• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.461-474
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• 2020

Background: Ginseng effectively reduces fatigue in both animal models and clinical trials. However, the mechanism of action is not completely understood, and its molecular targets remain largely unknown. Methods: By screening for proteins that interact with the primary components of ginseng (ginsenosides) in an affinity chromatography assay, we have identified muscle-type creatine kinase (CK-MM) as a potential target in skeletal muscle tissues. Results: Biolayer interferometry analysis showed that ginsenoside metabolites, instead of parent ginsenosides, had direct interaction with recombinant human CK-MM. Subsequently, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD), which is a ginsenoside metabolite and displayed the strongest interaction with CK-MM in the study, was selected as a representative to confirm direct binding and its biological importance. Biolayer interferometry kinetics analysis and isothermal titration calorimetry assay demonstrated that PPD specifically bound to human CK-MM. Moreover, the mutation of key amino acids predicted by molecular docking decreased the affinity between PPD and CK-MM. The direct binding activated CK-MM activity in vitro and in vivo, which increased the levels of tissue phosphocreatine and strengthened the function of the creatine kinase/phosphocreatine system in skeletal muscle, thus buffering cellular ATP, delaying exercise-induced lactate accumulation, and improving exercise performance in mice. Conclusion: Our results suggest a cellular target and an initiating molecular event by which ginseng reduces fatigue. All these findings indicate PPD as a small molecular activator of CK-MM, which can help in further developing better CK-MM activators based on the dammarane-type triterpenoid structure.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.181-190
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• 2016

Improvements in disaster management has become a global necessity because the magnitude of disasters is intensifying in parallel with the increased disaster damage. The disaster risk in Korea is also increasing due to the emergence of new types of disaster; such as the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, the increase of complex disasters, and the heightened probability of a catastrophic event due to climate change. This paper aimed to identify the disaster loss-frequency relationship from 1948 to 2014 in Korea by using four types of variables. In addition, this paper found major disasters that resulted in the reformation of disaster response organizations, and inputted the deaths and economic loss attributed to those disasters into the disaster loss-frequency graph. The research result substantiated that the disaster loss-frequency relationship in Korea follows the Power Law and found the coefficients of each Power Function. Additionally, this paper found that most of the reformations of disaster response organizations happened after major disasters that concentrated societies attention and anger due to the high human and economic impact; such events are labelled as "focusing events." These focusing events, with the characteristics of a low probability and high impact, are located in the long tail of the Power Law Distribution. This paper suggests that the effective public policy for disaster response needs to be developed by paying attention to 'low probability and high impact' focusing events that are located in the long tail of the Power Law Distribution.

• Archives of design research
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• v.20 no.1 s.69
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• pp.45-54
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• 2007

Recent research regarding local traditions, cultural heritage, and sightseeing resources that represent local characteristics for the purpose of local promotion has been actively advanced. Yangyeongsi in Daegu, South Korea is Doing developed as a core location in order to revitalize regional culture. The unique tradition and functions of this city area have been preserved. Previous research "The Fundamental Research of Revitalization for Yangyeongsi in Daegu for the Local Promotion" undertaken by the author revealed a lack of fundamental research available to establish an understanding of how to revitalize Yangyeongsi. The research methodology designed this by, (1)a site investigation and verification of previous research (2)a deep analysis of Yangyeongsi to uncover potential improvement opportunities (3) assessment of essential elements and appropriate directions for revitalization of the traditional market (4) application of the environment design improvement process to the local design center. The design proposal is that, firstly, space assessment will De improved by the maintenance and expansion of fundamental facilities. Secondly, space application can be maximized by servicing the complex road network through a traffic flow plan. In addition, consideration for the local characteristics will promote unity and identification with the region. Lastly, revitalization and industrialization development of sightseeing resources and secure streets and event spaces will promote enjoyable experiences for visitors. Research results were submitted to the local authority and applied to the future policy plan. Continuous research on revitalization and analysis of the local characteristics are recommended in order to benefit local promotion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2020

Accident prevention is more important than follow-up, which is based on Heinrich's law. The marine incident system is a very meaningful system that can prevent similar accidents, and was introduced in 2010 in Korea in accordance with the enforcement of the Code for the Investigation of Marine Casualties and Incidents (CI Code). Based on the CI Code, ship owners or ship operators are required to notify the Central Chief Inspector using the designated notification form in the event of a marine incident, but the number of voluntary notifications is still small. In this regard, this study intends to provide a direction for improvement by conducting an in-depth analysis focusing on the lack of notification procedures and forms of the marine incident system. To this end, we analyzed related regulations, cases of excellent overseas shipping countries such as the United Kingdom and Singapore, cases of similar domestic transportation systems such as aviation and railways, and marine incident notification procedures and forms of leading shipping companies. Major improvements in the notification process include the transition of the marine incidents to voluntary reporting, the expansion of the reporting subjects, and the identification of the security of the informer's identity. The main contents of the notification form revision include the use of the term "reporting" instead of "notification," the content of the identity guarantee in the notification form, and the increase in statistical value through the expansion of optional entries.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.4335-4340
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• 2016

Background: Bone metastasis is a single condition but presents with various patterns and severities. Skeletal-related events (SREs) deteriorate overall performance status and reduce quality of life. However, guidelines for early detection and management are limited. This study includes a survey of the prevalence of bone metastasis in cases with common cancers in Thailand as well as a focus on survival patterns and SREs. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted using a database of the Chiang Mai Cancer Registry and the Musculoskeletal Tumor Registry of the OLARN Center, Chiang Mai University. The prevalence of bone metastasis from each type of primary cancer was noted and time-to-event analysis was performed to estimate cancer survival rates after bone metastasis. Results: There were 29,447 cases of the ten most common cancers in Thailand, accounting for 82.2% of the entire cancer registry entries during the study period. Among those cases, there were 2,263 with bone metastases, accounting for 7.68% of entries. Bone metastasis from lung, liver, breast, cervix and prostate are common in the Thai population, accounting for 83.4% of all positive cases. The median survival time of all was 6 months. Of the bone metastases, 48.9% required therapeutic intervention, including treatment of spinal cord and nerve root compression, pathological fractures, and bone pain. Conclusions: The frequency of the top five types of bone metastasis in Thailand were different from the frequencies in other countries, but corresponded to the relative prevalence of the cancers in Thailand and osteophilic properties of each cancer. The results of this study support the establishment of country specific guidelines for primary cancer identification with skeletal lesions of unknown origin. In addition, further clinical studies of the top five bone metastases should be performed to develop guidelines for optimal patient management during palliative care.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.18
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• pp.27-62
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• 2002

The international sale contract is the central contracts in export-import transactions. A good sale contract or set of general conditions of sale will cover all the principal elements of the transaction, so that uncertainties are avoided. The parties' respective duties as concern the payment mechanism, transport contract and insurance responsibilities, inter alia, will all be clearly detailed in the contract. The following key clauses should be included in international contracts of sale and general conditions of sale: ${\bullet}$ preamble ${\bullet}$ identification of parties ${\bullet}$ description of goods ${\bullet}$ price and payment conditions ${\bullet}$ delivery periods and conditions ${\bullet}$ inspection of the goods - obligations and limitations ${\bullet}$ quantity or quality variations in the products delivered ${\bullet}$ reservation of title and passing of property rights ${\bullet}$ transfer of risk - how accomplished ${\bullet}$ seller's warranties and buyer's complaints ${\bullet}$ assignment of rights ${\bullet}$ force majeure clause and hardship clause ${\bullet}$ requirement that amendments and modifications be in writing ${\bullet}$ choice of law ${\bullet}$ choice of dispute resolution mechanism Under most systems of law, a party can be excused from a failure to perform a contract obligation which is caused by the intervention of a totally unforeseeable event, such as the outbreak of war, or an act of God such as an earthquake or hurricane. Under the American commercial code (UCC) the standard for this relief is one of commercial impracticability. In contrast, many civil law jurisdictions apply the term force majeure to this problem. Under CISG, the standard is based on the concept of impediments to performance. Because of the differences between these standards, parties might be well advised to draft their own force majeure, hardship, or excusable delays clause. The ICC publication, "Force Majeure and Hardship" provides a sample force majeure clause which can be incorporated by reference, as well as a hardship clause which must be expressly integrated in the contract. In addition, the ICC Model provides a similar, somewhat more concise formulation of a force majeure clause. When the seller wishes to devise his own excusable delays clause, he will seek to anticipate in its provision such potential difficulties as those related to obtaining government authorisations, changes in customs duties or regulations, drastic fluctuations in labour, materials, energy, or transportation prices, etc.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.3-26
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• 2005

In recent years, there is growing concern about the potential use of biological agents in war or acts of terrorism accompanied an increased realization that rapid preparedness and response are needed to prevent or treat the human damage that can be caused by these agents. The threat is indeed serious, and the potential for devastating numbers of casualties is high. The use of agents as weapons, even on a small scale, has the potential for huge social and economic disruption and massive diversion of regional and national resources to combat the threat, to treat primary disease, and to clean up environmental contamination. Biological weapons are one of weapons of mass destruction (or mass casualty weapons, to be precise. since they do not damage non-living entities) that are based on bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, fungi or toxins produced by these organisms. Biological weapons are known to be easy and cheap to produce and can be used to selectively target humans, animals, or plants. Theses agents can cause large numbers of casualties with minimal logistical requirements (in wide area). The spread of disease cannot be controlled until there is awareness of the signs of infection followed by identification of agents; and if the organism is easily spread from person to person, as in the case of smallpox, the number of casualties could run into the tens of thousands. Biological weapons could be used covertly, there can be a lot of different deployment scenarios. A lot of different agents could be used in biological weapons. And, there are a lot of different techniques to manufacture biological weapons. Terrorist acts that make use of Biological Agents differ in a number of ways from those involving chemicals. The distinction between terrorist and military use of Biological Weapon is increasingly problematic. The stealthy qualities of biological weapons further complicate the distinction between terrorism and war. In reality, all biological attacks are likely to require an integrated response involving both military and civilian communities. The basic considerations when public health agencies establish national defence plan against bioterrorism must be 1) arraying various laws and regulations to meet the realistic needs, 2)education for public health personnels and support of concerned academic society, 3)information collection and cooperative project with other countries, 4)Detection and surveillance(Early detection is essential for ensuring a prompt response to biological or chemical attack, including the provision of prophylactic medicines, chemical antidotes, or vaccines) and 5) Response(A comprehensive public health response to a biological or chemical terrorist event involves epidemiologic investigation, medical treatment and prophylaxis for affacted persons, and the initiation of disease prevention or environmental decontamination measures). The purpose of this paper is providing basic material of preparedness and response for biological terrorism in modern society.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.89-110
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to identify the significant characteristics shown in the field of mathematics by a gifted child, the educational curriculum for this child, and to find what has to be set in place in the areas of teacher's teaching methods and programs. The important aspect of these ideas is that one has to completely understand and know the characteristics of the gifted in order to give them the opportunity to discover their underlying talents and to develop upon those skills by giving them suitable and appropriate education for their intellectual state. This study focuses on the thoughts and behavior of a gifted male child, from his third to fifth grade, and the study shows the results and analysis of data gathered from close observation and interview, and a collection of documents gathered from the child. This study is analyzed from three different perspectives: 1. The typical life and surroundings of this gifted child, and how he was raised in this particular environment. This also shows the significant event that allowed others to recognize him as gifted. 2. Identification of how a gifted child's mind works in the field of mathematics. This attempts to analyze methods the child uses to arrive at a solution to a problem. 3. Exploration of mathematical attitude of the child. This shows the child's interest in mathematics, and the willingness to find better and more efficient ways to reach a solution. This also shows the child's ability to explain his purpose and methods of problem solving in detail, and the focus and clarity in communication of mathematics. This study will enlighten the readers with information on the importance of advanced education specifically designed for the gifted. In development of advanced education programs, it is necessary to comprehend the minds of the mathematically gifted, and furthermore, this will help in defining an appropriate teaching method and curriculum for a better equipped educational system.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2014

Chemical accidents are the cause of the accident site during the initial responders to quickly and easily see materials and concentration method for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) is widely used in the initial response team direct reading detection equipment used. Ministry of the tubular gas detection equipment to detect direct reading detection equipment used in the event of an accident scene, and shell-and-tube gas detector for rapid detection and identification and precise analysis of causative pollutants before about strategically can identify the quantitative and qualitative useful equipment. However, those who initially respond to the scene of a direct reading detection equipment and a simple lack of understanding of how to use the numbers only because of the way you want to check the accuracy of detection results have been raising questions about the increase. The scene of the accident in order to obtain an accurate detection results used in this paper, the Ministry of Environment of gas detectors detect tubular Kitagawa and Draeger detector tube to check the reactivity of the material on-site detection of early response of those who were to raise the accuracy of the results.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.11
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• pp.1015-1024
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• 2020

Recently, water pollution accidents have continued to occur in pipelines such as red water Incheon and Seoul. In order to recognize this water quality problem, it is necessary to install a water quality sensor in an appropriate location and measure it in advance to detect or block the water supply to the water faucet of the shelter. However, there are limitations, such as maintenance costs, to installing multiple water meters in all pipelines. Therefore, this study proposed a methodology for determining and prioritizing the installation location of flow-based water quality sensor for the recognition of water quality problems in pipelines. We applied the proposed procedure to the pipe break scenario. The results of the determination of the location of the water quality sensor were presented by applying it to the pipe network that actually operates the emergency pipe in Korea. The result of the decision showed that in the event of abnormal situation caused by the destruction of individual pipes, the flow rate of the pipes around the aqueduct and the tank may change rapidly, resulting in water quality accidents caused by turbidity. In the future, it is expected that the water quality monitoring point selection method, such as establishing an external pipe operation plan for pipe cleaning, will utilize the procedure for determining the location of the water quality sensor according to the velocity.