• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
• /
• 2004.11a
• /
• pp.683-686
• /
• 2004

In recent years, some attention was particularly given to cracking sensitivity of high performance concrete. It has been argued and demonstrated experimentally that such concrete undergoes autogenous shrinkage due to self-desiccation at early age, and, as a result, internal tensile stress may develop, leading to micro cracking and macro cracking. One possible method to reduce cracking due to autogenous shrinkage is the addition of expansive additive. Tests conducted by many researches have shown the beneficial effects of addition of expansive additive for reducing the risk of shrinkage-introduced cracking. However, the research on hydration model of expansion additive has been hardly researched up to now. This paper presents a study of the hydration model of Ettringite-Gypsum type expansive additive. Result of comparing forecast values with experiment value, proposed model is shown to expressible of hydration of expansive additive.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.35 no.11
• /
• pp.1227-1232
• /
• 1998

In order to prohibit the delay of early stage hydration activator Na2SO4 was added to Fly Ash blended ce-ment and its effects were investigated. Various measurements such as Compressive strength Heat of hy-dration Pore size distribution Hydration products Microstructure were evaluated and the results show that specimens of Fly Ash(50wt%) with 5% Na2SO4 dramatically improved the compressive strength because pozzolanic reaction of Fly Ash and the formation of ettringite make th microstructure denser than OPC and flyash cement paste.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.47-56
• /
• 2009

This is a study about how the increase of strength is changed when ground improvement material is mixed with either coastal clay or sandy soil. The ground improvement material was made from mixing a certain proportion of the slag which is by-products generated by smelting the iron ore and the paper fly ash which is formed by bumping up the paper. The ground improvement material was added to coastal soil and sandy soil each. And then according to ratio of water contents, number of curing days and ratio of mixture, specimen for uniaxial compression test was made. The change of uniaxial compression strength and the generated substances was analyzed while the specimen is being cured for 28days. The result of analysis shows that the strength of coastal clay was increased about eleven times more than that of sandy soil. This means that ettringite reaction by ground improvement material becomes more distinctive in the coastal clay than in the sandy soil.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.77-85
• /
• 1987

Hardened cement paste is mainly affected by corrosion of sulphate and chlorine ions in sea water. In this investigation, many specimens were made with the cement clinker minerals such as C3S, C3A, C4AF and their mixture according to cement composition added various blending materials. After the specimens were immersed in 4% MgSO4 and MgCl2 solutions, the product of reaction, the microstructure of specimen and Ca+2 ion leached in the solution were studied. The formation of Ca(OH)2 in the specimen of C3S is reduced relatively by adding pozzolanic admixtures. The chlorine ion is easily diffuse into the C3S specimen and produced CaCl2 compound, and it makes the specimen porous by leaching out itself into the solution. The specimen of C3A, C4AF are broken down by expanding reaction of ettringite and gypsum compound produced in the MgSO4 solution. At a later period, the ettringite is transformed into gypsum and 5MgO.2Al2O3·15H2O. The C3A in the MgCl2 solution combines chlorine ion to form Friedel's salt and prevents the diffusion reaction of chlorine ion into the specimen. Granulated slag shows inferior effect on the resistance of the specimen in MgSO4 solution by forming ettringite and gypsum, but good result in MgCl2 solution. Pozzolanic materials, on the whole, offer noticable effect on the resistance of the specimen in both solutions.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.95-102
• /
• 2015

In this paper, the effects of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and aluminum potassium sulfate ($AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$) dosage on strength properties were investigated. For evaluating the property related to the dosage of alkali activator, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) of 4% (N1 series) and 8% (N2 series) was added to 1~5% (K1~K5) dosage of aluminum potassium sulfate ($AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$) and 1% (C1) and 2% (C2) dosage of calcium oxide (CaO). W/B ratio was 0.5 and binder/ fine aggregate ratio was 0.5, respectively. Test result clearly showed that the compressive strength development of alkali-activated slag cement (AASC) mortars were significantly dependent on the dosage of NaOH and $AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$. The result of XRD analysis indicated that the main hydration product of $NaOH+AlK (SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$ activated slag was ettringite and CSH. But at early ages, ettringite and sulfate coated the surface of unhydrated slag grains and inhibited the hydration reaction of slag in high dosage of $NaOH+AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$. The $SO_4{^{-2}}$ ions from $AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$ reacts with CaO in blast furnace slag or added CaO to form gypsum ($CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$), which reacts with CaO and $Al_2O_3$ to from ettringite in $NaOH+AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$ activated slag cement system. Therefore, blast furnace slag can be activated by $NaOH+AlK(SO_4)_2{\cdot}12H_2O$.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.16 no.4 s.82
• /
• pp.557-564
• /
• 2004

This paper introduces a study carried out to investigate sodium sulfate attack caused by various reactive products. Experiments were performed on mortar and paste specimens made with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) conforming to KS L 5201 Type I. The water-cement ratios were varied from 0.35 to 0.55. It was found from the laboratory study that the water-cement ratio may be a key to control the deterioration of OPC matrix during sodium sulfate attack. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that ettringite, gypsum and thaumasite were the main products formed by sodium sulfate attack. These findings were well supported by thermal analysis through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and confirmed the long-term understanding that deterioration mechanism by sodium sulfate attack is a complicated process. Most importantly, deterioration due to sodium sulfate attack is characterized as the drastic reduction in compressive strength as well as the expansion (especially in cement matrix with a higher water-cement ratio).

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.103-112
• /
• 1988

The reasons why the hardened cement paste substituted the domestic fly ash are better in resisting against sulfate or calcium chloride attack the one used portland cement are as follows. First, because the fly ash could restrict the gypsum creation in resisting against sulfate attack, the $C_3A$ hydrates were not inversed to ettringite. Second, in the case of the, hardened cement paste immersed in calcium chloride solution, the fly ash was effective in resisting the deteorioration resulting from microcrack in surface and inner composition by the ionization of calcium chloride solution.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.51-57
• /
• 1982

The clinckers were obtained when a raw mixture consisted of limestone, slags and gypsum was burned at 134$0^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes, and 128$0^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes adding $CaF_2$ as a flux. The principal compounds of these clinkers were $C_3S_2$, $\beta-C_2S$, $C_1A_3{\bar{S}}$. To investigate hydration behavior, cements were made and hydrated at constant humidity cabinet (W/C=0.5 20$\pm 1^{\circ}C$). X-ray diffractometer, SEM, and conduction calorimeter were employed to examine the hydration behavior. The hydrates were mainly C-S-H, ettringite, $Ca(OH)_2$. By the hydration of $C_3S$ and $C_4A_3\bar{S}$, the needle-like ettringite filling the inner vacant spaces of the hardened body might contribute to the rapid-hardening and high-strength phenomena. Furthermore, the hardened body became stronger due to the hydration of $C_2S$ at later period. The addition of granulated blastfurnace slags have a potential to be a blended cement.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.54 no.2
• /
• pp.128-136
• /
• 2017

Fly ash from a circulating fluidized bed combustion boiler (CFBC fly ash) is very different in mineralogical composition, chemical composition, and morphology from coal ash from traditional pulverized fuel firing because of many differences in their combustion processes. The main minerals of CFBC fly ash are lime and anhydrous gypsum; however, due to the fuel type, the strength development of CFBC fly ash is affected by minor components of active $SiO_2$ and $Al_2O_3$. The initial hydration product of the circulating fluidized bed combustion fly ash (B CFBC ash) using petro coke as a fuel is Portlandite which becomes gypsum after 7 days. Due to the structural features of the portlandite and gypsum, the self-cementitious strength of B CFBC ash was low. While the hydration products of the circulating fluidized bed combustion fly ash (A CFBC ash) using bituminous coal as a fuel were initially portlandite and ettringite, after 7 days the hydration products were gypsum and C-S-H. Due to the structural features of ettringite and C-S-H, A CFBC ash showed a certain degree of self-cementitious strength.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.34 no.8
• /
• pp.861-869
• /
• 1997

In order to investigate the reaction in the system of anhydrite II-blast furnace slag, the paste hydration which made up with a liquid/solid ratio of 0.45 for 1, 3, 7, 14, 28days by the addition of accelerators to 10~30wt.% slag with natural gypsum calcined for 1hour at 500/$700^{\circ}C$ was studied by combined water determination, XRD, DTA, DSC and SEM. As a result of this experiment, it was found that hydration rate was faster in the system calcined at 50$0^{\circ}C$. Therefore the anhydrite was converted to calcium sulfate dihydrate in the hydration for 1day but the slag was not almost reacted. For the gypsum calcined at $700^{\circ}C$, the hydraton rate in the system of K2SO4 addition was faster than others in the earier period, but the activated effect of the system of Al2(SO4)3 addition was regarded as the highest over 3days. As the amount of slag was increased, they dydration rate was delayed and ettringite was observed in the case of K2SO4 system. However both Al2(SO4)3 and AlK(SO4)2 systems showed calcium sulfate dhydrate only as hydrated products.