• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제15권12호
• /
• pp.604-611
• /
• 2015

고온으로 인하여 콘크리트 내부의 수분이 증발할 경우 주변의 온도를 흡수하는 기화열이 발생하게 된다. 이에 따라 콘크리트의 내부온도는 외부의 온도가 지속적으로 증가함에도 불구하고 증가율이 둔화되는 현상이 나타나게 된다. 본 논문은 고강도 콘크리트 부재의 고온 하에서의 기화열을 고려한 내부의 온도변화를 예측하고자 하는 것으로 부재 내부의 임의의 위치에서의 온도를 산정하기 위하여 유한요소방식을 적용하였다. 이러한 해석기법의 정확성을 검증하기 위하여 여러 다른 연구자들에 의한 실험 데이터와 비교하였으며, 그 결과 기화열로 인하여 온도가 소실되는 현상을 포함한 전반적인 부재 내부의 온도분포 거동이 실제 실험 데이터와 거의 유사하게 나타나는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 소성∙가공
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.268-273
• /
• 2009

Ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL), which is performed at a low pressure and at room temperature, is known as a low cost method for the fabrication of nano-scale patterns. In the patterning process, maintaining the uniformity of the residual layer is critical as the pattern transfer of features to the substrate must include the timed etch of the residual layer prior to the etching of the transfer layer. In pursuit of a thin and uniform residual layer thickness, the initial volume and the position of each droplet both need to be optimized. However, the monomer mixtures of resin had a tendency to evaporate. The evaporation rate depends on not only time, but also the initial volume of the monomer droplet. In order to decide the initial volume of each droplet, the accurate prediction of evaporation behavior is required. In this study, the theoretical model of the evaporation behavior of resin droplets was developed and compared with the available experimental data in the literature. It is confirmed that the evaporation rate of a droplet is not proportional to the area of its free surface, but to the length of its contact line. Finally, the parameter of the developed theoretical model was calculated by curve fitting to decide the initial volume of resin droplets.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국전기전자재료학회 2007년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.8
• /
• pp.378-378
• /
• 2007

In this study, liquid crystal (LC) aligning capabilities for homeotropic alignment on the $ZrO_x$ thin film by electron beam evaporation method were investigated. Also, the control of pretilt angles and thermal stabilities of the NLC treated on $ZrO_x$ thin film were investigated. The uniform LC alignment on the $ZrO_x$ thin film surfaces and good thermal stabilities with electron beam evaporation can be achieved. It is considerated that the LC alignment on the $ZrO_x$ thin film by electron beam evaporation is attributed to elastic interaction between LC molecules and micro-grooves at the $ZrO_x$ thin film surface created by evaporation. In addition, it can be achieved the good electro-optical (EO) properties of the VA-LCD on $ZrO_x$ thin film layer with. oblique electron beam evaporation.

• 한국농공학회지
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.86-95
• /
• 1983

Evapotranspiration is a major factor determining the water consumption in the rice fields. Therefore, realistic evapotranspiration estimates are important to the agricultural water resources planning. In Korea, however, the Blaney-Criddle formula, which was developed under the meteorological condition of western arid United States and the upland cultivation, has been widely used to estimate evapotranspiration from paddy fields. Hence, it has considered that the Blaney-Criddle formula would not be the proper method for the Korean paddy condition. The purpose of this study is to select the most appropriate and realistic method for estimating evapotranspiraion from paddy field in Korea and to derive crop coefficients using the chosen method. The results are summerized as follows. 1. Total seasonal-average evapotranspiration by the field observation was 660mm for Tongil and 621. Ornm for the Japonica variety of rice. The amount of evapotranspiration for Tongil variety was 6% larger than that of the Japonica variety. 2. There was no significant differences in the amount of evapotranspiration among early, middle and late mature varieties, that is, early 638mm, middle 627mm and late 630mm for the whole growing season. 3. The rate of peak evapotranspiration appeared at the beginning of August and was in the range of 7.7-8. Omm/day according to the different mature varieties. 4. The correlation between pan evaporation data and the calculated evapotranspiration using related meteorological data from various methods suggested such as Radiation (FAO), Hargreaves, Christiansen, Hargreaves-Christiansen, Jensen-Haise, showed high statistic significance. Therefore, it seemed to use those formulars in estimating evapotranspiration inste4 of using pan evaporation data. 5. It was concluded from the analysis of field data that the evapotranspiration estimate for Blaney-Criddle method might not be appropriate in Korea. On the other hand, Penman equation showed more accurate estimation at the flourishing stage of rice than the pan evaporation method. 6. The crop coefficients for the Penman and pan-evaporation method were obtained by graphical representation.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제53권1호
• /
• pp.253-257
• /
• 2021

This work demonstrates the use of baromembrane method based on reverse osmosis (RO) process. The method is realized on mobile complex, which allows to concentrate and determine ultra-low activity of radionuclides in water cooling ponds of Russian nuclear fuel cycle enterprises. The existence level of radionuclide background creates difficult conditions for identification the contribution of liquid discharges enterprise, as standard monitoring methods have a very high detection level for radionuclides. Traditional methods for determining the background radionuclides concentrations require the selection of at least 500 liters (l) of water, followed by their evaporation to form a dry residue. This procedure with RO membranes requires at least 5 days. It is possible to reduce the time and energy spent on evaporation of hundreds of water liters by pre-concentrating radionuclides in a smaller sample volume with baromembrane method. This approach allows preliminary concentration of water samples from 500 l volume till 20 l volume during several hours. This approach is universal for the concentration of dissolved salts of any heavy metals, other organic compounds and allows the preparation of water countable samples in much shorter time compared to the traditional evaporation method.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.195-202
• /
• 1981

회개, 수자원획(水資源劃) 등(等) 이수(利水)를 목적(目的)으로 하는 장기유출해석(長期流出解析)에 있어 가장 중요(重要)한 인자(因子) 중(中)의 하나인 유역증발산량(流域蒸發散量)을 Water budget방법(方法)에 의(依)하여 산정(算定)하여, Pan, Potential, Regional evaporation과 Temperature와의 관계(關係)를 구명(究明)하여 유출기록(流出記錄)이 없는 무계기(無計器) 지역(地域)의 유역증발산량(流域蒸發散量)과 장기유출량(長期流出最)을 추정(推定)하기 위하여 금강수계(錦江水系) 용담지점(龍潭地點)의 5 개년(個年) 자료(資料)를 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. Pan evaporation과 River basin evaporation과의 비(比)($E_w/E_{pan}$)가 계절별(季節別) 성향(性向)을 가장 질서(秩序)있게 나타났으며, Pan evaporation으로부터 River basin evaporation을 Fig. 9 또는 Table-7로부터 추정(推定)할 수 있다. 2. Penman의 Potential evaporation을 적용하기 위하여 cloudness effect와 Wind function의 지역상수(地域常數)를 결정한 결과, 용담지역(龍潭地域)의 지역상수(地域常數)는 다음과 같다. $R_A=R_C(0.13+0.52{\frac{n}{D}})$ $E_a=0.35(e_s-e)(1.8+1.0U)$ 3. Regional evaporation [$E_R=(1-a)R_C-E_P$]는 유도과정의 가정에 따른 functional error가 큰 것으로 보여지나, 유역(流域)전반의 물리(物理), 화학(化學), 생물학적(生物學的)인 증발(蒸發)기구를 포괄적(包括的)으로 포용(包容)하고 있는 이와같은 이론적(理論的)인 함수개발(函數開發)이 요망된다. 4. 기상자료(氣象資料)가 미비(未備)한 지역(地域)에서는 기온(氣溫)만으로 Fig-11과 같이 개락적(槪略的)인 월(月) 평균(平均) 증발산(蒸發散)을 구(求)할 수 있다.

• 한국진공학회지
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.207-215
• /
• 2000

진공증착 및 이온플레이팅 방법을 이용하여 냉간 압연된 강판상에 알루미늄피막을 형성시킨 후, 증발율 및 증기분포 변화를 측정하고 각 증착방법에서의 증발율에 따른 증기분포 변화를 비교 및 검토하였다. 본 실험에서의 이온플레이팅은 증발원 근처에 이온화 전극을 설치하는 방법으로 고전류 아크방전을 유도하여 $10^{-4}$ Torr 이하에서도 기존의 이온플레이팅에 비해 높은 이온화율을 얻을 수 있는 아크방전 유도형 이온플레이팅(Arc-induced ion Plating; AIIP) 방법을 이용하였다. 전자빔을 이용하면서 알루미나 크루시블을 사용하여 알루미늄을 증발시킬 경우 분당 2.0 $\mu\textrm{m}$이상의 높은 증발율을 얻을 수 있었으며, 이온플레이팅의 경우 이온화된 증기의 상호작용에 따른 산란 효과로 증발율이 다소 낮아짐을 알 수 있었다. $cos^{n/\phi}$로 이루어지는 증기분포의 결정인자(n)의 값이 진공증착의 경우는 1에 근접하는 것으로 나타났고 AIIP의 경우는 2 또는 그보다 더 큰 값으로 이루어지는 것을 확인하였다. 이로부터 이온플레이팅의 경우 이온화율 또는 기판 바이어스 전압의 효과가 다른 조건에 비해 증기분포에 더 크게 영향을 미치는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국연소학회지
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.7-15
• /
• 2016

The fuel in conventional liquid fuel combustor is atomized by spray method for high efficiency and low emissions. To improve the overall fuel efficiency and lower pollutant emissions in liquid fuel combustion systems, the effective spatial and temporal separation of droplet evaporation from normal spray process is needed. In this paper, the recuperation of high temperature burnt gas for fuel evaporation was proposed to develop a cylindrical premixed combustor. The recuperation process using U shaped tube is effective to evaporate the liquid fuel. The results show that the flame mode is changed into red radiation flame, blue flame and lift off flame with decreasing equivalence ratio as gas fuel combustion mode. In particular, the blue flame is found to be very stable at heating load 9.2 kW and equivalence ratio 0.731. NOx was measured blow 105 ppm ($O_2$ zero base) from equivalence ratio 0.705 to 0.835. CO which is a very important emission index in liquid fuel combustor was observed below 5 ppm ($O_2$ zero base) under the same equivalence region.

• 열처리공학회지
• /
• 제14권5호
• /
• pp.292-296
• /
• 2001

In this work, an ultra-high vacuum activated reactive evaporation equipment was built. With reaction of Al and oxygen plasma, $Al_2O_3$ was deposited on the surface of etched Al foil. The chamber was evacuated down to $2{\times}10^{-7}$ torr initially. The Ar and $O_2$ gas introduced into the chamber to maintain $5{\times}10^{-5}$ torr during deposition. Ar gas prevents recombining of the ionized oxygen. Evaporation was maintained by electron beam evaporator continuously. Heating filament and electrode were used in order to generate plasma. The substrate bias of -300V was introduced to accelerate deposition of evaporated Al atoms. The composition and morphology of deposited $Al_2O_3$ films were analyzed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The Al oxide was formed on the surface of etched Al foil. According to AFM results, the surface morphology of $Al_2O_3$ film indicates uniform feature. Dielectric characteristic was measured as a function of frequency. Measured withstanding voltage and capacitance were 52V and $24{\mu}F/cm^2$, respectively. The obtained $Al_2O_3$ film shows clean condition without contaminants, which could be adapted to capacitor production.

• Journal of the Korean Physical Society
• /
• 제73권9호
• /
• pp.1346-1350
• /
• 2018

An electrode-evaporation technology on both the top and bottom sides of the bare vertical-type single chip separated from the traditional substrate by cooling, was developed for III-nitride vertical-type single chip LEDs with thick GaN epilayer. The post-process of the cooling step was followed by sorting the bare vertical-type single chip LEDs into the holes in a pocket-type shadow mask for deposition of the electrodes at the top and bottom sides of bare vertical-type single chip LEDs without the traditional substrate for electrode evaporation technology for vertical-type single chip LEDs. The variation in size of the hole between the designed shadow mask and the deposited electrodes owing to the use of the designed pocket-type shadow mask is investigated. Furthermore, the electrical and the optical properties of bare vertical-type single chip LEDs deposited with two different shapes of n-type electrodes using the pocket-type shadow mask are investigated to explore the possibility of the e-beam evaporation method.