• Proceedings of the Microbiological Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2007.05a
• /
• pp.95-96
• /
• 2007

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.218-223
• /
• 2007

T cell proliferation is a pivotal to an effective immune response. Cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor, $p27^{kip1}$ is degraded to initiate T cell expansion. In this study, we show that although the expression of $p27^{kip1}$ protein was down-regulated, that of $p21^{cip1}$, another cdk inhibitor, was up-regulated in $CD8^+$ T cells following in vitro stimulation. Ex vivo gB antigen-stimulation following HSV immunization increased $p21^{cip1}$ positive cells that co-expressed IFN-$\gamma$. Moreover, $p21^{cip1}$ was co-expressed with IFN-${\gamma}$ in E7 antigen-stimulated $CD8^+$ T cells, whereas $p27^{kip1}$ was not. Our findings imply a role of $p21^{cip1}$ proteins in antigen-induced effector $CD8^+$ T cells differentiation in vivo.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• v.3 no.6
• /
• pp.623-630
• /
• 1999

Decreased cardiac contractility occurs in endotoxicosis, but little is known about the ionic mechanism responsible for myocardial dysfunction. In this study, we examined the changes in $Ca{2+}$ and $K^+$ currents in cardiac myocytes from endotoxin-treated rat. Ventricular myocytes were isolated from normal and endotoxemic rats (ex vivo), that were treated for 10 hours with Salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharides (LPS; 1.5 mg/kg) intravenously. Normal cardiac myocytes were also incubated for 6 hours with 200 ng/ml LPS (in vitro). L-type $Ca{2+}$ current $(I_{Ca,L})$ and transient outward $K^+$ current $(I_{to})$ were measured using whole cell patch clamp techniques. Peak $I_{Ca,L}$ was reduced in endotoxemic myocytes (ex vivo; 6.00.4 pA/pF, P＜0.01) compared to normal myocytes (control; 10.90.6 pA/pF). Exposure to endotoxin in vitro also attenuated $I_{Ca,L}$ (8.40.4 pA/pF, P＜0.01). The amplitude of $(I_{to})$ on depolarization to 60 mV was reduced in endotoxin treated myocytes (16.51.5 pA/pF, P＜0.01, ex vivo; 20.00.9 pA/pF, P＜0.01 , in vitro) compared to normal myocytes (control; 24.71.0 pA/pF). There was no voltage shift in steady-state inactivation of $I_{Ca,L}$ and $(I_{to})$ between groups. These results suggest that endotoxin reduces $Ca{2+}$ and $K^+$ currents of rat cardiac myocytes, which may lead to cardiac dysfunction.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.57 no.1
• /
• pp.1-5
• /
• 2015

Objective : Cerebral vessels, such as intracerebral perforating arterioles isolated from rat brain, have been widely used as an ex vivo model to study the cerebrovascular function associated with cerebrovascular disorders and the therapeutic effects of various pharmacological agents. These perforating arterioles, however, have demonstrated differences in the vascular architecture and reactivity compared with a larger leptomeningeal artery which has been commonly implicated in cerebrovascular disease. In this study, therefore, we developed the method for studying cerebrovascular function utilizing the olfactory artery isolated from the mouse brain. Methods : The olfactory artery (OA) was isolated from the C57/BL6 wild-type mouse brain. After removing connective tissues, one side of the isolated vessel segment (approximately $-500{\mu}m$ in length) was cannulated and the opposite end of the vessel was completely sealed while being viewed with an inverted microscope. After verifying the absence of pressure leakage, we examined the vascular reactivity to various vasoactive agents under the fixed intravascular pressure (60 mm Hg). Results : We found that the isolated mouse OAs were able to constrict in response to vasoconstrictors, including KCl, phenylephrine, endothelin-1, and prostaglandin $PGH_2$. Moreover, this isolated vessel demonstrated vasodilation in a dose-dependent manner when vasodilatory agents, acetylcholine and bradykinin, were applied. Conclusion : Our findings suggest that the isolated olfactory artery would provide as a useful ex vivo model to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms of vascular function underlying cerebrovascular disorders and the direct effects of such disease-modifying pathways on cerebrovascular function utilizing pharmacological agents and genetically modified mouse models.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.100-105
• /
• 2005

Mancozeb (MCZ) is known to have detrimental effects on the reproductive system, but the toxicity of MCZ on immune responses has not been systematically investigated. We investigated the effects of MCZ exposure on the activities of murine peritoneal macrophages through evaluation of MCZ-induced alteration of nitric oxide (NO) production and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}(TNF-\alpha)$ synthesis. Macrophages were examined ex vivo from mice orally treated with various doses of MCZ for 5 consecutive days per week for 4 weeks (subacute exposure, 250, 1000, 1500 mg/kg/day) followed by culture for 2 $(TNF-{\alpha})$ or 3 days (NO) in the presence of LPS plus $IFN-{\gamma}$. Macrophages from naive mice were also cultured with various concentrations of MCZ (0.05, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 ${\mu}g//mIL$ in the presence of LPS plus $IFN-{\gamma}$ for 2 $(TNF-{\alpha})$ or 3 days (NO) in vitro. NO production was decreased with the in vitro exposure to all concentrations of MCZ. However, the amount of NO production by peritoneal macrophages from MCZ-subacutely exposed mice was increased in comparision with that of control group. In vitro, MCZ suppressed $(TNF-\alpha)$ secretion with significant reduction at 2 ${\mu}g/mL$ MCZ. Conversely, $(TNF-{\alpha})$ release was enhanced ex vivo. This study provides the substantial evidence on MCZ-induced alternation in macrophage activity. In order to clearly understand the contrasting effect of MCZ on peritoneal macrophage activity, it is necessary to further investigate the influence of major metabolite of MCZ (ETU) exposure on the NO production and $(TNF-{\alpha})$ synthesis.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.360-367
• /
• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research was to study the different long term effects of consumption of dietary oil sources with varying omega-6/omega-3 (${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratios on bone marrow fatty acid level, ex vivo prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) release, and mineral content of bone in rabbits. MATERIALS/METHODS: For this purpose, weaning and female New Zealand white rabbits were purchased and randomly divided into five groups and offered ad libitum diets containing 70 g/kg of added oil for 100 days. The dietary lipid treatments were formulated to provide the following ratios of ${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$ fatty acids: 8.68 soy bean oil (SBO control), 21.75 sesame oil (SO), 0.39 fish oil (FO), 0.63 algae oil (DHA), and 0.68 algae oils (DHA/ARA). DHA and ARA are two types of marine microalgae of the genus Crypthecodinium cohnii. RESULTS: The dietary treatments had significant effects on the bone marrow fatty acids of rabbits. Rabbits fed the FO diet, containing the highest ${\omega}-3$ PUFA concentration, and those fed the SBO diet showed the highest ${\omega}-6$ PUFA. On the other hand, a positive correlation was observed between Ex vivo $PGE_2$ level and the ${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$ dietary ratio. Significant effects of dietary treatment on femur Ca, P, Mg, and Zn contents were observed in both genders. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of the current study clearly demonstrated that dietary PUFA, particularly ${\omega}-6/{\omega}-3$ and ARA/EPA ratios are important factors in determining bone marrow fatty acid profile, and this in turn determines the capacity of bone for synthesis of $PGE_2$, thereby reducing bone resorption and improving bone mass during growth.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
• /
• 1993.04a
• /
• pp.74-74
• /
• 1993

The in vitro cytotoxicity of SKI 2053R was evaluated against human tumor cell lines along with those of cisplatin and carboplatin using MTT assay. The cell lines tested were two human lung cancer cell lines and five human stomach cancer celt lines. The level of cytotoxic effects of SKI 2053R against two human lung cancer cell lines was located between cisplatin and carboplatin. However, the cytotoxic activity of SKI 2053R against five human stomach cancer cell lines was similar to that of cisplatin. SKI 2053R is considered to be selectively cytotoxic toward human stomach cancer cell lines. We carried out pharmacokinetic and ex vivo phrmacodynamic studies of SKI 2053R in beagle dogs to predict the clinical antitumor effect of SKI2053R, comparing with those of cisplatin and carboplatin. In ex vivo pharmacodynamics which used MTT assay as bioassay on the 2 lung and 5 stomach cancer cell, mean antitumor indexes (ATIs) of SKI 2053R were highest among three compounds in both lung and stomach cancer cell lines, especially in stomach cancer cell. Much higher ATI profile and maximal inhibition rates of SKI 2053R appeared in the stomach cancer cells will give desirable advantages to clinical trial s against gastric carcinoma. The anti tumor activity and target organ toxicity of SKI 2053R were compared with those of cisplatin on stomach cancer cell line, KATO III xenografted into nude BALB/c(nu/nu) mice. All groups of cisplatin and SKI 2053R showed active tumor regression. The inhibition rates(IR) of SKI 2053R were higher than that of cisplatin on the basis of mean IR. Though the loss of body weight was observed in all groups from the first week, the SKI 2053R group recovered it soon from the third week after the initiation of treatment, maintaining the most active anti tumor activity among three groups.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.30-40
• /
• 2017

Purpose: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive diagnostic technique that may be useful for both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the periodontium. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is another noninvasive imaging technique capable of providing submicron spatial resolution. The purpose of this study was to present periodontal images obtained using ex vivo dental OCT and to compare OCT images with micro-CT images and histologic sections. Methods: Images of ex vivo canine periodontal structures were obtained using OCT. Biologic depth measurements made using OCT were compared to measurements made on histologic sections prepared from the same sites. Visual comparisons were made among OCT, micro-CT, and histologic sections to evaluate whether anatomical details were accurately revealed by OCT. Results: The periodontal tissue contour, gingival sulcus, and the presence of supragingival and subgingival calculus could be visualized using OCT. OCT was able to depict the surface topography of the dentogingival complex with higher resolution than micro-CT, but the imaging depth was typically limited to 1.2-1.5 mm. Biologic depth measurements made using OCT were a mean of 0.51 mm shallower than the histologic measurements. Conclusions: Dental OCT as used in this study was able to generate high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the superficial portions of periodontal structures. Improvements in imaging depth and the development of an intraoral sensor are likely to make OCT a useful technique for periodontal applications.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
• /
• v.44 no.4
• /
• pp.275-283
• /
• 2023

The demand for skincare has increased due to the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to a focus on skincare devices and technologies designed to improve the delivery of cosmetics. Among these technologies, skincare medical devices that utilize plasma therapy (Plasma) and sonophoresis (Sono) are commonly used in dermatology clinics. However, there is still a lack of quantitative analysis for transdermal absorption effects of Plasma and Sono skincare medical devices. In this study, we quantified enhanced transdermal absorption effects of Plasma and Sono devices through in-silico and ex-vivo studies. The Sono treatment demonstrated an increased transdermal absorption effect, showing a 10~13% difference in penetration compared to the control group in the in-silico experiment, and 159% and 184% increase in the ex-vivo experiment. The Plasma treatment revealed increased transdermal absorption effects, with a 1.0~2.5% penetration difference in the in-silico experiment, and a 124% increase in the ex-vivo experiment compared to the control group. We also observed a synergistic effect from the combined treatment of Plasma and Sono, as indicated by the highest increases of 197% and 242% in penetration. Furthermore, we have determined the optimal device settings and treatment conditions for Plasma-Sono skincare medical devices. Notably, higher on/off durations (Intensity levels) and longer Sono treatments resulted in greater transdermal absorption effects.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.233-236
• /
• 2010

The analytical in vivo chromium ion was searched for using a voltammetric hollow-fiber dialysis sensor via square wave stripping voltammetry (SW), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and chronoamperometry. Under optimum parameters, the analytical results indicated linear working ranges of 50~400 mg/l CV and $10{\sim}80\;{\mu}g/l$ SW within a 30-sec accumulation time. The analytical detection limit (S/N) was $6.0\;{\mu}g/l$. The developed method can be applied to in vivo tissues and in ex vivo toxicity assay, as well as to other materials that require chromium analysis.