitations can significantly decrease the energy stored in the bridge structures and reduce the relative displacements of each superstructure to the ground. The EDSD is also found to function as a structural fuse under strong ground motions, sacrificing itself to absorb the excessive energy. Consequently, economical enhancement of the seismic performance of bridges can be achieved by employing the newly developed energy-dissipating sacrificial device.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.15 no.6 s.67
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• pp.673-681
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• 2003

This paper describes the experiment that determines the ultimate strength of new uniplanar T-joints made of cold-formed square hollow sections. The new T-joint focused on the configuration of a branch member that is oriented 45 degrees to the plane of the truss and welded to the chord member whose web is stiffened with plate. The strength and failure mode are examined using the existing strength formula for the branch-rotated T-joint $(16.7{\leq}2{\gamma}(B/T){\leq}33.3$ and $0.63{\leq}{\beta}(b1/B){\leq}0.7)$. The test result shows that the capacity of the stiffened joint increases with thicker stiffening plate. The failure mode of the specimen $(2{\gamma}=33.3)$ is stiffened with plate changes from M2 (flange failure) to M3 (combined failure). On the other hand, the failure mode of the specimen $(2{\gamma}=16.7)$ is stiffened with plate changes from M1 ( web failure) to M2 (flange failure)