Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute (콘크리트학회논문집)

Korea Concrete Institute (한국콘크리트학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Experimental Approach on Sulfate Attack Mechanism of Ordinary Portland Cement Matrix: Part I. Sodium Sulfate Attack

  • Published : 2004.08.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This paper introduces a study carried out to investigate sodium sulfate attack caused by various reactive products. Experiments were performed on mortar and paste specimens made with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) conforming to KS L 5201 Type I. The water-cement ratios were varied from 0.35 to 0.55. It was found from the laboratory study that the water-cement ratio may be a key to control the deterioration of OPC matrix during sodium sulfate attack. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that ettringite, gypsum and thaumasite were the main products formed by sodium sulfate attack. These findings were well supported by thermal analysis through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and confirmed the long-term understanding that deterioration mechanism by sodium sulfate attack is a complicated process. Most importantly, deterioration due to sodium sulfate attack is characterized as the drastic reduction in compressive strength as well as the expansion (especially in cement matrix with a higher water-cement ratio).

Keywords

References

  1. Wee, T. H., Suryavanshi, A. K., Wong, S. F., and Anisur Rahman, A. K. M., 'Sulfate Resistance of Concrete Containing Mineral Admixtures,' ACI Materials Journal, Vol.97, No.5, 2000, pp.536-549
  2. Torii, K., Taniguchi, K., and Kawamura, M., 'Sulfate Resistance of High Fly Ash Content Concrete,' Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.25, No.4, 1995, pp.759-768 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00066-L
  3. ACI Building Code 318, 'Requirement for Structural Concrete and Commentary,' American Concrete Institute, 1995, pp.37-38
  4. Irassar, E. F., Di Mario, A., and Batic, O. R., 'Sulfate Attack on Concrete with Mineral Admixture,' Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.26, No.1, 1996, pp.113-123 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00195-6
  5. Verbeck, G., 'Symposium on Sulfate Resistance of Concrete,' Publication SP-77, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1982
  6. Hobbs, D. W. and Taylor, M. G., 'Nature of the Thaumasite Sulfate Attack Mechanism in Field Concrete,' Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.30, 2000, pp.529-533 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00255-0
  7. Mario, c., 'Thaumasite Formation and Deterioration in Historic Buildings,' Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol.21, 1999, pp.147-154 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(98)00044-4
  8. Brown, P. W. and Doerr, A., 'Chemical Changes in Concrete due to the Ingress of Aggressive Species,' Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.30, 2000, pp411-418 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00266-5
  9. Moon, H. Y., Lee, S. T., and Kim, H. S., 'The Selection of Effective Korean Cement for Sulfate Environments,' Proceeding of the International Conference on Concrete Under Severe Conditions, CONSEC'01, Vancouver, Canada, 2001, pp.349-356
  10. Khatri, R. P. and Sirivivatnanon, V., 'Role of Permeability in Sulphate Attack,' Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.27, No.8, 1997, pp.1179-1189 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00119-1
  11. Mehta, P. K., 'Sulfate Attack on Concrete - A Critical Review,' In Materials Science of Concrete, Vol.III, ed. Jan Skalny, American Ceramic Society, 1992, pp.105-130
  12. Mehta, P. K., 'Sulfate Attack on Concrete: Separating Myths from Reality,' Concrete International, Vol.22, No.8, August, 2000, pp.57-61
  13. Figg, J. W., 'Chemical Attack on Hardened Concrete, Effect of Sulphates and Chlorides,' Bulletin ofthe Institution of Corrosion Science and Technology, No.75, 1979, pp.12-23
  14. Mehta, P. K. and Gjorve, O. E., 'New Test for Sulfate Resistance of Cements,' Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol.2, No.6, 1974, pp.510-514 https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE11684J
  15. AI-Amoudi, O. S. B., Maslehuddin, M., and Saadi, M. M., 'Effect of Magnesium Sulfate and Sodium Sulfate on the Durability Performance of Plain and Blended Cements,' ACI Materials Journal, Vol.92, No.1, 1995, pp.15-24
  16. Tian, B. and Cohen, M. D., 'Does Gypsum Formation during Sulfate Attack on Concrete Lead to Expansion?' Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.30, 2000, pp.117-123 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00211-2
  17. AI-Amoudi, O. S. B., 'Studies on Soil-Foundation Interaction in the Sabkha Environment of Eastern Province of Soudi Arabia,' King Fahd University of Petroleum and Mineral, Dhahran, Ph.D Dissertation, 1992
  18. Hartshorn, S. A., Sharp, J. H., and Swamy, R. N., 'Thaumasite Formation in Portland-Limestone Cement Pastes,' Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.29, 1999, pp.1331-1340 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00100-3
  19. Nevile, A. M., 'Properties of Concrete,' 2$^n^d$ Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1980
  20. Mehta, P. K., 'Effect of Fly Ash Composition on Sulfate Resistance of Cement,' ACI Journals of Proceeding, Vol.83, No.6, 1986, pp.994-1001
  21. AI-Amoudi, O. S. B., 'Sulfate Attack and Reinforcement Corrosion in Plain and Blended Cements Exposed to Sulfate Environments,' Building and Environment, Vol.33. No.1, 1998, pp.53-61 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(97)00022-X
  22. Moon, H. Y. and Lee, S. T., 'Influence of Silicate Ratio and Additives on the Sulphate Resistance of Portland Cement,' Advances in Cement Research, Vol.15, No.3, 2003, pp.91-101 https://doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2003.15.3.91
  23. Moon, H. Y., Lee, S. T., and Kim, S. S., 'Sulphate Resistance of Silica Fume Blended Mortars Exposed to Various Sulphate Solutions,' Canadian Journal of Civil ngineering, Vol.30, 2003, pp.625-636 https://doi.org/10.1139/l03-024
  24. Tasong, W. A., Wild, S., and Tilley, R. J. D., 'Mechanisms by Which Ground Granulated Blastfumace Slag Prevents Sulphate Attack of Lime-Stabilised Kaolinite,' Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.29, 1999, pp.975-982 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00007-1
  25. Brown, P. and Hooton, R. D., 'Ettringite and Thaumasite Formation in Laboratory Concretes Prepared Using SulfateResisting Cements,' Cement and Concrete esearch, Vol.24, 2002, pp.361-70 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00088-9