• Health Policy and Management
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.27-80
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• 1993

It is widely known that patients' utilization pattern for medical care facilities and the patientflow are influenced by multi-factors, such as demographic characteristics, structural characteristics of society, socio-psychological characteristics(value, attitude, norms, culture, health behavior, etc.), economic characteristics(income, medical price, relative price, physician induced demand, etc.), geographical accessibility, systematic characteristics(health care delivery system, payment methods for physician fees, form of health care security, etc.), and characteristics of medical facilities(reliability, quality of medical care, convenience, kindness, tec.). This study was conducted to research the mechanism of patient-flow according to changes of health care system(implementation of national health insurance, health care referral system and regionalization of health care utilization, etc.) and characteristics of medical facilities(ownership of hospital, characteristics of medical services, non-medical characteristics, etc.). In this study, the fact could be ascertained that the patient-flow had been influenced by changes of health care system and characteristics of medical facilities.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.65-78
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• 1995

The resident attitude for preservation and development of amenity in Eulsuk island and its downstream area at estuary of Nakdong river in Korea were investigated by the questionnaires and the field surveys. Based on the results, the characteristics of this study area are the natural ecological preservation area, natural environmental preservation area and curtural assets for migratory birds. And there are a estuary bank, a Dadae beach and a Molundae park. Special amenities are (1) the light (sunrise, sunset etc), (2) the water(river, sea etc.), (3) the air(fresh wind, beautiful sound etc.), (4) the land space(beautiful view, recreation field, reed area, pine forest etc.) and (5) the stream(dancing of migratory birds, water flow, folk dance, history remains etc.). But at present, the environmental qualities as health, aesthetics safety, amenity and culture are deteriorated by development. So the number of migratory birds are decreasing. The residents desired that in future this area be use for the recreation space, the park and the natural leaning fields etc, as well as the restoration of destroyed resources.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.454-484
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• 1996

There are many factors to evoke pain, for example cold, heat, seven emotion, digestion, fatigue, venemous worms, deficiency of blood etc., and its pathogenesis is complicated. Treatments for pain in oriental medicine are as follows. 1. Pharmacotherapy is a method to treat pain by different effects of herbal medicine, for example, regulating vital energy, activating blood circulation, eliminating phlegm, and dispelling the cold evil etc. 2. Acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is a kind of external application, it has a distinct effect in relieving pain. Recently its operation method has been more developed, so new acupuncture therapies are used in clinics. There are electroacupuncture, auricular acupuncture and injection of drugs at an acupuncture points etc. 3. Oriental physiotherapy is a treatment method to stimulate acupuncture points and meridians. (1) Hot pack, Paraffin bath, Microwave, Ultrasound, Short wave, Infra-red etc. are used to treat cold syndrome by dispersing cold by warming the channels. (2) E.S.T., I.C.T., T.E.N.S., S.S.P., cupping treatment etc. are used to treat disorders of vital energy. (3) Health ion, Carbon, T.D.P., etc are used to treat conic and deficiency syndrome.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.23 no.3 s.31
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• pp.345-357
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• 1990

Accumulated data on medical care utilization among the insured in Korea Medical Insurance Corporation can explain the health status of the population. The purpose of this study was to analyze a change of the disease-mix and utilization pattern by controlling the size of the population enrollment. Major findings of the study are as follows : 1. The changes of inpatient disease-mix a. Utilization rate was 139.2% in 1988 against 1980. b. Disease groups higher than the average utilization rate included neoplasms, endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases and immunity disorders, mental disorders etc. Meanwhile, disease groups seen less often were infections and parasistic diseases, diseases of blood and bloodforming, diseases of the digestive system etc. c. Utilization rate was up 106.3% in 1988 compared to 1985, and diseases above that average level were ill-defined intestinal infections, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, essential hypertension, etc. d. The disease-mix by institution in 1988 compared to 1985 shows that chronic disorders rank high in general hospitals whereas opthalmologic, obstetric, and orthopedic diseases rank high in private clinics. 2. The changes of outpatient disease-mix a. Utilization rate was up 175.2% in 1988 compared to 1980. b. Disease groups higher than the average utilization rate included neoplasms, endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases and immunity disorders, mental disorders etc. And disease groups seen less often were infections and parasistic diseases, diseases of the respiratory system, diseases of the genitourinary system. etc. c. Utilization rate was up 104.0% in 1988 compared to 1985, and diseases above that average level were gastric ulcer, diseases of hard tissues of teeth, etc. And diseases seen below that average level were acute nasopharyngitis(common cold). acute upper respiratory infections of multiple or unspecified sites, etc. It was concluded that medical care utilization level was increased, and that, from 1980 to 1988, disease-mix shifted to the chronic disorders. Chronic disorders accounted for more medical care utilization in general hospitals.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.48-58
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• 2003

This study was carried out to select proper species for early stage replantation in granite forest road cut-slope. From one to thirteen year elapsed forest roads in five regional areas of Chungcheong-do and Kyungsangbuk-do, sample plots were selected, and their vegetations and environmental factors were investigated. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, soil moisture content, and bulk density in the granite weathering soils were below 0.5%, 0.02%, 10%, and above 1.2g/$cm^3$, respectively. The environmental factors affecting distribution of species in the granite forest road were the elapsed year, elevation, cut-slope aspect, and cut-slope. Sowing plants of Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, and Eragrostis curvula were found in the early stage of forest road-cut. Annual herbs of Youngia denticulata, Erigeron annuus, etc. were found in the 2-3 years elasped forest road-cut. Perennial herbs of Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Miscanthus sinensis, etc., parachute woody plants of Weigela subsessilis, Pinus densiflora, etc., and gravitative trees of Prunus sargentii, Lindera obtusiloba, Quercus sp., etc. were found in the forest road cut-slope after 3 years of road-cut. Leguma of Lespedeza cureata, Amorpha fruticosa, Lespedeza bicolor, Pueraria thunbergiana, Albizzia julibrissin, etc., herbs of Artemisia keiskeana, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Miscanthus sinensis, etc., and woody plants of Rubus crataegifolius, Weigela subsessilis, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Pinus densiflora, etc. were considered as proper species for replantation in granite forest road cut-slope.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.203-216
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• 2001

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigite the more effective oriental medical treatment in pediatric diseases and its clinical applicability and chief complaints at oriental pediatrics in an area of busan and kyeungnam. Method : 884 new patients of theirs ages between 0 term 20 years who were treated at the pediatrics in Dong-Eui Oriental Medicine Busan Hospital from 1. 2000 to 29. Feb. 2001 Result : 1. The number of male cases was 514 (58%) and female cases 370 (42%) an so male cases 1.38 more than female. In age distribution, 0-1year: 242 patients(27.4%), 2-6years: 455 patients(51.4%), 7-20years: 187 patients(21.2%). 2. The Chief Complaint according to systemical division was Resparatory diseases (37.4%) for common cold, chronic cought, take a easy cold etc and the Digestive diseases(23.6%) for anorexia, diarrhea, abdominal pain etc and Nervous also Mental(11.8%) diseases for sezure, tic, etc and Allergic diseases(6.2%) for atopic dermititis, allergic rhinitis, etc and Physique diseases(5.4%) for short stature, leg pain, etc and Genaral symptoms(4.5%) for sweat profusely, headache, etc and Urinary diseases(3.3%) for bed wetting, frequently voiding, etc Discussion : 1. The Chief Complaint cannot be found a regional specificity 2. The oriental medicine treatment was still congnated as a way to improve the weakness by patients, also was widely noised about preventive medicine. In particular, Respiratory and Disestive diseases are dependent on the oriental medicine. 3. The new diseases and the new treatment method should be investigated as field of oriental medical treatment.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2002

We arrived at the following conclusions after we have studied esophagitis through the literatures of oriental and western medicine. 1. The western medical causes of acute esophagitis are corrosiveness chemical material, esophageal or gastric disease, trauma, blister stomatitis, filamentous fungus infection and uremia of chronic patient etc, and the oriental medical causes are qi and blood stagnation, blood stasis and stagnation, stagnant phlegm by coldness, heating, dyspepsia and food poisoning etc. 2. The western medical causes of chronic esophagitis are malfunction of lower esophageal sphincter, esophageal tom chink and hernia, increase of gastric pressure by overeating, fatness, pregnancy and ascites etc, and the oriental medical causes are asthenic cardiac qi, hepatic qi attacking stomach by seven kinds of depression, cold-damp stagnation and insufficiency of gastric qi by overeating, excessive drinking and sexual indulgence etc. 3. The main symptoms of acute esophagitis are severe chest pain, instantly vomiting, swallowing pain etc, and chronic esophagitis are occasionally light chest pain, heart bum, anorexia, dysphagia, dizziness, general body weakness etc. These symptoms are come under thoracic obstruction, acid regurgitation, vomiting and chest pain of oriental medicine. 4. The western medical diagnoses of acute and chronic esophagitis have used radiation test, esophageal endoscopy, esophageal pressure test and biopsy etc, and the oriental medical diagnoses have used syndrome differentiation by four examination of inspection, listening and smelling examination, inquiring, pulse-taking and palpitation. 5. The western medical treatments of acute esophagitis have regarded preservation stability of esophagus as a principle, and the oriental medical treatments mainly have used expelling pathogen of expelling cold and regulating qi, cooling and removing stasis, promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, eliminating phlegm and regulating qi. 6. The western medical treatments of chronic esophagitis have regarded decrease flowing backward of gastric juice as a purpose, and the oriental medical treatments mainly have used strengthening body resistance of replenishing and strengthening cardioqi, dispersing stagnated hepatoqi, expelling cold and dehygrosis, invigorating stomach and nourishing qi.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1054-1063
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• 2015

Mitochondria play a crucial role in eukaryotic cells; the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which serves as an energy source for numerous critical cellular activities. However, the ETC also generates deleterious reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a natural byproduct of oxidative phosphorylation. ROS are considered the major cause of aging because they damage proteins, lipids, and DNA by oxidation. We analyzed the chronological life span, growth phenotype, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and intracellular ATP and mitochondrial superoxide levels of 33 single ETC component-deleted strains during the chronological aging process. Among the ETC mutant strains, 14 ($sdh1{\Delta}$, $sdh2{\Delta}$, $sdh4{\Delta}$, $cor1{\Delta}$, $cyt1{\Delta}$, $qcr7{\Delta}$, $qcr8{\Delta}$, $rip1{\Delta}$, $cox6{\Delta}$, $cox7{\Delta}$, $cox9{\Delta}$, $atp4{\Delta}$, $atp7{\Delta}$, and $atp17{\Delta}$) showed a significantly shorter life span. The deleted genes encode important elements of the ETC components succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV), and some of the deletions lead to structural instability of the membrane-$F_1F_0$-ATP synthase due to mutations in the stator stalk (complex V). These short-lived strains generated higher superoxide levels and produced lower ATP levels without alteration of MMP. In summary, ETC mutations decreased the life span of yeast due to impaired mitochondrial efficiency.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.91-98
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• 2019

This study verified the memory occupancy, CPU processing speed, and average frame comparison of texture formats of ASTC and ETC in mobile Android OS. The virtual game scene was implemented as an experimental environment and built on the Android platform. Based on this, comparative verification data was extracted. ASTC has a 36% lower share of memory usage of 2D textures than ETC. CPU processing speed was 18% faster. The average frame confirmed 54 frames that was 58% higher. In the smart mobile game environment, ASTC confirmed the result of comparative advantage over ETC.

• Journal of international Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.97-103
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• 2013

This paper describes the characteristics of Electronic Throttle Controller (ETC) module in BLDC motor without the hall sensor for detecting a rotor position. The proposed ETC control system, which is mainly consisted of a BLDC motor, a throttle plate, a return spring and reduction gear, has a position sensor with an analogue voltage output on the throttle valve instead of BLDC motor for detecting the rotor position. So the additional commutation information is necessarily needed to control the ETC module. For this, the estimation method is applied. In order to improve and obtain the high resolution for the position control, it is generally needed to change the gear ratio of the module or the electrical switching method etc. In this paper, the 3-phase switching between successive commutations is adapted instead of the 2-phase switching that is conventionally used. In addition, the position control with a variable PI gain is applied to improve a dynamic response during a transient period and reduce vibration at a stop in case of matching position reference. The mentioned method can be used to estimate the commutation state and operate the high-precision position control for the ETC module and the high response characteristics. The validity of the proposed method is examined through the experimental results.