• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.589-596
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• 2013

Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. is an evergreen plant that belongs to the Genus Vaccinium distributed in Korea, and its fruit has been used for food by the common people and thus has a high possibility of commercialization. Therefore, the habitat environment and individual characteristics of V. bracteatum in Jeju Island were investigated to obtain the basic data for commercialization and preservation. The results showed that V. bracteatum is mostly distributed on the southern slope of Mt. Halla at an altitude of 100 to 500 m. V. bracteatum that occurred in the quadrat were total 30 individuals, which had an average height of 6.0 m, an average DBH of 7.8 cm, and an average number of trunk of 4.3. As for the community structure of the habitat, the average percentage of vegetation cover for the tree layer was 36%, while that for the subtree layer was 78%, which emphasized the importance of the subtree layer. The total number of species that occurred in the quadrat was 76. For the tree layer, total 10 species occurred, which include 2 species of evergreen coniferous trees, 3 species of evergreen broad-leaved trees, and 5 species of deciduous broad-leaved trees. For the subtree layer, total 24 species occurred, which include 1 species of evergreen coniferous tree, 11 species of evergreen broad-leaved trees, and 10 species of deciduous broad-leaved trees. Among these, Eurya japonica Thunb. was the species with a high relative contribution, which threatened V. bracteatum For the shrub layer, 27 species occurred including Cinnamomum japonicum Siebold, and for the herbaceous layer, 64 species occurred including Ardisia crenata Sims. The similarity between the habitats of V. bracteatum was very low, and it did not prefer a characteristic community. The V. bracteatum community around Shinrei stream was distributed on the surrounding area adjacent to the slope of the stream rather than the slope. There were a lot of basins, but the branches, which did not receive sunlight, had withered. It is thought that V. bracteatum would decline if the forest formation continues.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.468-486
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• 2007

It was found that vascular plants distributed at Yeondo islet were composed of 107 families, 312 genera, 408 species, 2 subspecies, 51 varieties and 5 forms, totaling 466 taxa. 39 species including Myrica rubra among the 466 taxa were evergreen broad-leaved tree, and as for flora region science-based specially designated plants by the Ministry of Environment, it was surveyed that 85 taxa(46 families, 70 genera, 80 species and 5 varieties) were distributed by identifying 53 taxa in grade one, 1 taxa in grade two, 26 taxa in grade three, 3 taxa in grade four, and Milletia japonica and Arisaema negishii in grade five. In the naturalized plants, a total of 42 taxa(13 families, 37 genera, 40 species and 2 varieties) were surveyed to be distributed and the ratio of their naturalization and Urbanization Index was analyzed to be 9.01% and 14.63%, respectively. Life form spectra bore a type of H-Dl-R5-e. Vegetation of Yeondo islet are classified as Pinus thunbergii community and Castanopsis sieboldii community, and Miscanthus sinesis var. purpurascens community spread on an gently slanted mountain side.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.75-86
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• 2010

This study used a phytosociolocal approach in classifying the vegetation communities of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Gageodo island of Korea, and the results are as follows: Quercus acuta community was classified into Dendropanax morbifer subcommunity, Daphniphyllum macropodum subcommunity, and Quercus acuta typical subcommunity. In the study sites, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, exchangeable K, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg, cation exchange capacity, and soil pH were ranged from 15.23~18.89%, 0.73~0.99%, 4.31~15.06 (mg/kg), 1.09~1.13 ($cmol^+$/kg), 21~7.15 ($cmol^+$/kg), 1.33~2.10 ($cmol^+$/kg), 33.04~38.28 ($cmol^+$/kg) and 4.47~4.83 respectively. The Dendropanax morbifer subcommunity were found in sites with high percentage of organic matter, total nitrogen, and low percentage of exchangeable Mg and Ca while the Daphniphyllum macropodum subcommunity were found in sites with low percentage of organic matter, total nitrogen, exchangeable Mg and Ca. The Quercus acuta typical subcommunity were found in sites with high percentage of organic matter, total nitrogen, exchangeable Mg and Ca. It is urgently needed to work for the preparation of an island management plan to the levels of species through habitat conservation.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.181-190
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• 1990

Chodo Archipelago ($125^{\circ}$45 $-126^{\circ}$13 E and $34^{\circ}$15 $-34^{\circ}$25 N, ca. $56.7km^2$), a part of the Dadohae National Marine Park, largely is covered with substitutional vegetation under various human impact such as grazing, cutting for firewood. However natural vegetation is partially distributed in the tutelary shrine forests, deep valleys and etc. From October 1988 to June 1989, phytosociological investigation of this forest vegetation was carried out by Braun-Blanquet s method. The forest vegetation was classified into 1 association and 7 communities. Ardisio-Castanopsietum sieboldii, Machilus thunbergii, Quercus acuta, Litsea japonca, Eurya japonica-Pinus thunbergii mixed forest, Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida afforestation. Carpinus coreana community. Based on the classification, the actual vegetation map was drawn in 1 : 50,000 scale.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.157-169
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the ecological characteristics and vegetation structures of Eurya japonica in Busan. As a result of the TWINSPAN and DCA analysis, 89 plots of 100㎡ each were divided into 3 communities: Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora-E. japonica community, Pinus thunbergii-E. japonica community, and P. thunbergii-Camellia japonica community. Community I consisted of the Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora-E. japonica which was mainly located in the high altitude inland. While Q. serrata and P. densiflora competed in the tree layer, the dominant species of the understory layer was E. japonica. Since Carpinus tschonoskii, one of the climax species, was distributed evenly from shrub to tree layers, it was likely that deciduous oak trees or Carpinus tschonoskii would become dominant species in community I. In community I, E. japonica was found in higher altitude than the other evergreen broad-leaved tree and was expected to maintain their tree vigor even if the vegetation structure is converted into the deciduous forest. Community II, the P. thunbergii-E. japonica community, was predicted to maintain its tree vigor unless there were unexpected disturbance factors. Community III, consisting of P. thunbergii-C. japonica and located in Dongbaek Island, was under artificial management. In community III, P. thunbergii was the only species in the tree layer, while C. japonica was predominant in the understory layer. E. japonica and various evergreen broad-leaved tree species were present in the understory layer and shrub layer, which were unmanaged areas. Therefore, it is expected that unless C. japonica is continuously managed, E. japonica is likely to become the dominant species. There were also various evergreen broad-leaved species, such as Machilus thunbergii and Pittosporum tobira, present in the shrub layer. If the temperature continues to rise, the habitat is expected to become evergreen broad-leaved forests in the future as P. thunbergii community declines. The result of Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis of E. japonica and species appearing in 89 plots showed that 9 species were had a statistically significant relationship (p<0.05). Four species, including P. tobira and Q. dentata, had a positive correlation. Five species had a negative correlation, and C. japonica, which had the same ecological position as E. japonica, showed the most negative correlation at -0.384.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.365-374
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• 2023

Eight years (2014-2021) of climate data were collected from an automatic weather observation system installed at the foot of Mt. Geumo in Chilgok, Gyeongbuk. Using these data, we investigated local bio-climatological indices (warmth index, WI; coldness index, CI; and effective accumulated temperature, EAT) of the mountain region adjacent to the Keimyung Dongyeong forest. The study area's WI and CI were 109.3℃ and -11.3℃ per month, respectively, averaged across 8 years. These values are indicative of an evergreen broad-leaved forest in the warm temperate climate zone, suitable for cultivating sweet persimmons and figs. Additionally, EAT in Dongyeong was 2,113.7℃, averaged across 8 years, suitable for growing crops such as corn, soybean, and potato.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.385-392
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• 2014

Quercus gilva Blume is an evergreen-leaved tree that belongs to Facaceae and grows in tropical and warm-temperate regions, such as Japan, Taiwan, China and Korea. This study was carried out to analyze the distribution and growth characteristics of Q. gilva in the native range. In Korea, this species was distributed in Jeju Island between 80 and 350 meter above sea level, and mainly in the south-western regions of the island from 100 to 200 meter above sea level. The average height of Q. gilva was $9.8{\pm}1.9$ meter, with most trees 9 and 12 meter tall. The average diameter at breast height was $22.6{\pm}6.8$ centimeter, with the majority between 20 and 30 centimeter. Several coppice shoots ($3.8{\pm}2.1$ pieces) were formed from stumps and inferred by frequent cuttings for use. Almost Q. gilva individuals(96.2%) were covered with kinds of vines(18 species), and evergreen Trachelospermim asiaticum (Siebold et Zucc.) Nakai was major species. The analysis of damage of vines revealed that the most dead branches were found with 9 to 12 meter height of Q. gilva, and the more vines attached, the larger damage to Q. gilva individuals. A continuous monitoring and investigation would be required to preserve this species in their habitats.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.331-344
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• 1999

To study plant community structure and successional sere of the Kojedo District, Hallyo-Haesang National Park, fifty six plots were set up and surveyed(each plot $l00\m^2$). Fifty-six plots were classified into four community, Quercus variabilis-Zelkova serrata community(I), Q. variabilis-Cinnamomum japonicum-Neolitsea sericea community(II), Pinus thunbergii-C. japonicum-N. sericea community(III), P. thunbergii-P. densiflora community(IV) by TWINSPAN technique. Most area of forests in Kojedo district are artificial or coppice forest after artificial disturbance. The age of four community were about 35~40 years and the number of species 32~44 species per $600\m^2$. Ecological succession had been proceeded from deciduous broad-leaved species(Q. variabilis-Z. serrata etc.), P. thunbergii, P. densiflora to evergreen broad leaved forest(C. japonicum, N. sericea etc.).

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.438-453
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• 2019

Background: To investigate the trends of succession occurring at the Pinus thunbergii forests on the lowlands of Jeju Island, we quantified the species compositions and the importance values by vegetation layers of Braun-Blanquet method on the Pinus thunbergii forests. We used multivariate analysis technique to know the correlations between the vegetation group types and the location environmental factors; we used the location environment factors such as altitudes above sea level, tidal winds (distance from the coast), annual average temperatures, and forest gaps to know the vegetation distribution patterns. Results: According to the results on the lowland of Jeju Island, the understory vegetation of the lowland Pinus thunbergii forests was dominated by tall evergreen broad-leaved trees such as Machilus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea, and Cinnamomum japonicum showing a vegetation group structure of the mid-succession, and the distribution patterns of vegetation were determined by the altitudes above sea level, the tidal winds on the distance from the coast, the annual average temperatures, and the forest gaps. We could discriminate the secondary succession characteristics of the Pinus thunbergii forests on the lowland and highland of Jeju Island of South Korea. Conclusions: In the lowland of Jeju Island, the secondary succession will progress to the form of Pinus thunbergii (early successional species)→Machilus thunbergii, Litsea japonica (mid-successional species)→Machilus thunbergii (late-successional species) sequence in the temperate areas with strong tidal winds. In the highland of Jeju Island, the succession will progress to the form of Pinus thunbergii (early successional species)→Neolitsea sericea, Eurya japonica (mid-successional species)→Castanopsis sieboldii (late-successional species) sequence in the areas where tidal winds are weak and temperatures are relatively low. However, local differences between lowland and highland of Jeju Island will be caused by the micro-environmental factors resulting from the topographic differences and the supply of tree seeds. From the characteristics of succession study, we could properly predict and manage the Pinus thunbergii forest ecosystem on lowland and highland of Jeju Island.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.79-83
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• 2005

We investigated the species richness of macrolepidoptera (including pyralid moths) in the evergreen broad-leaved forests of southwestern coast of Korea. The studied site was Mt. Duryunsan and its neighboring area, Haenam-gun, Jollanam-do and moths were identified and analyzed after collecting them with UV light traps from 2001 to 2004. A total number of species comprised 18 families and 489 species. We expected that the number of species would be increased when the species of microlepidoptera and butterflies were included. The family Noctuidae with 181 species was dominant in the area followed by Geometridae with 129 species and Pyralidae with 72 species. Based on number of collected individuals, Geometridae was the highest and followed by Noctuidae, Pyralidae and Drepanidae. Fifty-one percent of the total species consisted of less than two specimens in the collected sample. Monthly changes of numbers of species and individuals were examined and indices of Simpson's heterogeneity and evenness were also drawn. We briefly discussed the possibility of moth species or group of species as bioindicator for assessing the condition of forest after disturbance.