• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.59-70
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• 2009

The purpose of the study is to suggest the amount of space for each behavior according to the classification of behavior in the housing to plan the optimal floor space of the elderly housing. The method for calculating space for behavior begins with classifying behaviors, identifying them and then taking pictures of the model of elderly people who reproduce each behavior. Based on the pictures, body parts which are necessary for each behavior are assembled and the formula for behavioral space is created. The space for behavior is produced considering the body dimensions of Korean elderly in their sixty's as well as the furniture size and the psychological distance between people. 3D modeling is used to verify the result. Human behaviors can be classified into individual-related, housework-related, family-related, reception-related and other behaviors. These five behaviors are subdivided into more specific behaviors. The area for each specific behavior is calculated with the anthropometric data of the elderly, preferred furniture dimension and psychological area. As a result the required area for specific behaviors is as follows: the behavior of sleeping in a bed needs $4.3m^2$; the behavior of changing clothes on a chair, $1.7m^2$; the behavior of watching TV on the floor $1.3m^2$, the behavior of working and reading using a desk, $2.1m^2$, the behavior of exercise, $2.5m^2$; the behavior of showering on a chair, $1.3m^2$ and showering using a wheelchair, $1.9m^2$; the behavior of toileting using a wheelchair, $2.3m^2$; the behavior of washing up using a wheelchair, $1.9m^2$; the behavior of eating using a table for four persons, $4.4m^2$; the behavior of cooking and washing dishes, $0.9m^2$ per counter-top; the behavior of washing clothes using a washing machine, $0.9m^2$; the behavior of ironing on the floor $1.4m^2$; the behavior of reception(three persons) on the floor considering personal space, $4.0m^2$; the behavior of taking on and off shoes on a chair, $1.3m^2$. The result of the study is utilized as quantitative data to calculate optimal floor space for elderly housing. In addition, qualitative data such as characteristics of housing preference, spacial usage and storage capacity are necessary to produce the floor space which can provide convenient and safe living environment.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.109-121
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the barriers and improvements to promoting physical activity among children using community child care centers. Methods: A qualitative research using focus group interviews was employed. Three focus group interviews were conducted with a total of 18 service providers, and open-ended questions were used. All interviews were recorded as they were spoken and transcribed and data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Two main themes in the barriers to promoting physical activity were 'lack of resources' and 'limitations of program composition'. In addition, five sub-themes emerged as a result of analysis: 1) lack of human resources, 2) lack of finance, 3) lack of space, 4) one-off and short-term physical activity programs, 5) learning-oriented programs. Conclusion: The results indicate that it is necessary to have adequate human resources and a realistic government subsidy that allow community child care centers to provide sufficient services to children. In addition, promoting physical activity can be achieved through physical activity programs focused on peer group advisors, habituation, and development of programs suited to the needs of children and their environment.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2003

Kitchen has been an essential space and plays an important role in the house regardless of culture and regional differences. However, due to social and economical changes, kitchen is no longer used only for preparing food and dining which seem to be a traditional function. The purpose of this study is to investigate the additional functions of the kitchen and figure out the related variables. The survey method was used to collect data from 321 housewives living in the apartment sized over 99$\textrm{m}^2$(30 pyung) in Ulsan. The data were analyzed by SPSS/$PC^+$ with frequency, percent, and chi-squared test. The results of this study were: (1) Kitchen was now used for eating snacks(45.6%), keeping household account(42.5%), and chatting(41.6%). (2) Homemakers wanted to do laundry such as ironing, drying clothes, and folding clothes in the kitchen. However, there were several activities(i.e., grooming, rest and taking a nap, exercise) they do not want to do in the kitchen. (3) The variables which related to the additional functions of the kitchen were size of the apartment, age, and level of education. The findings of this study imply that there must be design considerations for chatting and keeping household account such as providing tables and comfortable chairs. In addition, new counter layout types should be developed based on needs of additional functions and related variables.

• 한국가족복지학
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• 제55호
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• pp.265-297
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• 2017

본 연구는 남자노인 1인가구의 공간복지를 위한 정책 및 제도개선을 위한 기초정보 제공을 목적으로 전북 군산시에 거주하는 18명의 남자노인 1인가구의 활동공간 이용실태와 요구를 조사하였다. 그 결과 남자노인 1인가구의 사회정서적 네트워크는 친구나 동료에 집중되었고, 자녀및 노인과의 교류가 간헐적으로 이루어지고 있었으며 이웃과의 네트워크는 희박하였다. 비공식적 상호작용은 공원이나 식음공간, 커뮤니티 시설과 같은 제3의 장소와 명확한 경계를 가진장소에서 주로 이루어졌고, 희망하는 공간은 식사제공, 노인 공동생활, 일거리, 취미여가활동, 시설개선 등과 관련이 있었다. 활동공간 이용에 큰 영향을 미치는 요소는 거주지역과 건강으로 분석되었고, 이 외에 사회정서적 네트워크와 경제적 상황, 취업여부 또한 영향을 주었다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 다음과 같은 제안을 할 수 있다. 활동반경의 범위가 좁은 비활동적 노인들을 위해 거주지와 근접한 장소에 산책 및 여가 공간 등을 위치시키고, 이동을 지원하는 설비가 필요하며, 지역 주민들이 저렴하게 이용할 수 있는 공공기관 내 교육, 취미여가공간이나 젊은 세대와 함께 할 수 있는 프로그램 공간에 대한 정보제공이 필요하다. 거주지 주변 시설 및 공간에 대한 정기적인 수선, 유지관리, 그리고 올바른 이용을 위한 주민 교육을 실시할 필요가 있으며, 지역사회는 남자노인들에게 필요한 것을 총체적으로 파악하고 지원하는공간과 원활한 운영이 가능한 제도와 정책을 마련해야 할 것이다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2007

This study aims to examine the existing conditions of elderly housing facilities and to understand the characteristics and types of outdoor living environments utilized by the elderly. To achieve this, this study relied on two methods: a descriptive method of researching publications and related scholastic writings, and an empirical study that included a survey of present conditions and interviews with the elderly and their nursing care providers. Additionally, evaluation of usage patterns and physical traces were carried out in twelve cases. First, the study showed that all of the facilities, which are fixed in particular areas, had difficulty providing spatial diversity that met the needs of residences. This means that these areas lack flexibility. Activity programs were, however, carried out in a lively manner in well-equipped spaces. Second, an evaluation of outdoor living environments showed that basic facilities were more than adequate, in general. Consideration of resident's physical strength and taste, however, was evaluated as low, indicating that facilities and spaces should be considered to reflect the ages, physical capacity, diverse tastes and hobbies of the elderly, as well. Third, examining the usage patterns of outdoor living activities of residents, the purposes of using outdoor spaces of elderly housing facilities were mainly 'to take a walk' and 'to engage in simple physical exercise' and the walkway, simple sports facilities, and building entrances were highly utilized. The importance of outdoor living environments values was a mean of 4.07 and satisfaction was 4.17. This indicates that residents thought that outdoor living environments are very important and currently satisfied with them.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.17-30
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• 2012

This study is targeted on children's parks in Seogu, Daejeon with the goal of maximizing the usage and versatility of existing parks in the area by the survey and analysis of the general status of children's parks, land use near the parks, population, users, and traits of usage. For the purposes of this thesis this study has selected 65 of the children's parks in the Seogu District to monitor. It also focused on a number of these parks located in areas which underwent a lot of changes and needed an increase in usage and versatility. Based on the selection criteria, the four target parks, Wojeong, Meongwhack, Dosan and Wicdunjimi children's park were selected. The Survey shows that 55.9% of park visitors visited a park to 'rest and take a walk' and used 'main facilities' meaning resting facilities like pergola and benches. In the nighttime, the number of park visitors is so few because of safety problems. 50% of users were satisfied with parks. It shows that there are many respondents who want to recompose these parks as places for light exercise, resting, meeting, and as community symbols. Generally, these target parks don't reach their full potential and they also do not play their proper roles because they are hampered by the constriction of the law. These stick to an outdated idea of what a park should be like without considering the actual and practical needs of city dwellers. When it comes to the remodeling and refurbishing of these parks we have to rethink the planning process so that these parks may be more versatile and practical in order to accommodate the radical changes of users and patterns of usage.

• 정보처리학회논문지C
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• 제12C권3호
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• pp.369-378
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• 2005

워게임 시뮬레이션 시스템은 군사작전을 가상으로 실시하는 시스템으로서 운용되는 자료들은 대부분 군사적으로 보호되어야할 자료들이다. 그러나 워게임 시뮬레이션 시스템 개발시 이러한 군사기밀정보 및 네트워크 트래픽에 대한 보안을 고려하지 않아 이에 대한 정보유출의 위험성을 내재하고 있는 상황이다. 이 논문에서는 워게임 시뮬레이션 시스템의 보안 취약점을 분석하여 보안정책을 수립하고 워게임 시뮬레이션 시스템에 적합한 보안시스템을 설계 및 구현하였다. 구현된 보안시스템은 인증시스템, 암호화시스템, 네트워크보안시스템으로 구분하여 설계하였다. 구현된 보안시스템을 워게임 시뮬레이션시스템에 적용하여 시험한 결과 워게임 시뮬레이션시스템 성능을 저하 시키지 않고 신뢰성있는 보안기능을 수행한다.

• 공학교육연구
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.34-45
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• 2021

This research is a case study about "Critical Thinking and Debate Education" class which was done for freshmen at the engineering college of "S" Women's University. Real time remote classes through LMS and ZOOM were the most effective tools under on-line circumstances, considering the fact that video lectures only cannot cultivate students' capabilities of critical thinking and communication. Throughout the analysis on students' self-reflection journals and lecture evaluations, this paper examined considerable future points and the pros and cons of "Critical Thinking and Debate Education" under online presentation and discussion situation. As research outputs, students told they could feel less nervousness and anxiety when they exercise and have a presentation because they could choose familiar space for them. In addition, students also told that they feel comfortable about both self-feedback and peer evaluation, repeatedly seeing the recorded video clip. However, on the contrary, sometimes students felt uncomfortable due to unstable internet connection through the online classes, and they also were regretful about the missing chances of interaction between a teacher and students and of intimate exchanges among students. They also told they had felt a kind of limit of enhancing their presentation skills just in front of the monitor. Considering these outcomes, this research paper points out that online education needs to be proceeded by strengthening multi layered feedback to students with the build-up of a non-face-to-face stable educational infrastructure, application of online instructional strategy, and utilization of YouTube platform and video contents. Through this research paper, I hope the new system of encompassing on/off line "Critical Thinking and Debate Education" and effective teaching and learning method can be developed soon by strengthening the strength of online education.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.287-325
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• 2017

20세기 이후 항공우주 군사과학기술의 발달과정에 비추어 보면, 국가의 존립과 번영을 위해서 하늘은 매우 중요하다. "하늘을 지배하는 자, 세계를 지배한다!"는 격언이 제공권(制空權)의 필요성을 강조하고 있다. 이 글은 남북의 통일 과정과 통일 이후 공역(空域, airspace)의 지위에 관한 최초의 연구로서, 이를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 영공(領空)은 영토와 영해의 상공으로 국경선과 영해선에 의하여 그 수평적 범위가 결정된다. 국경문제에 관하여 역사적 진실규명을 통한 재조정의 시도보다는 현질서의 수용이 가장 합리적이고, 통일전후과정에서 인접 국가의 지지를 받을 수 있으며, 동북아 평화를 위해서 통일한국은 북한과 중국 러시아 사이의 기존 국경협정을 그대로 존중할 필요가 있다. 그러나 현재 북한이 동해 황해에 설정한 직선기선은 국제법상 직선기선이 적용될 수 있는 사정을 갖추지 못하였기 때문에 이를 폐기하고, 통일한국은 국제법에 부합하는 기선을 다시 정하여 그 바깥쪽 12해리의 선까지에 이르는 수역을 영해로 결정하는 것이 바람직하다. 둘째, 비행정보구역(Flight Information Region)은 항공기의 안전하고 효율적인 비행과 항공기의 수색 구조에 필요한 정보를 제공하기 위하여 국제민간항공기구(ICAO)에서 획정한 구역이므로 국제법상 효력이 있다. 현재 한반도 일대에는 남한이 관할하는 인천 FIR과 북한이 관할하는 평양 FIR로 나누어져 있다. 급변사태가 발생하여 북한에서 일시적으로 평양 FIR의 관제권을 행사할 수 없는 경우에는 원칙적으로 남한이 평양 FIR의 관제권을 행사하고, 부득이한 경우에는 ICAO가 일시적으로 이를 행사하는 것이 바람직하다. 통일한국에서는 FIR의 체계적 관리와 통제, 항로개설 관리의 효율성 등을 감안하여, ICAO의 승인을 얻어 평양 FIR을 폐지하고 인천 FIR로 통합하여 운용하는 것이 바람직하다. 셋째, 방공식별구역(Air Defense Identification Zone)은 국가안전보장 목적상항공기의 용이한 식별, 위치 확인 및 통제가 요구되는 공역으로서, 해당 국가가 일방적으로 설정한다. 미국은 1951. 3. 22. 전시포고령에 의하여 한국방공식별구역(KADIZ)을 일방적으로 설정하였는데, 국방부는 2013. 12. 8. 이어도 상공을 포함하는 지역까지 확장한 새로운 KADIZ를 선포하였다. 현재 북한의 군사경계수역은 동해 황해 등 해상경계선으로만 설정되어 있는 점, 중국 러시아와의 관계에서 ADIZ로서 기능을 수행하기에 부족한 점에 비추어 보면, 통일한국이 이를 승계할 의무는 없다. 한반도의 경우에는 종심(縱深)이 짧기 때문에 영공보다 외곽에 ADIZ 경계선을 설정하여야 ADIZ 본래 목적을 달성할 수 있으므로, 통일한국의 인천 FIR과 일치하는 경계선으로 통일한국의 KADIZ를 새로 설정하여 이를 선포하는 것이 타당하다. 다만, 인접국가의 ADIZ와 중첩되거나 경계선을 같이하여 완충지역이 존재하지 않는 경우에는 군사적 긴장감이 고조될 수 있으므로, 동북아 평화를 위해서는 상호간 협상을 통하여 해상에서는 인접국가의 ADIZ 사이에 완충공간을 설정하는 것이 바람직하다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제4권
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• pp.65-85
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• 1992

The air waybill is supposed to be made out by the consignor. If the carrier makes it out, he is deemed, subject to proof to the contrary, to have done so on behalf of the consignor. The air waybill shall be made out in three original parts. The first part shall be marked "for the carrier", and shall be signed by the consignor. The second part shall be marked "for the consignee", it shall be signed by the consignor and by the carrier and shall accompany the goods. The third part shall be signed by the carrier and handed by him to the consignor, after the goods have been accepted. According to the original Warsow Convention article 8, the air waybill must contain 17 particulars or items. However, the Hague Protocol reduced to three the number of particulars required to appear on the air waybill. Only one item is obligatory, namely, the notice that the carriage is subject to the rules of the Warsaw Convention. The absence of the air waybill entails unlimited liability of the carrier because it deprives him of the right to avail himself of the provisions of the Warsaw Convention which exclude or limit his liability. The consignor shall be liable for all damages suffered by the carrier or any other person by reason of the irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of the particulars and statements in the air waybill. Although the contract of the carriage of goods by air is not a formal contract, the document of carriage is issued. The issue of air wayhill is not essential for the existence or validity of the contract, but serves merely as a means of proof. The Hague Protocol has lessened the consequences of the carrier's neglect to faithfully accomplish the required formalities. Henceforth, these formalities no longer constitute legal obligations. The air waybill is the consignment note used for the carriage of goods by air. It is often called an air consignment note and is not a document of title or transferable/negotiable instrument. It is basically a receipt for the goods for despatch and is prima facie evidence of the conditions of carriage. Each of the original parts of the air waybill has evidential value and possession of his part is a condition for the exercise by the consignor or cosignee of his rights under the contract of carriage. Oveall, it is an usage that under a documentary letter of credit, the consignee on the air waybill is the opening bank of the letter of credit, and the notify party is the importer who applied for the letter of credit. In Korea there is an usage as to process of cargo delivery in air transportation as follows: The carrier carries the cargo into the bonded area of the airport and gives both the notice of arrival of the cargo and the consignee's air waybill to the notify party who is the importer. Then the notify party obtains the Letter of Guarantee from the opening bank in exchange for reimbursing the amount of the letter of credit or tendering the security therefor to the opening bank. The notify party then presents this document to the customs authorities for the process of customs clearance. The opening bank becomes a consignee only to ensure repayment of the funds it has expended, and the only interest of the opening bank as consignee is the reimbursement of the money paid to the exporter under the documentary letter of credit. Just as the bill of lading in maritime law, the air waybill has always been considered negotiable although the Warsaw Convention does not emphasize this aspect of negotiability. However, the Hague Protocol article 4 corrected the situation by stating that "nothing in this Convention prevents the issue of a negotiable air waybill." This provision officially recognizes that the air waybill must meet the needs of the present day business circles by being a negotiable instrument. Meanwhile, Montreal Additional Protocol no. 4 has brought important changes. Registration by computer is acceptable and the parties to the contract of carriage are allowed to replace the air waybill with a receipt for the goods. In conclusion, as the Warsaw Convention has not details of provisions relating to the issuing of the negotiable air waybill, it is hoped that there should be supplement to the Warsaw Convention and establishment of international commercial usage with regard to the negotiable air waybill.