• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.99.1-99.1
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• 2012

The thin-film photovoltaic absorbers (CdTe and $Cu(In,Ga)Se_2$) can achieve solar conversion efficiencies of up to 20% and are now commercially available, but the presence of toxic (Cd,Se) and expensive elemental components (In, Te) is a real issue as the demand for photovoltaics rapidly increases. To overcome these limitations, there has been substantial interest in developing viable alternative materials, such as $Cu_2ZnSnS_4$ (CZTS) is an emerging solar absorber that is structurally similar to CIGS, but contains only earth abundant, non-toxic elements and has a near optimal direct band gap energy of 1.4 - 1.6 eV and a large absorption coefficient of ~104 $cm^{-1}$. The CZTS absorber layers are grown and investigated by various fabrication methods, such as thermal evaporation, e-beam evaporation with a post sulfurization, sputtering, non-vacuum sol-gel, pulsed laser, spray-pyrolysis method and electrodeposition technique. In the present work, we report an alternative aqueous chemical approach based on chemical bath deposition (CBD) method for large area deposition of CZTS thin films. Samples produced by our method were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, absorbance and photoluminescence. The results show that this inexpensive and relatively benign process produces thin films of CZTS exhibiting uniform composition, kesterite crystal structure, and some factors like triethanolamine, ammonia, temperature which strongly affect on the morphology of CZTS film.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.604-613
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• 2002

Generation characteristics of electrospray droplets for highly viscous liquid have been investigated by measuring size distributions of droplets emitted from the Taylor cone using glycerol solutions with various conductivities. Because of very small volatility of glycerol, droplet sizes can be measured by an aerodynamic size spectrometer (TSI Aerosizer DSP) with negligible evaporation of droplets. For highly conducting and viscous liquid, the sizes of the droplets electrosprayed from the Taylor cone are found to be relatively insensitive to applied voltages and the electrosprays assisted by the corona discharge call produce monodisperse droplets as long as the corona intensity is not too high. Near the minimum flow rate where a liquid cone is stable, the spray tends to consist of a one -peak monodisperse distribution of drop lets. However, at high flow rates, the spray bifurcates into bimodal distributions, which are consistent with the result of the previous study for less viscous liquids than our liquids. For liquid flow rates (Q) below 1 nl/s, the measured droplet diameters by the aerosizer are in the range of 0.30 to 1.2 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ for the glycerol solutions. The diameters of monodisperse droplets scale approximately with $r^*=Q_$\tau$(Q$\tau$){^1/3}$ where $r^*$ is a characteristic length and $\tau$is the electrical relaxation time of the fluid. However, when compared with several represe ntative scaling laws, the droplet diameters are two to six factors greater than those predicted by the scaling laws. This may be closely related to the combined effect of the much higher viscosity and the electrical charge on the jet breakup of glycerol so solution.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.85-96
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• 1990

Simultaneous removal efficiencies of hydrophilic and hydrophobic gaseous pollutants are experimentally determined, and the macroscopic removal mechanism of pollutants in a dry scrubber is analyzed using the extended model of three phase equilibrium distribution of pollutant at high temperatures that can describe the different morphological conditions of adsorbent and water at varying relative humidities. For the simplicity, the inside of spray dryer is divided into three regions of ; (1) absorption, (2) three-phase equilibrium, and (3) adsorption, and the removal efficiencies of each pollutants at three regions are observed at different experimental conditions to estimate the effects of important parameters of dry scrubber. The laboratory experiments simulate the three regions of spray dryer with the temperature control and thus evaporation rate of water from the slurry particle. $SO_2$ as a hydrophilic gaseous pollutant and vinyl chloride as a hydrophobic toxic gas are selected for the future field application to soid waste incineration, and the two types of slurry are made of the two sorbents ; 10 wt.% $Ca(OH)_2$, and 10 wt.% NaOH. Result of temperature effect shows the height of absorption plus three-phase region is decreased as the operation temperature is increased, which results in the lower removal efficiency of $SO_2$ but higher removal for vinyl chloride in the adsorption region of dry scrubber. The removal efficiency of $SO_2$ is higher by NaOH slurry than by $Ca(OH)_2$ slurry due to the hygroscopic nature of NaOH, while the removal of vinyl chloride is higher in $Ca(OH)_2$ case. From the analysis of redults using three-phase equilibrium distribution model, the effective two-phase partition coefficients can be obtained, and the possible extention in the application of the three-phase equilibrium model in a dry scrubber design has been demonstrated.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.11-19
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• 1992

$SrTiO_3$powders were synthesized from the chloride and the nitrate aqueous solution by spray pyrolysis method using ultrasonic vibrator. The concentration of mother solution was prepared 0.05M and O.lM. The carrier gas flow rate was 0.5cm/sec and 1.5cm/sec, respectively. The formation processing was investigated in the 0.05M and 0.05cm/sec. The $SrTiO_3$powders could not be synthesized from chloride aqueous solution. The prepared powders from nitrate aqueous solution was SrTi03 with cubic structure and nearly sphere particle for all samples. Mean particle size was increased from $0.49{\mu}m$ to $0.67{\mu}m$ by changing the carrier gas flow rate from O.5cm/sec to 1.5cm/sec. Also, mean particle size increased from $0.49{\mu}m$to $0.55{\mu}m$by changing the concentration of mother solution from O.05M to O.1M. Atomizing droplet size was $14.3{\mu}m$. The shape of particles was very porous by evaporation of solvent at the initial step. But through the each step upwards, shape of particles was formed themselves into a nearly roundish.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.7-14
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• 2002

In order to reduce exhaust omissions of spark ignition engine, it is important not only to improve catalyst conversion efficiency but also to directly reduce engine out exhaust emissions, during cold starting and warm up process. Therefore many researchers have been attracted to develop an early fuel evaporator(EFE) by Introducing a ceramic heater fur a solution of engine out exhaust emissions in SI engine. But, the performance of the EFE in MPI engine to reduce the exhaust emissions and to improve the cold startability has not been clarified yet. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of a glow plug far EFE. Impinging spray using heated and unheated glow plug helps the vaporization of the fuel and heat up the three way catalyst sufficiently. The amount of CO, and UHC is reduced overall. The amount of NOx is higher at the initial stage, but become lower as time goes on than without glow plug.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2003

The liquid phase LPG injection (LPLI) system is considered as one of the next generation fuel supply systems for LPG, vehicles, since it can accomplish the higher power, higher efficiency, and lower emission characteristics than the existing mixer type fuel supply system. However, during the injection of liquid LPG fuel into the inlet duct of an engine, a large quantity of heat is extracted due to evaporation of fuel. A problem is that the moisture in the air freezes around the outlet of a nozzle, which is called icing Phenomenon. It may cause damage to the outlet nozzle of an injector. The frozen ice deposit detached from the nozzle also may cause a considerable damage to the inlet valve or valve seat. In this work, the experimental investigation of the icing phenomenon was carried out. The results showed that the icing phenomenon and process were mainly affected by humidity of inlet air instead of the air temperature in the inlet duct. Also, it was observed that the icing occurs first in the inlet of a nozzle, and grows considerably at the upper part of the nozzle inlet and the opposite side of the nozzle entrance. An LPG fuel, mainly consisting of butane, has lower latent heat of vaporization than that of propane, which is an advantage in controlling the icing phenomenon.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.472.1-472.1
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• 2014

현재 Cu(In,Ga)Se2나 Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe)계 박막태양전지의 버퍼층으로 가장 많이 사용되는 물질은 CdS이다. 하지만 Cd의 독성 문제로 인해 사용에 제약이 있고, CdS의 작은 밴드갭(~2.4 eV)으로 인해 단 파장 영역에서 광활성층의 빛 흡수를 저해하는 문제 때문에 새로운 대체 물질을 찾으려는 연구가 많이 이루어지고 있다. 이러한 관점에서, ZnS계 물질은 독성 원소인 Cd을 사용하지 않고, 3.6 eV 정도의 큰 밴드갭을 가지기 때문에, CdS 버퍼층을 대체하기 위한 물질로 관심을 받고 있다. ZnS계 버퍼층을 증착하는 위해 chemical bath deposition (CBD), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), thermal evaporation, spray pyrolysis, sputtering, elecrtrodepostion 등의 다양한 공정이 사용될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 상기의 다양한 공정 가운데, 공정 단가가 낮고, 대면적 공정에 용이한 CBD 공정을 이용하여 ZnS계 버퍼층을 증착하는 연구를 수행하였다. 용액의 조성, 농도, 공정 온도, 시간 등을 비롯한 다양한 공정 변수가 ZnS계 박막의 morphology, 조성, 결정성, 광학적 특성 등 다양한 특성에 미치는 영향이 체계적으로 연구되었다. 또한, 상기 ZnS계 버퍼층을 CZTSSe 박막태양전지에 적용하여 CdS를 성공적으로 대체할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 ZnS계 버퍼층이 향후 친환경적인 박막태양전지 제조에 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2016

This paper describes the modeling of CNG direct injection using gaseous sphere injection model. Simulation of CNG direct injection does not need break up and evaporation model compared to that of liquid fuel injection. And very fine mesh is needed near the injector nozzle to resolve the inflow boundary. Therefore it takes long computation time for gaseous fuel injection simulation. However, simulation of CNG direct injection could be performed with the coarse mesh using gaseous sphere injection model. This model was integrated in KIVA-3V code and RNG $k-{\varepsilon}$ turbulence model needs to be modified because this model tends to over-predict gas jet diffusion. Furthermore, we preformed experiments of gaseous fuel injection using PLIF (planar laser induced fluorescence)method. Gaseous fuel injection model was validated against experiment data. The simulation results agreed well with the experiment results. Therefore gaseous sphere injection model has the reliability about gaseous fuel direct injection. And this model was predicted well a general tendency of gaseous fuel injection.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.399-399
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• 2012

II-V 족 화합물 반도체인 황화카드뮴(CdS)은 상온에서 2.42 eV의 밴드갭을 갖는 직접 천이형 물질로서 CdTe 또는 $CuInSe_2$와 같은 박막형 태양전지의 투과층(window layer)으로 널리 사용되고 있다. CdS 박막은 전자빔 증착법(e-beam evaporation), 화학용액증착법(chemical bath deposition), 열분해법(spray pyrolysis), 스퍼터링법(sputtering) 등으로 제작되고 있다. 이 중 스퍼터링법의 경우, 다른 증착법에 비해 조작이 간단하고 넓은 면적에서 균일한 박막을 증착할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 박막두께 조절이 용이하다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 RF 마그네트론 스퍼터링법으로 증착된 CdS 박막의 기판온도 및 열처리 온도변화에 따른 구조적 및 광학적 특성을 조사하였다. 기판은 RCA 기법으로 세정된 Corning Eagle 2000 유리 기판을 사용하였다. 박막 공정은 초기 진공 $1{\times}10^{-6}Torr$ 상태에서 20 sccm의 Ar 가스를 주입하고 100 W의 RF 파워, 7 mTorr의 공정 압력에서 기판 온도를 $200^{\circ}C$부터 $500^{\circ}C$까지 변화시키면서 수행하였다. 증착된 CdS 박막은 질소 분위기의 가열로(furnace)를 이용해 $300-500^{\circ}C$ 온도에서 30분간 열처리되었다. 시료들의 표면 형상은 scanning electron microscope를 사용하여 관찰하였으며, UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer를 사용하여 400-1,000 nm 파장영역에서의 투과율을 측정하였다. 그리고 X-선 회절분석(X-Ray Diffraction)으로 결정구조를 조사하고 결정립 크기를 산출하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.675-675
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• 2013

CIGS thin films have received a great attention as a promising material for solar cells due to their high absorption coefficient, appropriate bandgap, long-term stability, and low cost production. CIGS thin films have been deposited by various methods such as co-evaporation, sputtering, spray pyrolysis and electro-deposition. In this study, Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS) thin films were prepared using a single quaternary target by rf magnetron sputtering. The effect of sulfurization on the structural, compositional and electrical properties of the films was examined in order to develop the deposition process. An optimal sulfurization process will be selected for the preparation of CIGS thin films with good structural, optical and electrical properties by applying various sulfurization processes. In addition, the electrical properties of CIGS thin films were investigated by post-deposition annealing process. The carrier concentration of CIG(SSe) thin films after sulfurization was increased from $10^{14}cm^{-3}$ to $10^{16}cm^{-3}$ and the resistivity was increased from 10 ${\Omega}cm$ to $10^3$ ${\Omega}cm$. It is confirmed that CIG(SSe) thin films prepared at optimal deposition condition have similar atomic ratio to the target value after sulfurization.