• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.181-186
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• 1992

A retrospective analysis was undertaken for 22 patients with early glottic cancer ($T_1N_0M_0$; 17, $T_2N_0M_0$; 5) who completed curative radiotherapy at the Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Chonnam University Hospital between November 1985 and December 1990. Median follow-up period was 39 months. The 3 year actuarial survival rate of T1, T2 was $81\%$ and $80\%$. respectively. Three patients ($13\%$) showed second malignant tumors and the site of the new primary was esophagus in two patients and lung in the other one. They were excluded from the local control analysis. The local control rate of T1. T2 group was $66\%$ and $50\%$. respectively. The surgical salvage rate and the ultimate local control rate of T1 group was $80\%$ (4/5) and $93\%$. and that of T2 group was $100\%\;(2/2)\;and\;75\%$. respectively. The local control rates of T1 stage were evaluated according to the various parameters. The local control rate of the superficial and exophytic lesion was better than that of the ulcerative and infiltrative one, and the involvement of anterior commissure was not seemed to be adverse prognostic factor. But the protracted treatment time showed the adverse effect on the local control of the disease. All of the eleven patients controlled by primary radiation therapy have maintained their voice well without any significant complication.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.151-154
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• 2016

The trematodes of Genus Nasitrema are the most common infection in the heads of small odontocetes. Five species of Nasitrema have been described in Asia. But those parasites has been not surveyed in the East Sea of Korean peninsula. There are no evidence of pathology associated with Nasitrema attenuate. To determine the infection ratio of N. attenuata in the dolphin, it was surveyed 9 long-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus capensis, caught incidentally from Samcheok to Pohang, East Sea, Korea. Five males and four females, estimated to be between 1 to 10 years old, were examined. The quantity of N. attenuata harvested by aspiration from pterygoid sinuses ranged from 10 to 100 with a 100% (9/9) infection with older dolphins exhibiting higher parasite counts. The body of trematoda was elongated with tegumental patches resembling the leaves of lilies and oral sucker located ventrally at the anterior terminal. Esophagus was absent and intestinal bifurcation arose immediately from the posterior of pharynx. The undulated intestinal caeca transversed the entire body and terminated at the posterior extremity of the worm. The genital pore opened anterior to the ventral sucker. This report confirms the prevalence and morphology of N. attenuata in the dolphins from the East Sea, Korea.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.843-847
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• 2001

Background: Replacement of the esophagus remains a challenge for surgeons involved in esophageal disease. From 1996 to 1999, a total of 27 patients with esophageal cancer underwent free jejunal transfer(12cases) or esophagogastrostomy(15cases). To determine the results such as leakage of anastomosis site, stenosis, reflux esophagitis and operation time, respiratory complications, etc. we reviewed the 4 years experiences. Material and method: Palliative bypass surgery or esophageal prosthesis and cancers of the pharyngoesophageal or esophagogastric junction were excluded in this study. Resection was usually peformed through right thoracotomy and anastomosis was made with EEA staplers in esophagogas-trstomy. In cases of jejunal free transfer, 6cases of proximal esophagojejunostomy were stapled anastomosed and remaining 6 cases and all distal site were hand-sewn anastomosed. All reconstruction was done through posteromediastinal route. Result: There were two mortalities from thoracic esophagogastrostomy and one from jeunal free transfer. Major and minor complications(anastomosis site leakage: 3 cases, graft failure: 2cases etc) occurred in 27 cases. In 15 thoracic esophagogastrostomy cases, 11 patients had mild to moderate reflux esophagitis and 5 patients incurred stricture of the anastomosis. Operation time was about 550$\pm$280 minutes in jejunal free transfer, and about 300$\pm$ 160 minutes in esophagogastromy patients. Conclusion: Post operative reflux esophagitis and dysphagia were more frequent in Ivor-Lewis operation group than jejunal free transfer group; however, respiratory complications and operation time were significantly longer in jejunal (roe transfer group(p<0.05). To minimize the incidence of postoperative reflux esophagitis and dysphagia, patient evaluation focused on jejunal free transfer surgery is better than esophagogastrostomy followed by adequate post operative care.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.952-960
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• 2003

It has been reported that p53 regulates the G2-M checkpoint transition through cyclin Bl, and it has been suggested that p53 plays an important role in the development and progression of various malignancies. The aim of this study is to clarify the role of the cell cycle regulators, cyclin B1 and p53 in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Material and Method: Tissue samples from 46 patients with ESCC were included in this study. Expression levels of cyclin Bl and p53 in samples of normal squamous epithelium, dysplasia, and tumor cells from patients with ESCC were analyzed by immunohistochemical study Result: Several cells in the basement layer of normal epithelium expressed cyclin B1. The number of cyclin B1 positive cells tended to increase as the degree of dysplasia increased from low grade to high grade. More than 10% of tumor cells were cyclin B1 positive in 19 patients (41.3%). Several clinicopathologic parameters, including tumor stage (p<0.05), pathologic Iymph node status (p<0.05) and invasion of Iymphatic vessels (p<0.05), were correlated with the overexpression of cyclin B1. Elevated expression levels of cyclin B1 also correlated with a poor prognosis in patient with ESCC in univariate analysis (p<0.05) and multivariate analysis (p<0.05), In contrast, p53 expression exhibited significant correlation with the level of cyclin B1 expression, but was not associated with prognostic parameters in patients with ESCC. Conclusion: These findings suggest that cyclin B1 is involved in the pathogenesis of carcinoma of the esophagus and that elevated levels of cyclin B1 expression, but not p53 expression, may indicate a poor prognosis for patients with ESCC.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.843-850
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• 2007

Background: The Ivor-Lewis operation has been widely applied for treating thoracic esophageal cancer, but more acceptable results from three-field lymph node dissection have recently been reported. In this study the efficacy of the Ivor-Lewis operation was evaluated. Material and Method: Among the 273 patients, who underwent operation for esophageal cancer between September 1994 and August 2004, we retrospectively studied 172 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and who had no other primary cancer and who underwent complete resection with an Ivor-Lewis operation. The postoperative complications, the short and long-term survival and the recurrence patterns were analyzed. Result: The postoperative staging was as follows: stage I in 40 cases, IIA in 48 cases, IIB in 18 cases, III in 55 cases, IVA in 5 cases and IVB in 6 cases. The operative mortality rate was 4% (7 of 172 pts). Postoperative complication occurred in 32 patients (18%) and tumor recurred in 55 patients (32%). The overall 5-year survival rate was 48%; it was 85.6% in stage I patients, 47.6% in IIA patients, 65% in IIB patients, 22.8% in III patients and 0% for those in IV (p<0.05). The 5-year survival rate according to the location of esophageal cancer was 26.5% for patients with tumor in the upper 1/3 of the esophagus and 52.4% for patients with tumor in the mid and lower 1/3 (p>0.05). Conclusion: The Ivor-Lewis operation is an acceptable surgical procedure for thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Yet it is necessary to consider other surgical procedures, and especially three-field lymph node dissection for treating upper 1/3 esophageal cancer.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2010

We have shown that myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) was required for the off-contraction in response to the electrical field stimulation (EFS) of feline esophageal smooth muscle. In this study, we investigated whether protein kinase C (PKC) may require the on-contraction in response to EFS using feline esophageal smooth muscle. The contractions were recorded using an isometric force transducer. On-contraction occurred in the presence of $N^G$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), suggesting that nitric oxide acts as an inhibitory mediator in smooth muscle. The excitatory composition of both contractions was cholinergic dependent which was blocked by tetrodotoxin or atropine. The on-contraction was abolished in $Ca^{2+}$-free buffer but reappeared in normal $Ca^{2+}$-containing buffer indicating that the contraction was $Ca^{2+}$ dependent. 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), voltage-dependent $K^+$ channel blocker, significantly enhanced on-contraction. Aluminum fluoride (a G-protein activator) increased on-contraction. Pertussis toxin (a $G_i$ inactivator) and C3 exoenzyme (a rhoA inactivator) significantly decreased on-contraction suggesting that Gi or rhoA protein may be related with $Ca^{2+}$ and $K^+$ channel. ML-9, a MLCK inhibitor, significantly inhibited on-contraction, and chelerythrine (PKC inhibitor) affected on the contraction. These results suggest that endogenous cholinergic contractions activated directly by low-frequency EFS may be mediated by $Ca^{2+}$, and G proteins, such as Gi and rhoA, which resulted in the activation of MLCK, and PKC to produce the contraction in feline distal esophageal smooth muscle.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to compare method in the treatment of breast cancer using dose index. And, it is to find the optimized treatment technique to the patient. The phantom filled with tissue-equivalent material were used simulation and treatment as techniques of 3D-CRT, IMRT, VMAT was planned using Eclipse v10. By using HI(homogeneity index), CI(Conformity index), OED(Organ equivalent dose), EAR(Excess Absolute Risk), were assessed for each treatment plans. HI and CI of 3D-CRT, IMRT, VMAT were calculated 16.89, 11.21, 9.55 and 0.59, 0.61, 0.83. The organ average doses of Lt lung, Rt lung, liver, heart, esophagus, cord, Lt breast, trachea and stomach were 0.01 ~ 2.02 Gy, 0.36 ~ 5.01 Gy, 0.25 ~ 2.49 Gy, 0.14 ~ 6.92 Gy, 0.03 ~ 2.02 Gy, 0.01 ~ 1.06 Gy, 0.25 ~ 6.08 Gy, 0.08 ~ 0.59 Gy, 0.01 ~ 1.34 Gy, respectively. The OED, EAR of the IMRT and VMAT show higher than 3D-CRT. As the result of this study, we could confirm being higher dose index(HI, CI) in IMRT and VMAT than 3D-CRT, but doses of around normal organs was higher IMRT, VMAT than 3D-CRT.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1985

Five cases infected with Rhabditis sp. were detected in a survey to examine the stool specimens from rural primary school children. A large number of the larvae of Rhabditis sp. detected by the direct cellophane thick smear were cultured by the alter paper method. The eBamination was carried out in April through June, 1980 in Tangjeong-Myon, Ahsan.Gun, and in September 1983 in Sandong-Eup, Yeongwol-Gun. The results obtained in this study were as follows: 1. Prevalence: Out of 925 children, 5(0.54%) children were found to be positive. The number of the detected larvae was 110/0.1gm of feces in case 1, 35 in case 2, 130 in case 3, 86 in case 4 and 62 in case 5. 2. Larvae: The larvae were prepared by means of the direct fecal smear and measured by a micrometer equipped in the microscope. Twelve (12) through 15-day old larvae in culture were $197.1{\mu}{\textrm{m}}$ long in average, and the maximum size of the matured stage larvae was $884.0{\times}25.9{\mu}{\textrm{m}}$. However, the length variation was ranged as 173.0 to $884.0{\mu}{\textrm{m}}$. 3. Adults: The size of clubbed adult female was $1, 357{\mu}{\textrm{m}}(1, 176~1, 419)$ in length and $80{\mu}{\textrm{m}}(79~82)$ in width. Length of buccal cavity was $33{\mu}{\textrm{m}}$. A long cylindrical esophagus($273{\mu}{\textrm{m}}$) of the worms with a valved posterior cardiac bulb and with median bulbar swelling was morphologically indicated. Ditance from mouth to vulva was occupied 58% of body length. Male worm was $1, 006{\mu}{\textrm{m}}(890~1, 148)$ in length and $49{\mu}{\textrm{m}}(48~49)$ wide. Caudal alee of bursa and spicules ($75{\mu}{\textrm{m}}$ in length) were well developed. 4. Eggs: The oval shaped eggs in the female uterus, when cultured, were $66{\times}56{\mu}{\textrm{m}}$ in sixte, and the eggs laid by the adult could not be detected. So, reproduction might be thought to be ovoviviparity. 5. The five cases were re-examined during the period from the 1st to the 3rd week after stool examinations, but Rhabditis sp. were detected again in 4 cases in 1st week. When they were examined in 3rd week, larvae could not be detected. So, it was thought that the infection of Rhabditis sp. to humans was facultative.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.467-474
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• 2018

CBCT is useful for improving the accuracy of the treatment site, but Repeated use increases the exposure dose. In this study, we aimed to provide basic data for dose reduction in CBCT implementation by dataization the simulating and dose reduction effect using shielding substance. Material in this study, Analyzation the photon beam by simulate the CBCT Through MCNPX and then calculate the absorption dose of body organ at shooting moment of thoracic abdominal position as target UF-Revise simulated body. At this time. Dose reduction effects at this time were evaluated according to the texture of materials and presence of shielding materials( lead, antimony, barium, sulfate, tungsten, bismuth). When CBCT was taken without shielding, the dose was calculated to be high in the breast and spine, and the dose in the esophagus and lung was calculated to be low. The doses according to the shield material were calculated as barium sulfate, antimony, bismuth, lead, and tungsten. The shielding rate was the highest in the thymus (73.6%) and the breast (59.9%) compared with the dose reduction according to presence or absence of the shield. However, it showed the lowest shielding rate in lung (2.1%) and spine (12.6%).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.247-257
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• 1992

Bronchial adenoma, firstly described by Muller[1882] had been reported on the subject stressed their benign nature prior to 1940`s, but these tumors including carcinoid tumor, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, pleomorphic adenoma are now known to possess the various degree of malignant natures from benign course, low grade malignant potential to distant lymphatic or hematogenous metastasis or combination. Although histologically diffeerent, four varieties except carcinoid tumor which is a spectrum of neu-roendocrine tumor originating Kulchitsky cell of the bronchial epithelium and form the part of the APUD tumor spectrum, are morphologically and in many respects clinically similar to the corresponding tumor of the salivary gland is a specific varient of adenocarcinoma that occurs most commonly in the major and minor salivary gland and less frequently tra-cheobronchial tree, esophagus etc. To better understand the clinical characteristics and assess more precisely the malignat nature of bronchial adenoma, we studied 17 cases of bronchial adenoma, which had been experienced at the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular surgery of Catholic University Medical College from April 1977 to september 1991. Seventeen cases of bronchial adenoma consist of 2 carcinoid tumors, 6 adenoid cystic carcinomas, 8 mucoepidermoid carcinomas and one pleomorphic adenoma. There is a slight predominace of male patients[10/17] and the age of pt studied varied with a higher incidence occurring between the ages of 40 years and 60 years[mean age, 46.5 years]; the youngest being 15 years and oldest 69 years. Their leading complaints were hemoptysis[4], exertional dyspnea[8], fever & chilness [4], and symptoms mimicking the bronchial asthma[4]. Diagnosis was aided by the radiologic studies such as chest X-ray, polytomography, CT scan, brochography and bronchoscopy. The preferred locations of fumor were in the trachea[4], main stem bronchus[3], bronchus intermedius[3], bronchus of RUL[2], LUL[1], RLL[1], LLL[3] with no peripheral location. Modalities of treatments were single or combination of surgical resection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy. Complete resections were permitted in 12 cases with late recurrences of 4 cases ranging from 6 months to 10 years: pneumonectomy[4], lobectomy[4], bil-obectomy[2], sleeve resection[2]. Gross findings of resected specimens in 14 cases showed that 4 cases were polyp-like pedunculated mass[entirely intraluminal mass] with intact mucosa, 8 cases were broad-bas-ed sessile mass[predominatly intraluminal] and the main portions were located below the mucosa similar to tip of iceburg[predominantly extraluminal] in 2 cases. Follow-up information was availble in all 17 cases ; eight were alive without evidence of disese ranging from 1 month to 13 years. But seven cases died of the causes related to tumor[6 cases within 12 months, one case 10 years after pneumonectomy]. We concluded that 8 cases[47%] of 17 cases were metastasizing bronchial adenoma and precise survival rate cannot be answered by the scanty materials available for study.