• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the ethical attitudes of consumers in consumption situations by using the consumer ethics scale(CES). Self-administrated questionnaires were completed by 492 consumers, and the resulting data were analysed by frequency, chi-square, one-way ANOVA, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and cluster analysis. We found four different groups of consumers were identified according to their ethical attitudes in consumption situations: 1) the unethical onlooker consumer group, 2) the socialized unethical consumer group, 3) the ethical consumer group, and 4) the severely unethical consumer group. The unethical onlooker consumer group was most widespread prevalent among university students who were in their 20s and down or under, and who received spending money from their parents, and the socialized unethical consumer group was most prevailing prevalent among the higher educated consumers. The women who consumers slightly outnumbered men in an the ethical consumer group, slightly outnumbered the men who did, and many of the university-educated large income earners fell into this group consumed in that way as well. The severely unethical consumer group was quite uncommon among those who were at the age of 41 and up over, and not many of the higher educated people and larger income earners consumed in an the severely unethical consumer group, either. Thus, it's proven this study proves that in terms of the propensity to consume, the consumers' were different from one another in ethical attitudes and behaviors differ according to their demographic characteristics.

• Journal of Korean Traditional Oncology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 2022

The Randomized Control Trial (RCT) is the most well-established and widely used statistical methodology in clinical research; however, applying thorough RCT to cancer patients presents challenges such as ethical concerns, high costs, short clinical periods, and limitations in collecting various side effects. To address this issue, the propensity score matching method, which takes advantage of the benefits of observational research while compensating for the drawbacks of randomized control trials, is used in a variety of fields. In recent years, 28 studies on the effectiveness of Korean medicine on tumors have been conducted abroad using the Propensity Score Matching Method, but none have been conducted in Korea. The majority of studies have focused on liver cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, and stomach cancer, with endpoints such as survival time, incidence rate, quality of life, and treatment outcomes revealing statistical differences in how Korean medicine intervention affects treatment outcomes. As a result, well-established studies using the propensity matching score methodology should be useful in evaluating the impact of Korean medicine in oncology treatments.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.90-98
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• 2016

Assessment tools for non-academic qualities such as ethics frequently employ hypothetical scenarios to lay out a contextual framework underlying the corresponding criteria of assessment. Due to the context-specific nature of the assessment criteria, details of the scenarios become very important in obtaining accurate results. This study aims to explore how medical school applicants differ in ethical decision making depending on the types of ethical dilemma scenarios, and how they correlate with academic achievements after admission. In 2014, all 82 applicants invited for an admission interview for a graduate-entry program were asked to complete a questionnaire comprised of 13 hypothetical scenarios. There were three domains (unethical business decisions, unethical academic decisions, and sexual quid pro quos) and participants were made to choose between the profitable-but-unethical choice or the unprofitable-but-ethical choice, using a four-point Likert-type scale. On average, tendencies toward unethical decisions were lowest for sexual favors ($1.34{\pm}0.46$), and highest for gaining academic advantages ($2.22{\pm}0.56$). Unethical decisions for academic advantages and sexual benefits showed significant correlation respectively with the female gender and those who graduated from overseas universities. In addition, the propensity for choosing unethical academic decisions was significantly correlated with high academic achievements in medical school (r=0.396). Not only does this study demonstrate that different levels of ethical decision making depend on the scenarios, but also those differences may be a determinant factor in subsequent academic performances in medical school. In conclusion, given the possible influence of the details of the hypothetical scenarios to the applicant's responses, careful consideration must be given during their development.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.64-75
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• 1999

The goals of moral education according to the 7th educational curriculum are (1) to learn the basic life custom and ethical norms necessary to desirable life, (2) to develop the judgment to solve desirably and practically the ethical matters in daily life, (3) to develop the sound citizenship, national identity and consciousness, and the consciousness of world peace and mankind's mutual prosperity, and (4) to develop the ethical propensity to practice the ideal and principle of life systematically Based on the goals in the above, the following can be established as goals of environmental education possible: (1) to learn judgment to solve practically the environmental problems in the society with their ethical understanding, and (2) to recognize that environmental consciousness is the basic necessity of sound citizenship and national identity and consciousness, and mankind's mutual prosperity, and to have attitudes to practice environmental preservation in daily life. Like these, the intellectual aspect, the affective aspect, and the active aspect can be established in the environmental education in the ethics education keeping their balance. In order to achieve its goals, the contents of ethics subject are organized largely with 4 domains: (1) individual life, (2) home life, life with neighbors, and school life, (3) social life, and (4) national life. Among these, environmental education is mainly included in the domain of social life. These contents concerning environmental education take 22 (32.4%) out of the whole 68 teaching factors which are taught in the ethics subject from the 3rd grade to 10th grade. These 22 environmental teaching factors are mainly related to environmental ethics, environmental preservation and measures, and sound consumption life. Classified according to each goal, the environmental contents in the 7th curriculum for ethics subject put emphasis on environmental value and attitudes, action and participation, and information and knowledge. Therefore, the recommendable teaching and learning method for the environmental education in ethics subject is to motivate students' practice or to make them practice in person. For example, role-play model, value-conflict model, group study model can be applied according to the topics of environmental education.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.1 s.160
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• pp.141-150
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine variables affecting fashion consumer ethics. 202 consumers living in Seoul and its suburb participated in this study. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, factor analysis and multiple regression for this study. As the results, consumer ethics was classified into three factors such as 'Purposely illegal behavior', 'Tacitly illegal behavior' and 'Socialized illegal behavior' factors. Second, regarding ethics judgement, machiavellianism only had affected consumer ethics. Results showed that 'Tacitly illegal behavior' and 'Socialized illegal behavior' of consumer ethics affected consumer ethics on Fashion Products. Finally, results of multiple regression revealed that psychological factors such as compensatory purchasing, materialism and propensity of religion accounted for 19% of the explained variance in fashion consumer ethics. Based on these results, a fashion educational program about consumer ethics related to fashion industry would be suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.848-867
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• 2022

As an emerging market with rapid economic growth, while being a key region of the K-culture expansion, Vietnam draws increasing scientific attention. This study focuses on the MZ generation, Vietnam's leading consumer group, revealing their consumption value structure. An online survey was used for data collection purposes, investigating 368 Vietnamese consumers between 18-37 years of age. Six value dimensions were derived as results of the present analysis: functional, emotional, social, ethical, self-expression, and autonomy-oriented value. Among them, functional value includes two sub-dimensions of utility and price, while emotional value entails three sub-dimensions, namely hedonism, novelty, and aesthetics. 'Self-expression value' and 'autonomy-oriented value', reflecting the characteristics of the MZ generation, who actively express themselves and respect proactive decision-making, are becoming important standards of the consumption attitude of young Vietnamese. Moreover, the pursuit of 'novelty' was derived as a factor reflecting emotional values, revealing an association between hedonic consumption, and seeking for newness and difference. Furthermore, the relationships between each consumption value dimension, respective demographic characteristics, and global consumption propensity were investigated. The present findings aim to provide insights into young Vietnamese consumers' attitudes and intend to serve as a foundation for future research.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.164-178
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• 2020

This study was intended to study how social responsibility of small businesses affected tax avoidance. Specifically, it was intended to verify how social responsibility is influenced by tax psychological factors and how it is related to tax avoidance by making it an economic liability factor, an ethical liability factors. For him, the empirical data were reviewed, the questionnaire was prepared, and the collected data was analyzed using SPSS ver. 22.0 and PROCESS MACRO ver. 3.4. The verification showed that corporate economic and ethical responsibilities affected tax avoidance and that legal responsibility did not affect tax evasion, and that tax psychological factors mediated some of the effects of social responsibility on tax avoidance. Judging from the above results, it is doubtful that the prevention of tax evasion would require tax incentives to offset the costs incurred by an enterprise's economic responsibilities, and to establish a strict tax code to prevent one or two tax evasions from spreading throughout the group. In this study, however, there are limitations that arise from differences between variables omitted from the research model and methods of measuring tax hedges. Therefore, further studies using a wider variety of variables are required in subsequent studies.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.85-100
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• 2017

The Delivery Companies are Facing the Difficulty in their Delivery Services due to the Continuously Increasing Delivery Demand and Insufficient Supply of Delivery Persons to Satisfy the Demand. In Such Circumstances, the Delivery Companies have been Implementing the CSV Service by Introducing the Senior Parcel Delivery Service Creating Jobs for Senior Citizens. This Paper Investigated the Impact of the Quality of Senior Parcel Delivery Service, CSV Activities, and Individual Characteristic Factors of Consumers on the Customers' Confidence and Intention to Use the Delivery Service of Delivery Companies. For the Empirical Analysis, the Online/Offline Questionnaire Survey was Executed with the Individuals who used the Delivery Service and 216 Samples were Finally Selected for Empirical Analysis. In Accordance with the Analysis Results, the Speed, the Quality of Senior Parcel Delivery Service, had Significant Impact on the Customers' Confidence, but Safety had no Significant Impact on it. Next, the Sincerity of CSV Activity by Senior Parcel Delivery Service Companies Showed the Significant Impact on the Customers' Confidence. However, the Adequacy of CSV Activity had No Significant Impact on the Customers' Confidence. Furthermore, the Consumption Value and Ethical Consumption Propensity, the Individual Features of Consumers, Demonstrated the Significant Impact on the Customers' Confidence and also on the Customers' Confidence on and their Intention to use Senior Parcel Delivery Service Companies.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.67-75
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• 2010

Objectives : In order to study the standardization of Qi-gong, and the important spread of education in Qi-gong, we investigated to the cognition of Qi-gong. Method : The descriptive investigation was accomplished to examine the level about the standardization of Qi-gong and the propensity with the Qi-gong training specialist, Qi-gong experience people and non-experience people on a national scale. The data of 572 question papers (140 specialists, 132 Qi-gong experience people, 300 non experience people) were analyzed. The period of the data collection was from Jun, 1, 2009 to Jun, 30, 2009. Result : The motives of Qi-gong participation were Qi-gong training and the individual health. The merit of Qi-gong was beneficial to health. The difficulties of Qi-gong training were the serial motion and doing training alone. And in order to popularize Qi-gong, the motion must simple and the spread of Qi-gong need. The reason of non-participation was the deficiency of the contact opportunity and the reason of participation was beneficial to health. In the future, the national policy for the activation of Qi-gong was the spread of the national exercise through the standardization of Qi-gong. Qi-gong was used in the side of the prevention and the principle of Qi-gong need the modern reinterpretation. And the effect of Qi-gong was more effective in musculoskeletal disease and the valuable part of Qi-gong was the health-longevity. Conclusion : With this, in order to develop the value of Qi-gong, the national support policy will be necessary. And the standardization of Qi-gong motion and program, the development of easy exercise, the educational prevalance, and publicity campaign will be necessary.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.171-196
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• 2018

With the development of the web, two-way communication and evaluation became possible and marketing paradigms shifted. In order to meet the needs of consumers, web design trends are continuously responding to consumer feedback. As the web becomes more and more important, both academics and businesses are studying consumer emotions and satisfaction on the web. However, some consumer characteristics are not well considered. Demographic characteristics such as age and sex have been studied extensively, but few studies consider psychological characteristics such as regulatory focus (i.e., emotional regulation). In this study, we analyze the effect of web style on consumer emotion. Many studies analyze the relationship between the web and regulatory focus, but most concentrate on the purpose of web use, particularly motivation and information search, rather than on web style and design. The web communicates with users through visual elements. Because the human brain is influenced by all five senses, both design factors and emotional responses are important in the web environment. Therefore, in this study, we examine the relationship between consumer emotion and satisfaction and web style and design. Previous studies have considered the effects of web layout, structure, and color on emotions. In this study, however, we excluded these web components, in contrast to earlier studies, and analyzed the relationship between consumer satisfaction and emotional indexes of web-style only. To perform this analysis, we collected consumer surveys presenting 40 web style themes to 204 consumers. Each consumer evaluated four themes. The emotional adjectives evaluated by consumers were composed of 18 contrast pairs, and the upper emotional indexes were extracted through factor analysis. The emotional indexes were 'softness,' 'modernity,' 'clearness,' and 'jam.' Hypotheses were established based on the assumption that emotional indexes have different effects on consumer satisfaction. After the analysis, hypotheses 1, 2, and 3 were accepted and hypothesis 4 was rejected. While hypothesis 4 was rejected, its effect on consumer satisfaction was negative, not positive. This means that emotional indexes such as 'softness,' 'modernity,' and 'clearness' have a positive effect on consumer satisfaction. In other words, consumers prefer emotions that are soft, emotional, natural, rounded, dynamic, modern, elaborate, unique, bright, pure, and clear. 'Jam' has a negative effect on consumer satisfaction. It means, consumer prefer the emotion which is empty, plain, and simple. Regulatory focus shows differences in motivation and propensity in various domains. It is important to consider organizational behavior and decision making according to the regulatory focus tendency, and it affects not only political, cultural, ethical judgments and behavior but also broad psychological problems. Regulatory focus also differs from emotional response. Promotion focus responds more strongly to positive emotional responses. On the other hand, prevention focus has a strong response to negative emotions. Web style is a type of service, and consumer satisfaction is affected not only by cognitive evaluation but also by emotion. This emotional response depends on whether the consumer will benefit or harm himself. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm the difference of the consumer's emotional response according to the regulatory focus which is one of the characteristics and viewpoint of the consumers about the web style. After MMR analysis result, hypothesis 5.3 was accepted, and hypothesis 5.4 was rejected. But hypothesis 5.4 supported in the opposite direction to the hypothesis. After validation, we confirmed the mechanism of emotional response according to the tendency of regulatory focus. Using the results, we developed the structure of web-style recommendation system and recommend methods through regulatory focus. We classified the regulatory focus group in to three categories that promotion, grey, prevention. Then, we suggest web-style recommend method along the group. If we further develop this study, we expect that the existing regulatory focus theory can be extended not only to the motivational part but also to the emotional behavioral response according to the regulatory focus tendency. Moreover, we believe that it is possible to recommend web-style according to regulatory focus and emotional desire which consumers most prefer.