• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.587-595
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• 2005

MPEG-21 이벤트 리포팅은 MPEG-21 멀티미디어 프레임워크에서 디지털 아이템, 사용자, 피어 사이에 발생하는 보고 가능한 이벤트에 대한 표준적인 상호작용 방법을 제공하는 기술이다. 본 논문에서는 MPEG-21 이벤트 리포팅 구현을 위한 중요한 요소인 시간 구조를 정의하기 위하여 이벤트 리포팅에서 사용되는 시간의 종류 및 그 특성을 분석하여 공통적으로 적용할 수 있는 시간 구조를 정의하였다 표준에서의 상호운용성과 확장성을 제공하기 위하여 XML로 정의하여 예제를 구현하였고, 본 논문에서 정의한 구조가 국제표준 "ISO/IEC 21000-Part 15: Event Reporting WD 2.0"에 채택됨으로써 객관성 및 정당성을 입증 받았다.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.190-201
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 유${\cdot}$무선망의 결합, 방송${\cdot}$통신망의 융합 등의 환경에서 디지털 아이템의 생성, 분배, 소비 등과 관련된 MPEG-21 이벤트 리포팅 서비스를 제공하기 위한 시스템을 구현한다. MPEG-21 이벤트 리포팅은 MPEG-21 멀티미디어 프레임워크에서 피어와 사용자 간에 발생하는 이벤트에 대한 정보를 공유하기 위한 표준 통신 수단이다. 본 논문에서는 방송${\cdot}$통신 융합망에서 MPEG-21 이벤트 리포팅 서비스를 구현하기 위하여 IS0/1EC 21000-Part 15 규격을 준수하는 메시지 구조 및 시스템 구조를 설계하고, 이를 바탕으로 REL, IPMP, DIME 등 MPEG-21의 다른 요소 엔진과 연동 가능한 이벤트 리포팅 시스템을 구현한다.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.399-409
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 멀티미디어 컨텐츠의 새로운 패러다임인 MPEG-21의 7가지 요소 중 하나인 이벤트 리포팅에 대한 정의와 필요성에 대해 알아보고 디지털 데이터 방송에서의 이벤트 리포팅 유즈 케이스 시나리오를 통해 이벤트리포팅 메시지들을 예시하고, 이의 전달을 위한 MPEG-21 이벤트 리포팅 구조를 정의하고자 한다. MPEG-21에서는 멀티미디어 프레임워크 내의 디지털 아이템과 관련되어 발생하는 모든 상호 작용을 이벤트라 통칭하구 이를 사용자에게 보고함으로써 신뢰성 있는 전달, 사용자의 프라이버시를 담고 있는 개인 데이터와 기호의 관리, 그리고 저작권 보호관리 등을 위한 목적으로 활용하고자 한다. 본 논문에서는 MPEG-21의 이벤트에 대한 표준적인 측정방법 및 인터페이스를 제공하기 위한 이벤트 리포팅에 대한 정의 및 필요성에 대해 알아보고, 또한 MPEG-21의 이벤트 리포팅에 대한 표준화 활동 동향에 대해 소개하고자 한다.

• 전자공학회논문지A
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• 제30A권3호
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• pp.1-15
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• 1993

In this paper, we propose over-reporting avoidance scheme which avoids congestion of network traffics by adjusting managed system's over-reporting, on the OSI network management model which reports events from managed system to managing system. In case of reporting events from managed system to managing system, management traffic concentration occurs, and it causes over-loading on the managing system and congestion on the network. This scheme takes advantage of feedback from managing system to managed system. Managed system transmits event reports as much as maximum event pertime allocated to itself to managing system, and it sets it's management variables to LOCK state and stops event reports as Threshold time is reached. At the time, managing system directs event reports again by using M-set primitive with referring it's status. With this scheme, distributed processing, dynamic network adaptation, convergence of optimal operation point is possible. In addition to it, a fairness is assured. In order to detect characteristics of the Unary feedback over-reporting avoidance scheme. It is observed a control capability of the event reporting and fairness of each nodes through measuring. ThresholdTime value. It is measured a number of mean activating nodes and maintained time of LOCK state according to event reporting load, and also measured lost ratio of management packet, queuing delay in managing system, and goodput to observe effects of general packet load. Binary feedback scheme. Unary feedback overreporting avoidance scheme and raw scheme on the OSI network management system each are compared and analyzed, and finally proved that the scheme proposed in this study performs better.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.122-127
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• 2023

Background: This study was aimed to identify the safety signals of metoclopramide in Korea Adverse Event Reporting System (KAERS) database by proportionality analysis methods. Methods: The study was conducted using Korea Institute of Drug Safety and Risk Management-Korea Adverse Event Reporting System Database (KIDS-KD) reported from January 2013 to December 2017 through KAERS. Signals of metoclopramide that satisfied the data-mining indices of proportional reporting ratio (PRR), reporting odds ratio (ROR) and information component (IC) were defined. The detected signals were checked whether they included in drug labels in the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Micromedex^®. Results: A total number of drug AE reports associated with all drugs of data in this study was 2,665,429. Among them, the number of AE reports associated with metoclopramide was 22,583. Forty-two meaningful signals of metoclopramide were detected that satisfied with the criteria of data-mining indicies. Especially neurological signals including extrapyramidal reactions, represented in the safety letter of regulatory agencies were identified in this study. Conclusion: Neurological signals of metoclopramide including extrapyramidal reactions were detected. It is believed that this search for signals can contribute to ensuring safety in the use of metoclopramide.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study was to detect signals of Adverse Events (AEs) after varenicline treatment using spontaneous AEs reporting system in Korea. Methods: This study was conducted by Korea Institute of Drug Safety and Risk Management-Korea Adverse Event Reporting System Database (KIDS-KD) reported from January 2013 to December 2017 through Korea Adverse Event Reporting System. Signals of varenicline that satisfied the data-mining indices, proportional reporting ratio, reporting odds ratio and information component were defined. The detected signals were checked whether they included in drug labels in South Korea and United States of America (USA). Results: A total number of drug AE reports associated with all drugs in the KIDS-KD reported between January 2013 and December 2017 was 2,665,429. Among them, the number of AE reports associated with varenicline was 1,398. Eighteen meaningful signals of varenicline were detected that satisfied with the criteria of data-mining indices. Finally, two signals such as hypotonia, incorrected dose administered were not included in the drug labels. Conclusion: New AE signals of varenicline that were not listed on the drug labels in South Korea and USA were detected. However, further pharmacoepidemiological studies such as randomized controlled trial are needed to evaluate the causality of the signals of varenicline.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.177-186
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• 2016

When an event is occurred in a nuclear power plant (NPP), the NPP operator reports it referred by the regulation on reporting and public announcement of accidents and incidents. Some of the events do not need to be reported because they are not included in the reporting criteria of the regulation. However, it is necessary that they should be managed effectively because the accident can be occurred by the recurrence of a lot of them as precursors. Among the events not included in the reporting criteria of the regulation, near miss is the event that is not occurred but can generate a significant consequence. This can provide the cause of the event which does not result an accident. So, it is able to offer insightful knowledges to prevent higher level events about the function and process of NPP. The objective of this study is to analyze the issues of near miss events, prepare the defence against the risk, and improve the management process of NPP. To achieve it, this study performed to analyze the management structure and status of near miss events as well as the accident reporting system of the domestic and foreign regulation bodies. In case of Korea, the status was analyzed by quantitative data, licensee event reports and procedures. Based on these, we could find the causes that near miss events were not managed effectively. Then, systematic alternatives that reflected the perspective of man, technology and organization were drawn.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.226-237
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• 2022

Background: Monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of patients with different types of cancer, such as cetuximab, have been widely used for the past 10 years in oncology. Although drug information package insert contains some representative adverse events which were observed in the clinical trials for drug approval, the overall adverse event patterns on the real-world cetuximab use were less investigated. Also, there have been no published papers that deal with the full spectrums of adverse drug events of cetuximab using national-wide drug safety surveillance systems. Methods: In this study, we detected new adverse event signals of cetuximab in the Korea Adverse Event Reporting System (KAERS) by utilizing proportional reporting ratios, reporting odds ratios, and information components indices. Results: The KAERS database included 869,819 spontaneous adverse event reports, among which 2,116 reports contained cetuximab. We compared the labels of cetuximab among the United States, European Union, Australia, Japan, and Korea to compare the current labeling information and newly detected signals of our study. Some of the signals including hyperkeratosis, tenesmus, folliculitis, esophagitis, neuralgia, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, and skin/throat tightness were not labeled in the five countries. Conclusion: We identified new signals that were not known at the time of market approval.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.131-143
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• 2011

Objective : The aims of this study are to investigate the trend of internet journalism about the toxicity and safety of the herbal medicine, and to suggest the regulatory solution of the issue. Method : In this study, we had searched the internet news article published from 2001 to 2011 in the five major portal sites-NAVER, DAUM, Nate, Google Korean, and Yahoo Korean. The search terms were 'herbal medicine', 'adverse event', 'toxicity'. If the articles described the same event in the same form and tone, the articles were considered overlapping. The overlapped articles were excluded. The articles were categorized by the form and tone. The form categories were straight news, interpretative story, editorial, interview, and the tone categories are the positive, the negative, and the neutral. The regulations were searched about the negative issue. Result : Total 56 articles were reviewed. There were 19 positive articles, 29 negative articles, 8 neutral articles. Most negative issues have the proper regulations, but insufficient measures for the adverse event reporting system. Conclusion : The herbal medicine specified adverse event reporting system is essential.

• 의학교육논단
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.32-45
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• 2020

This narrative review introduces global trends in pharmacovigilance (PV) education for healthcare professionals and the status of PV education in Korea. Proactive participation of healthcare professionals, including physicians, pharmacists, and nurses in reporting suspected adverse events is the main driving force for effective operation of the spontaneous adverse event reporting system database, which in turn facilitates early safety signal detection of otherwise unknown suspected adverse events. The World Health Organization recognizes PV education curriculum as a key aspect in promoting awareness of PV and adverse event reporting among healthcare professionals, and multiple studies have demonstrated that PV educational interventions for healthcare professionals have increased overall adverse event reporting. Considering the global trends in PV education, the curriculum in Korean universities still has room for improvement in promoting PV obligation among future healthcare professionals. Further research is needed to develop PV education curriculum. We suggest a three-step project for innovating PV education in Korea to meet the global PV educational standards: a survey to gauge current PV competencies among healthcare professionals, reform of current PV academic curriculum, and evaluation and fine-tuning of the reformed curriculum.