• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.270-276
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• 1994

To evaluate the effect of a new topical anesthetic cream (EMLA: Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics) on reducing pain associated with DPT vaccination, we conducted a clinical observation on eighty infants who were brought to well baby clinic of Yeungnam University Hospital for DPT vaccination. 80 Infants, who were between 2 months and 8 months in age, were divided into two groups. EMLA treated group and control group. Male to femle sex ratio was 1.4 to 1. EMLA cream was applied 60 minutes before DPT vaccination, the effect of reducing pain was assessed by using McGrath's face scale, Oucher pain scale and modified behavioral pain scale (MBPS) and also evaluated by measuring the duration and time of crying (the time of the first crying after injection, duration of the first crying, total duration of crying). The scores of those scales were lower in EMLA treated group than in control group significantly (P(0.01 in McGrath's face scale, MBPS and p<0.05 in Oucher pain scale). There was no difference in the time of the first crying after vaccination in both groups. The duration of the first crying was shorter in EMLA treated group than control group of crying was also shorter in EMLA treated group (EMLA treated group $9.0{\pm}6.0$ sec, control group $21.9{\pm}12.5$ sec, p<0.05). Transient skin erythema was noted in 5 infants after EMLA application, but no other adverse effects were observed. We conclude that the application of EMLA cream before vaccination seems to be an effective and safe way to reduce the pain from vaccination, but it takes usually 60 minutes to get the anesthetic effect of EMLA and it is expensive, so EMLA cream can not be recommended in routine vaccination in infants now.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.8
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• pp.973-979
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• 2002

Purpose : Recently, a number of rapid antigen detection tests have been available to diagnose group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity, specificity and consistency of the two rapid antigen detection tests. Methods : Among the patients who visited our clinic from November 2001 to February 2002, 61 patients who had clinical findings of pharyngeal erythema or edema, pharyngeal exudates and soft palatine petechiae were enrolled in our study. A total of 61 patients were tested with rapid antigen detection tests and throat culture. BD $LINK2^{TM}$ Strep A(Becton, Dickinson & Company, U.S.A.) and $QuickVue^{(R)}$ $In-Line^{TM}$(Quidel Corporation, U.S.A.) were selected for rapid antigen detection tests. Results : Of the 61 patients tested, 22 patients were confirmed as group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis by throat culture. The BD $LINK2^{TM}$ Strep A had a sensitivity of 81.8% and a specificity 89.7%. The positive and negative predictive values were 81.8% and 89.7%, respectively. The $QuickVue^{(R)}$ $In-Line^{TM}$ had a sensitivity of 77.3% and a specificity of 100%. The positive and negative predictive values were 100% and 88.6%, respectively. The kappa values of BD $LINK2^{TM}$ Strep A and $QuickVue^{(R)}$ $In-Line^{TM}$ were 0.72 and 0.81, respectively. Conclusion : In addition to high sensitivity, specificity and consistency, both kits are easy to use and simple to interpret, and therefore have the potential to be used with backup throat culture for diagnosis of acute pharyngotonsillitis.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2005

Purpose: Eosinophilic colitis is a disease characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms, peripheral eosinophilia, eosinophilic infiltration of the colonic wall. The etiology and pathogenesis of this disease is not clear and it is considered to be idiopathic. This study aimed to ascertain the clinical features, treatment and prognosis of eosinophilic colitis in early infancy. Methods: We reviewed 6 infants retrospectively, presented with bloody stool in early infancy, who were diagnosed with eosinophilic colitis in Pusan National University Hospital between August 2002 and February 2004. Results: Five males and one female were included. The mean age when bloody stool was identified was $79.2{\pm}56.1$ days (10~145 days). All but one infant with atopic dermatitis did not have other allergic diseases. Nobody had a family history of allergic disease. No specific dietary history in infants and their mothers related to food allergy was identified. Peripheral eosinophilia (total WBC count $11,763{\pm}3,498/mm^3$, eosinophils $17.0{\pm}4.3%$, absolute eosinophil count $2,044{\pm}996/mm^3$) was observed in all infants. Colonoscopy in six infants revealed diffuse erythema, congestion and granulation pattern of mucosa in the rectosigmoid colon. Histopathologic findings of colononic biopsies showed chronic inflammation with severe eosinophilic infiltration in the mucosa. Two infants were treated with hydrolyzed casein-based formula and four infants with prednisolone. Gastrointestinal symptoms and peripheral eosinophilia resolved completely with prednisolone and partially with a hydrolyzed casein-based formula. Relapse was not observed during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that there is no evidence of a definite relationship between eosinophilic colitis and food-allergic disorders. Clinical course and prognosis of infantile form of eosinophilic colitis is very favorable and treatment with prednisone was effective.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.196-203
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• 2011

Staphylococcus spp. is one of the most common bacteria isolated from the lesions of atopic dermatitis (AD) in humans, and their colonization is known to be a possible trigger factor of clinical signs. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. in canine AD (CAD), the types of exotoxins present, and their relation with the clinical severity of CAD. From 79 dogs with AD, 72 samples of Staphylococcus spp. were isolated (91.1%), and 65 (90.3%) were confirmed as Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Concerning the profile of the exotoxin gene, 50 isolates (69.4%) contained at least one exotoxin gene, and 28 isolates (56%) were found to contain more than 2 different exotoxins. There was a significant difference in clinical severity with the presence of staphylococcal exotoxins (P=0.028), whereas no correlation was found with the presence of Staphylococcus spp. (P=0.598). The clinical severity of CAD increased only in relation to staphylococcal enterotoxin D (SED) and exfoliative toxins (P<0.05). Some clinical evaluation criteria (erythema, papule/pustule) were correlated with the presence of the exotoxin gene (P<0.05). This study showed that the high prevalence of Staphylococcus spp. and staphylococcal exotoxins in lesions from dogs with AD may be regarded as an important trigger factor for exacerbation of the clinical signs of CAD.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 2020

Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin disease that is accompanied by hyper proliferation of the epidermis, erythema of various sizes, and ulceration. However, the mechanism of the development of psoriasis dermatitis is unclear. Recently, it is known that the inflammatory cytokines and Th17 cells as well as chemokine (CC motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) are involved in the process of keratinocytes hyper-differentiation, which is common in psoriasis dermatitis. Therefore, we studied the effects of yakuchinone-A, an active ingredient of Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel known for its anti-inflammatory activity, to improve psoriasis dermatitis. First, cytotoxicity of yakuchinone-A was observed in cell counting kit-8 assay and not observed in 10 ㎍/mL concentration on the human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Yakuchinone-A in the presence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) on HaCaT cells inhibited mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α by up to 61.4±7.5, 23.6±1.5, 46.0±4.8%. CCL20, a chemokine that attracts immune cells such Th17 cells to the inflammation location, was also significantly suppressed by yakuchinone-A. In addition, IκB and STAT3 phosphorylation involved in the CCL20 expression was inhibited by yakuchinone-A in a concentration-dependent manner up to the level of 79.1±5.0, 80.8±2.3%. Furthermore, yakuchinone-A downregulated CCL20 mRNA expression level on IL-17A-activated HaCaT cells as a concentration-dependent manner. Based on these results, yakuchinone-A is expected to be developed as a new material for improving psoriasis dermatitis in the future.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.147-152
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• 2010

Exercise-induced anaphylaxis (EIA) is a physical allergy, sometimes severe, triggered by exertion following specific food intake. It was defined for the first time in 1980. EIA is associated with different kinds of exercise. The clinical manifestations progress from itching, erythema and urticaria to some combination of cutaneous angioedema and vascular collapse. Mast cell participation in the pathogenesis of this syndrome has been proved by the findings of an elevated serum histamine level during exhaustive exercise. As predisposing factors of EIA, a specific or even nonspecific sensitivity to food has been reported. Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) is a distinct form of food allergy induced by physical exercise. It is typified by the onset of anaphylaxis during exercise which was preceded by the ingestion of the causal food allergens. The diagnosis of FDEIA is heavily dependent on clinical history. Allergy tests may need to be performed using a broad panel of food and food additives. As with food allergies, FDEIA diagnosis is based on interview, biological test and skin test. Prophylaxis aims to prevent a recurrence; the patient should be given an emergency kit to deal with any recurrent episodes. After the food allergen has been identified, it should be avoided for at least 4 to 5 hours before any exercise. Two cases of EIA are presented (EIA to circumstances; FDEIA) in this paper, The diagnosis, pathophysiology and therapy of FDEIA are also reviewed.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.90-93
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• 2005

Itraconazole was found to be an effective antifungal for the treatment of canine Malassezia dermatitis (MD). MD was diagnosed in 18 dogs, which were treated with itraconazole administered orally at 5 mg/kg of body weight, q12hrs, for 21 to 30 days. High prevalence breeds of MD were Maltese $(22\%)$, Cocker Spaniel $(17\%)$, Pekingese $(11\%)$, and Vizsla $(11\%)$. The dermatological signs of Malassezia dermatitis were crust $(31\%)$, alopecia $(25\%)$, hyperpigmentation $(25\%)$, scales$(19\%)$, erythema $(13\%)$, lichenification $(11\%)$, pustule $(11\%)$, ear swelling$(11\%)$, papules $(5\%)$, and offensive odor $(5\%)$. Commonly affected areas were ear canal $(41\%)$, axillae $(18\%)$, groin $(15\%)$, perianal $(12\%)$, ventral aspect of the neck $(9\%)$, interdigital spaces$(1\%)$, and muzzle $(1\%)$. Sixty seven percent of dogs with MD had cocci. Clinical responses of itraconazole were seen good, moderate, no responses of itraconazole, in $89\%,\;0\%,\;and\;11\%$, respectively, according to the owner's satisfaction to follow up call. Recurrence was detected on five good responsive dogs and adverse effects of the treatment were detected in only one dog. On the basis of this clinical study, itraconazole is a good choice in the treatment of canine Malassezia dermatitis. Efficacy, frequency of administration and veterinary approval are the major advantages.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2003

The clinical results of 10 consecutive total ear canal ablation combined with lateral bulla osteotomy (TECA-LBO) in six dogs with chronic otitis externa and media were evaluated by the postoperative recovery and long-term follow-up. All dogs were selected for TECA-LBO on the basis of following five clinical symptoms. First, medical treatment couldnt improve clinical signs at least for eve. 2 months. Second, tympanic membrane was completely disappeared. Third, radiopacity was increased in tympanic cavity. Forth, petrous temporal bone was sclerosed. Fifth, ear canal calcification was progressed. And all cases were satisfied all five clinical symptoms. At 14. days after operation, the preoperative symptoms of chronic otitis externa and media which were scratching ear, pain, and hardening ear canal were resolved, and postoperative swelling, erythema, head tilt, and exudate from Penrose drainage were not existed In all cases. Loss of eye blink was happened in 4 cases, but these were disappeared between 14 days a(ter operation except one case on 3 months. All dogs were discharged form hospital at 14 days after operation. Between 3.5 and 6.5 months after discharging from hospital, para-aural abscessation was happened only in all Cocker spaniels. But this complication was solved by ventral bulla osteotomy (VBO). The dogs which didn't show para-aural abscessation after TECA-LBO didn't show scratching, pain, hardening of ear and hearing ability was improved, at 7.5 months after TECA-LBO. And the dogs which showed para-aural abscessation after TECA-LBO also didn't show scratching, pain, hardening of ear and hearing ability was also improved, at 7.5 months after VBO. In conclusion, After TECA-LBO, all dogs were recovered well without complication within 2 weeks except Cocker spaniel. And loss of eye blink can be cured naturally within 2 weeks after surgery. And para-aural abscessation can be happened between 4 and 7 months after TECA-LBO, so surgeon must follow-up until 8 months.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.225-234
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• 2006

In the present study toxicity and immunostimulating activity of the lectin(KML-C), which was extracted from Korean mistletoe(Viscum album coloratum) were investigated in swine. To determine the toxicity, lectin was injected into thigh or cervical muscles of 4-week-old piglets(Landrace) and observed clinically and pathologically. For determination of the immnunostimulating activity, lectin($0.7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight)-adjuvanted vaccine of Aujeszky's disease virus(ADV)(NYJ1-87) which was inactivated by 0.2% formalin was injected into the cervical muscle of antibody-negative piglets in the same age group. Subpopulation of the immune cells and serum neutralizing(SN) antibodies in the piglets were examined after vaccination, and resistance of the piglets against challenge by virulent NYJ1-87 was further examined. The results were also compared with those from piglets injected with aluminum hydroxide [$Al(OH)_3$]-adjuvanted vaccine of inactivated NYJ1-87 and NYJ1-87 vaccine without adjuvant, and the results are as follows. By injection of lectin with $30{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the thigh muscle, all of 12 piglets died after signs such as dyspnea, fever, systemic erythema and subcutaneous hemorrhages, and lesions pertaining to poisonous hepatitis and dysfunction of kidney were observed. By injection of lectin with $7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the thigh muscle, all of 12 piglets showed signs such as edema and cutaneous hemorrhage in the injected area, lameness and depression, and lesions pertaining to poisonous hepatitis and dysfunction of kidney were observed. By injection of lectin with 1, 3 and $5{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the thigh muscle of each one piglet, signs such as congestion, induration and grayish coloration in the injected area, depression and inappetence were observed in all piglets. Toxic changes were also observed in the liver and kidney of piglets by lectin of 3 and $5{\mu}g$. By injection of lectin with 0.5 and $0.7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the cervical muscle of each 9 piglets, all piglets were clinically normal and there were no significant changes in blood counts and chemistry values. Whereas, epithelial swelling and vacuolation of convoluted tubules were observed from one piglet injected with lectin of $0.7{\mu}g$, and necrosis and fibrosis of muscular fiber were observed in the muscle of one piglet injected with lectin of $0.5{\mu}g$. Only population of sIgM+ B lymphocytes increased among immune cells in all of 15 piglets immunized with lectin($0.7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight)-adjuvanted vaccine, while compared to those in $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine and vaccine without adjuvant. No additional stimulation to the immune cells was recognized when lectin was added to $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine. In piglets immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccine, SN titers in reciprocal values for loge were 1.3-4.0 at 1-4 weeks after vaccination, which was similar to those with 1.0-3.3 by vaccine without adjuvant but lower than those with 2.0-5.7 by $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine. Also, no additional increase in the SN titers was recognized when lectin was added to $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine. Piglets immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccine were resistant to challenge by the virulent NYJ1-87 at 4 weeks after vaccination, and the SN titers reached to 5.0 one week after challenge, which was higher than those with 4.0 by vaccine without adjuvant but somewhat lower than those with 7.7 by $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.851-859
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• 2014

The present study was designed to investigate whether ethanol extracts of Sophora flavescens (GS), Glycyrrhiza uralensis (GC), Dictamnus dasycarpus (BSP), and their mixtures (GGB-1, -2, -3, and -4) inhibit 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) in a mouse model. DNCB was topically applied on the dorsal surface of Balb/c mice to induce AD-like skin lesions. The pathological phenotypes of AD, such as erythema, ear thickness, edema, scabs, and discharge, were significantly decreased in the GGB (DNCB + GS:GC:BSP = 3:1:1 mixture)-1-treated groups compared with the other treated groups. The weight of the spleen in immune organs was significantly decreased in the GGB-1-treated groups, whereas the weight of the liver in a control group was similar to that of the groups treated with the samples. Furthermore, toluidine blue staining analysis, a method used to specifically identify mast cells, showed that master cell infiltration into the dermis of the GGB-1-treated group was significantly decreased. The immunoglobulin E concentration was lower in the GGB-1-treated group. In addition, the levels of inflammatory cytokines (interferon-${\gamma}$, interleukin-1, 4, 5, 6, and 13, $1{\beta}$, and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$) were also significantly reduced in the GGB-1-treated group. Taken together, these results suggest that a mixture of GS, GC, and BSP in a proportion of 3:1:1 (GGB-1) may contribute to the relief of AD symptoms and may be considered an excellent candidate for an AD therapeutic drug.