• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.37-56
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• 2015

The Emilia, May-July 2012, earthquake has dramatically highlighted the only the hazards facing the people in insufficiently secured workplaces, but also the socio-economic consequences of interruption of production activities. After the event, in order to guarantee suitable safety levels, the Italian government asked for a generalized seismic retrofit of buildingsaffected by the earthquake under consideration. Considering that Emilia is one of the most industrialized Italian region, the number of the industrial buildings to be verified could however lead to not acceptable resumption of production time. So, with the aim to speed up the recovery, were leaved out from this request the buildings which had undergone a strong enoughshaking without any damage. In practice, the earthquakes were being used as a "test" to evaluate the seismic structural strength. Besides, the Italian government provision specifies also the zones, within which buildings that escaped evident damage are exempt from obligatory checks, and termed "exclusion zones", shall be individuated using the data provided by the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology in the form of so-called "shakemaps". Obviously, the precision of such data greatly influences the determination of the exclusions zones and so all the economic issues related to them. Starting from these considerations, the present paper describes an evaluation of the reliability of the procedure of shakemap generation with specific regard to the seismic events that struck the Emilia region on May 20 and 29, 2012.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.101-104
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• 2018

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy caused by focal compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. However, many patients with CTS, who are diagnosed clinically and confirmed with electrophysiological studies, complain of the sensory symptoms extends to the ulnar nerve territory. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a dysfunction in sensory fibers of the ulnar nerve was present or not in hands with CTS patients who had extramedian spread of sensory symptoms over the hand. We retrospectively analyzed the recording of the subjects who were diagnosed with CTS within a one-year-period of time. After exclusions, 136 hands recordings of 87 patient were included. We compared the results of median and ulnar nerve sensory conduction studies between normal hands and hands with CTS. We did not detect statistically significant difference on all parameters of ulnar nerve sensory conduction studies between the normal hands and the hands with CTS. The parameters of the obtained in median nerve sensory conduction studies were statistically different between the healthy control and CTS patients. The hands with CTS showed similar rate of ulnar sensory conduction abnormalities compared with the normal hands. In conclusion, our study showed that none of the parameters in ulnar sensory nerve conduction studies differ between two groups. Accordingly, our study revealed that ulnar nerve involvement does not contribute in CTS patients underlying the spread of paresthesia extends to the ulnar nerve territory.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.15-30
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• 2021

Purpose: Year of 2020, COVID-19 has been changing the people's everyday life to ways never been thought of before all over the world. The IT and electronic industry, the methods of supplying goods and services have been changed from contact to un-tact environments based on un-tact systems very rapidly. COVID-19 has been striking the tourism and the travel industry, especially the airline and hotel industry of which services are provided by human. For the passenger service of airliner, automation has been propelled and un-tact style of service has become mainstreams except cabin service since 2000's. For passenger transportation, due to traffic regulations and exclusions etc., switching to new ways is not easy. However, under the new environment made by COVID-19, kiosk check-in, web check-in and mobile check-in has become more important. In this study, the characteristics of airline customers using mobile goods are investigated to find ways to raise the rate of utilizing mobile check-in and to increase the efficiency of boarding process. Research design, data, and methodology: Considering the COVID-19 environment, survey was done by online research company. The research model is designed to integrate the user characteristics and usage/purchase motive and technology acceptance theory. Especially considering infectious diseases prevention, concern of safety is adopted as one of the usage motive variable. Results: Extraversion or conscientiousness characteristics prefers counter check-in(contact service), while openness characteristics prefers mobile check-in(un-tact service). Concern of safety for infectious disease shows strong non-preference on counter check-in. Conclusions: Regarding service type regardless of type of the industry, automation and un-tact have been mainstreams due to high costs of labor, efficiency and standardization issue, etc., and COVID-19 has given impetus to them. For airliner, un-tact service including boarding process service has been more and more important. To raise the rate of un-tact service use, the characteristics of the user should be analyzed first. The study results indicate that for extraversion or conscientiousness, some kinds of methods to induce them to use un-tact service more are needed.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 2024

Objectives: This study is aimed to survey public's experience of medical use for developing Korean medicine clinical practice guideline of female infertility. Methods: The study engaged women who had experienced infertility despite regular conjugal relations, selected from an online survey company's national panel. Participants were surveyed from November 3 to 8, 2021. The questionnaire, developed from prior studies on Korean medicine, was emailed to 29,465 adults; 550 responses were analyzed after exclusions. The study received an IRB exemption from Pusan National University Korean Medicine Hospital and utilized Microsoft Excel for statistical analysis. Results: Among 550 respondents, 32.2% had experienced infertility, predominantly due to unexplained causes (52%). About half had received medical treatment (49.3%), primarily at hospitals and general hospitals (54.2%) and obstetrics and gynecology clinics (49.4%), with Korean medicine facilities also utilized (24.7% for clinics, 14.4% for hospitals). The most common treatments included herbal medicine in Korean medicine and ovulation induction in Western medicine, with most treatments lasting less than six months (71.4%) and costing between 1 to 5 million won (50.5%). Efforts to conceive included lifestyle adjustments such as maintaining a warm lower abdomen, supplement intake, and avoiding alcohol and tobacco. Conclusions: It is necessary that the guidelines be revised to address female infertility and to integrate recommendations for combining Korean medical treatments and Western medical treatments, which will enhance patient care in managing female infertility.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.397-405
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• 2023

Background: A precontoured plate rarely fits properly within the patient's clavicle and must be bent intraoperatively. This study aimed to determine whether anatomical reduction could be achieved using a plate bent before surgery. Methods: This study included 87 consecutive patients with displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures who underwent plate fixation and were followed-up for a minimum of 1 year. After exclusions, 39 consecutive patients underwent fixation with a precontoured plate bent intraoperatively (intraoperative bending group), and 28 underwent fixation with the plate bent preoperatively (preoperative bending group). Using free software and a three-dimensional (3D) printer, ipsilateral clavicle 3D-printed models were constructed. Using plain radiographs, the distance between the edge of the lateral inferior cortex and the medial inferior cortex was measured. The angle between the line connecting the inferior cortex edge and the line passing through the flat portion of the superior cortex of the distal clavicle was measured. Results: Mean length differences between the ipsilateral and contralateral clavicle were smaller on both anteroposterior (AP; P=0.032) and axial images (P=0.029) in the preoperative bending group. The mean angular differences on both AP (P=0.045) and axial images (P=0.008) were smaller in the preoperative bending group. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in functional scores at the last follow-up. Conclusions: Smaller differences in length and angle between the ipsilateral and contralateral clavicle, indicative of reduction, were observed in the preoperative bending group. Using the precontoured technique with low expense, the operation was performed more effectively as reflected by a shorter operation time. Level of evidence: III.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.329-335
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• 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between Asthenopia of near lateral phoria and fusional reserve and also to provide fundamental clinical data. A total of 97 subjects, aged between 17 and 35 years old, who had no strabismus, an eye trouble or whole body disease, were examined nacked visual acuity, corrected visual acuity, corrected diopter, phoria, fusional reserve tests from October of 2005 to July of 2006. We excluded 8 subjects for the following reasons: if they had an amblyopia affecting binocular vision or inaccurate data. After these exclusions, 87 subjects remained. The results were as follow. According to interview results was that in near works, exophoria and esophoria with asthenopia was 59.6%, 64.7%, and 52.6% respectively. The subjects who have exophoria of $0-6{\Delta}$ in the range of normal state was 19.1%. The subjects who have exophoria of $7{\Delta}$ over in the range of abnormal state was 80.9%. The fusional reserve was in inverse proportion to phoria. The fusional reserve was twice over of phoria were 30.3%, and twice under were 69.7%. The asthenopia complain persons were 33.9% with the twice over fusional reserve of phoria. The asthenopia no complain persons were 66.1% with the twice under fusional reserve of phoria. In conclusion, our research has shown conclusively that there is a link between asthenopia of lateral phoria and fusional reserve and we also find that fusional reserve must be examined when we prescribe for a patient who has phoria.

• Broadcasting and Media Magazine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.99-112
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• 2005

Christian Metz, the precursor of cine-semiology, considered cinema as a language in the sense that it is a set of messages grounded in a given matter of expression, and a signifying practice characterized by specific codifications. According to Metz, film forms a structured network produced by the interweaving of cinematic codes, within which cinematic subcodes represent specific usages of the particular code. For Metz, cinematic language is a totality of cinematic codes and subcodes, and history of the cinema is the trace of the competition, incorporations and exclusions of the subcodes. He also suggested a filmic text is not just a list of codes in effect, but a process of constant displacement and deformation of codes. Following Metz' textual analysis methodology, I investigated the formal configuration of Hayao Miyazaki‘s animation, Spirited Away. It is interesting to trace the interweaving of cinematic codes in Spirited Away, i.e. codes of lighting, color, movement, and auteurism, across the animation. I focused on the first scene at the bridge to Yubaba's bathhouse, analyzing each cinematic code and its subcode applied. The first bridge scene is carefully constructed to stand out the confrontation of Chihiro (with Haku) and the bathhouse. The bathhouse is not just a building, it represents the powerful witch, Yubaba, yet to appear on the scene, and functions as an antipode to Chihiro. In each shot, every subcode within the codes of framing, direction, angle, color, lighting and movement is used to maximize the contrast between the dominant bathhouse and the feeble 10-year-old girl. In Spirited Away, the subcodes within each cinematic ode are constantly competing and displacing each other to augment the antithesis between the characters and develop the narrative. As Metz's argument that film constitutes a quasi-linguistic practice as a pluricodic medium, Spirited Away communicates with the spectators with the combination and displacement of these cinematic codes and subcodes.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.253-277
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• 2004

Since the early nineties, the European welfare states have been undergoing a paradigm shift from 'poverty' to 'social exclusion' in that the disadvantaged have increased in many areas, despite continuing increases in general living standards due to the steady economic development in Europe. In relation to this, Silver(1994) traces the evolution of the term 'exclusion' over time, and distinguishes three paradigms within which social exclusion is embedded (solidarity, specialisation and monopoly). In this regards, this paper purports to examine if differences of social exclusion indicators amongst three paradigm countries (notably, France, UK and Sweden) are statistically significant. For this purpose it takes the steps of 'theoretical conceptualisation'$\rightarrow$'classification of nations'$\rightarrow$'indexation for measurement', each of which constitutes an independent chapter. It duly argues that social exclusion indicators of three countries are hierarchically different in line with the Silver's three paradigms of social exclusion.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.617-625
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• 2013

"Sale and purchase brokers" are independent contractors who act as agents for principals intending to seller or buy ships in English Maritime Law. The essential feature is that legal position of shipbroker is largely one of agency. They can be obtained by a study of the Lloyd's Register or the equivalent registers of other Classification Societies, the American Bureau of Shipping and Korean Registers. Such a broker is of valuable assistance to the prospective seller or purchaser. And the broker's liability normally arises in the context of a contract. But, expressed in general terms, those contractual obligations are, in absence of contrary agreement, to act with reasonable care and skilled to obtain the cover requested by his client not to guarantee that such will be concluded and to ensure that the scope of the policy, its essential terms and relevant exclusions are made known to the insured. Acting in this professional capacity, the broker's liability are such that the facts upon which an action for breach of contract may be based may also found an action for the trot of negligence provided that there is shown to be the necessary 'assumption of responsibility' by the broker conveyed directly or indirectly to the insured. This thesis deals with liability of S&P Brokers, the legal problems of ship broking, commission, conflicts of interest and secret commissions in English Maritime Law and the Cases.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to provide fundamental data for the factors influencing the asthenopia of emmetropia with phoria and alleviation of asthenopia. A total of 348 subjects, aged between 19 and 30 years old, who had no strabismus, an eye trouble or whole body disease, were examined using corrected visual acuity, corrected diopter, stereopsis and suppression tests from September of 2002 to September of 2004. We excluded 21 subjects for the following reasons: if they had an amblyopia affecting binocular vision or inaccurate data. After these exclusions, 327 subjects remained. We then individually measured the refractive error correction, pupillary distance, optical center distance, phoria, convergence, accommodation and the AC/A as well as the asthenopia during binocular vision using a questionnaire. After analysis of factors affecting asthenopia, we also examined the reductive effect of a prism on the asthenopia in subjects who had asthenopia. To determine the factors affecting asthenopia during binocular vision, statistic analyses were carried out using the Chi-square test and the multivariate Logistic regression model. The results of this study were as follow. For asthenopia during near binocular vision of emmetropia with phoria, in case of the lower the accommodation and convergence, a significantly higher rate of asthenopia was observed (p<0.001). When the AC/A is lower, the higher the rate of asthenopia was observed but not significantly and there was no association between phoria and asthenopia. When the multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine factors affecting binocular vision of emmetropia with phoria, in case of the lower accommodation and convergence, a significantly higher rate of asthenopia was observed. when the phoria is esophoria or higher exophoria, or when the AC/A is lower than normal, the higher the rate of asthenopia was observed but not significantly and there was no association between phoria. AC/A and asthenopia. Therefore accommodation and convergence could be predictive factors for asthenopia during near distance binocular vision. Prism was used among' subjects who had asthenopia during near distance binocular vision, the symptom of asthenopia was eased up to 74.2% in emmetropia with phoria.