• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.713-721
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• 2014

현재 유럽과 미국에서는 각각 GRC(Green Rotorcraft) 와 SRW (Subsonic Rotary Wing program) 프로그램을 통하여 차세대 회전익기 개발이 진행 중에 있다. 이들 프로그램의 최종 목적은 현재 사용 중에 있는 단거리 여객기를 일부 대체 할 수 있는 틸트로터 타입의 중/소형 민간 회전익기 개발에 목적을 두고 있다. 또한 이들 틸트 로터의 민간 운영에 운영할 수 있는 안전한 운행을 위하여, 각각 개발 중인 air transport management(ATM) 시스템인 SESAR(Single European Sky ATM Research) 와 NextGen(Next Generation Air Transport System)과 융합하는 기술도 병행되고 있다. 이들 프로그램들은, 최종 목표인 틸트 로터기의 개발이 진행되는 중간 과정으로, 현재 사용되고 있는 헬리콥터의 성능의 향상도 병행하고 있다. 이러한 성능 개발은 좀 더 효율적인 추진기관, 능동 로터 시스템, 내/외부의 소음 감소 등에 중점을 두고 있다. 특히 유럽의 GRC 프로그램에서는 소음, 연료소비율, 배기가스 (CO2, NOx)의 절감 등에 매우 구체적인 목표를 설정하여 기술 개발을 진행 중에 있다.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.167-177
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• 2004

Hub-and-spoke운송은 교통분야에서 널리 이용되고 있는 운송전략의 대표적 개념이다. 화물의 컨테이너화와 환적기술의 발달로 최근 유럽을 중심으로 철도화물운송부문에서도 이 운송전략의 적용사례가 나타나고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 Hub-and-spoke운송전략을 구현하는 철도화물서비스네트워크 디자인모형을 제시하고, 대규모 운송망에도 적용이 가능한 효율적 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 개발되는 모형이 전략적 수준의 계획모형임에도 불구하고 모형에서는 일반화된 운영비용 외에 열차속도, 서비스빈도, 터미널에서의 화물처리속도 등에 따른 시간지체비용도 고려되었다. 시간지체비용의 고려에 따라 야기되는 목적함수의 비선형성은 빈도별 서비스결정변수의 설정을 통해 선형최적화문제로 표현되었다. 규모가 큰 네트워크의 경우 해도출의 어려움 때문에 본 논문은 전체문제의 분할(decomposition)에 기초한 휴리스틱방법((heuristic method)으로 문제를 해결하고자 하였다. 해도출의 효율성을 높이기 위해 서비스빈도개선과 관련하여 3개의 알고리즘이 개발되었고, 개발된 알고리즘은 유럽의 실제네트워크를 기초로 도출한 4개의 테스트문제를 대상으로 해의 정확도와 해 도출의 효율성이 비교 평가되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.599-603
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• 2015

The objective of the current pilot study was to evaluate the reproductive performance and health indicators in Dorper, White Dorper, and Tsigai breed ewes managed semi-intensively under European temperate conditions. A total of 544 ewe-year units were observed, with ewes (ranging from 1.5 to 8 years of age) managed under identical rearing conditions for a period of two consecutive production cycles (2012 through 2013 and 2013 through 2014). In general, significant ($p{\leq}0.001$) genotype-related disparities were found in occurrence rates for all health parameters taken into study. Clinical mastitis incidence was significantly lower ($p{\leq}0.05$) in Dorper (9.4%) and White Dorper (10.8%) breeds compared to that of Tsigai ewes (17.4%). Significant differences ($p{\leq}0.05$) for lameness were found between Dorper and Tsigai breeds, with occurrence rates of 8.0% and 2.9%, respectively. Incidence for pneumonia and abortion was not influenced (p>0.05) by the ewes' genotype. Litter size was significantly lower ($p{\leq}0.05$) in White Dorper breed than for Dorper and Tsigai ewes, of 1.21, 1.40, and 1.45, respectively. Conception rates and lambs survival were not affected (p>0.05) by genotype. Results suggest that South African Dorper and White Dorper sheep breeds have adapted well to the specific rearing conditions.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제44권9호
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• pp.680-687
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• 2021

Coronavirus disease, COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), has a higher case fatality rate in European countries than in others, especially East Asian ones. One potential explanation for this regional difference is the diversity of the viral infection efficiency. Here, we analyzed the allele frequencies of a nonsynonymous variant rs12329760 (V197M) in the TMPRSS2 gene, a key enzyme essential for viral infection and found a significant association between the COVID-19 case fatality rate and the V197M allele frequencies, using over 200,000 present-day and ancient genomic samples. East Asian countries have higher V197M allele frequencies than other regions, including European countries which correlates to their lower case fatality rates. Structural and energy calculation analysis of the V197M amino acid change showed that it destabilizes the TMPRSS2 protein, possibly negatively affecting its ACE2 and viral spike protein processing.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제19권E1호
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• pp.41-50
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• 2003

Greenhouse gases (GHG) could lead to global warming, which may bring about various disturbances to global ecosystem. Other than primary benefits that are too extensive, the ancillary benefit from GHG reduction has been estimated to provide justification for national actions. Five scenarios for 5 to 40％ reduction of GHG were evaluated for the benefit/cost efficiency, using the cost estimates from a previous study. Their benefits were also estimated using a European model. As a result of this study, it can be concluded that lower reduction scenarios (5∼10%) seem to be more efficient than higher reduction scenarios (30∼40％).

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.171-181
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• 2008

There are several methods for the gas hydrate production such as spraying water with countercurrent gas flow, stirring water-gas mixture, and flowing water with micro-bubble, etc. These days it has been widely studied for the gas hydrate production method, having low energy consumption and high efficiency. In this paper, patents in the gas hydrate production method were gathered and analyzed. The search range was limited to the open patents of USA, European Union (EP), Japan (JP), and Korea (KR) from 1991 to 2007. Patents were gathered by using keywords searching and filtered by crucial criteria. The trends of the patents were analyzed by the years, countries, companies, and technologies.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2006

Since the 1990's, European shipbuilding industries introduced hybrid welding process in order to decrease thermal distortion of welded joints in passenger shipbuilding. In this study, we investigated effects of hybrid welding parameters on the toughness of weld metal using DH36 steel in order to obtain more sound welds in passenger shipbuilding. Type of leading process, joint gap distance and chemical composition of consumables were considerably correlated with the toughness of weld metal. Especially, the toughness was considerably increased with high-Ti containing consumables. In addition, hybrid welding speed increased by using plasma cut edges, the oxides layer of which increased absorption efficiency of laser beam.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.79-93
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• 2004

Recently, the change of shipping and port environment has required the new strategy from the liners, terminal operators, ports. The ports of call in the North American and European line also has changed as the Chinese ports made rapid advance. This seems to result from the fact that the trend of the container transportation by sea has developed the traditional concept, called port-to-port system that directly links between a port and another port into the network with complicated hierarchical structure reflecting costs, efficiency, and strategy of the Mega Carrier. This paper suggests the factors for Busan port to become the hub port of northeast Asia by analyzing the change of the liners' strategy along the change of the shipping and port environment, the global management of the operator of container port, and the amount of containers flowing in the northeast Asia.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.413-426
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• 2011

Two types of new methods with variable time steps are proposed in order to valuate binary options efficiently. Type I changes adaptively the size of the time step at each time based on the magnitude of the local error, while Type II combines two uniform meshes. The new methods are hybrid finite difference methods, namely starting the computation with a fully implicit finite difference method for a few time steps for accuracy then performing a ${\theta}$-method during the rest of computation for efficiency. Numerical experiments for standard European vanilla, binary and American options show that both Type I and II variable time step methods are much more efficient than the fully implicit method or hybrid methods with uniform time steps.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2011년도 춘계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.198-198
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• 2011

Cooling and Heating system using Geothermal energy in the country has shown rapid development in the research and business field during about 10 years. However, like other renewable energy sources, high initial construction cost is acting as an obstacle to apply widely. Therefore Energy pile system(Heat Exchanger inserted inside the structure pile) that can save about 25 % initial construction cost has been studied in European countries and recently being studied in our country. Therefore, KPECO(Korea Electric Power Corporation) is also studying energy pile system to improve cooling & heating system in substation that install about 200 pile. KPECO is aimed to make energy pile design, construction and maintenance standards because substation has good applicability. In this study, we studied to make new grout material and design program to make optimized design & counstruction method of energy pile system. And planing to peform field test for energy pile system in a 154 kV substation to obtain long-term behavior and efficiency of the system.