• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.565-570
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• 2010

목 적: LTG의 국외에서의 임상 연구는 다양한 발작과 간질증후군에 단일 또는 보조요법으로서 넓은 범위의 작용을 한다고 보고되었다. 국내에서는 아직까지 소아연령에서의 LTG 초기 단일요법에 대한 연구보고가 거의 없다. 이에 저자들은 단일 병원의 전향적 자료 분석을 통한 소아 간질 환자에서의 단일 LTG 약물요법의 효용성과 안정성에 대해 연구하고자 하였다. 방 법: 2002년 9월부터 2009년 6월까지 간질약 복용 병력이 없이 간질로진단 받고 LTG을 복약하였던 소아 환자 148명을 대상으로 전향적 연구를 통해 효용성과 안정성을 연구하였다. 결 과: 대상 환아 중 초기 단일 요법으로 LTG을 복용 후 최소 6개월간 외래 추적 관찰했을 때 발작이 전혀 없었던 환아(완전 관해군)는 87명(78.4%, n=111)이었고 발작 감소를 보인 환아(부분 관해군)는 13명(11.7%), 발작이 이전과 같은 빈도이거나 오히려 악화된 경우(발작 지속군)는 11명(9.9%)이었고 부작용인 피부발진과 틱 장애로 LTG복약을 중지해야만 했던 환아가 8명이었다. 발작의 유형에 따른 치료 결과는 완전 관해군을 기준으로 할 때 부분 간질에서 전신간질보다 발작 완해률이 81.6% vs 44.8 %로 더 높았다(${\kappa}^2$=26.75, $P$<0.05). 발작 유형별로는 각각 CPS가 41명(75.9%, n=54), BRE가 30명(90.9%, n=33) absence seizure가 3명(30.0%, n=10) JME가 5명(35.7%, n=14), IGE가 5명(100.0%, n=5)으로 완전 관해 되었고 IGE와 BRE에서 완전 관해률이 각각 100.0%, 90.9%로 높았다. 투약 기간 중 부작용이 관찰된 환아는 모두 17명(14.3%, n=119)이었다. 피부 발진이 11명, 틱 장애가 3명, 간염이 1명, 결막염이 1명, 졸림이 1명에서 관찰되었고 피부 발진이 생긴 환아 11명 중 7명은 발진이 심하여, 1명은 틱 증상이 심하여 투약을 중지하였다. Stevens-Johonson 증후군 같은 심각한 부작용이 생겼던 환아는 없었다. 결 론: 본 연구 결과 LTG 초기 단일요법의 효용성은 국외 보고와 비교하여 우수하거나 큰 차이가 없었으며, 위중한 부작용 사례는 없었다. 소아 간질 환자, 특히 양성 로란딕 간질 환자와 특발성 전신발작 환자에서 LTG의 초기 단일 요법 치료에 매우 우수한 것으로 사료되어 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.306-318
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• 1995

영남대학교 의과대학 부속병원 신경과에서 1991년 1월부터 1993년 8월 사이에 발작의 임상 양상이나 뇌파검사에서 부분성 발작으로 진단된 환자들 중에서 대상기준 및 제외기준을 만족하는 비조절군 45례와 조절군 68례를 대상으로 하여 난치성에 관련된 임상변수들을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 부분성 복합발작, 다종의 발작형, 군집성 발작 양상이나 중첩성 발작형의 병력이 있는 경우에 약물치료에 대한 반응이 불량하였다 (p<0.01). 치료전의 발작횟수가 많을수록 항경련제 치료에 잘 반응하지 않았다 (p<0.01). 경련의 명확한 원인이 규명된 경우, 신경학적 이상소견 및 정신심리적인 결함이 있는 경우에 치료에 잘 반응하지 않았다 (p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.01). 뇌파검사에서 배경파의 서파화, 국소성 서파, 간질파 및 이차적 양측성 동기화 등의 이상소견이 있으면 치료에 대한 반응이 불량하였다 (p<0.01). 성별, 발병연령, 간질병소의 분포, 치료전의 유병기간, 가족력 및 신경방사선적 이상소견 등은 치료에 대한 예후와는 무관하였다. 이상의 결과에 비추어 보아, 난치성과 관련된 임상변수를 적어도 4개 이상 가진 환자에서는 치료에 잘 반응하지 않는 난치성 간질로 될 가능성이 크다고 할 수 있다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.41-61
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• 1979

Two interview surveys (1976 for 800 patients, 1978 for 200 patients) and an inventory survey through medical records(1978) for epileptic patients who have registered with the Korean Epilepsy Association (Rose Club) since 1971 were carried out by trained health workers in advance of survey. The data obtained from the analysis showed as follows: 1) 35.2% of patients were born in Seoul and 70. 6% of patients born elsewhere have lived in Seoul. 2) 50-60% of patients were 15-30 years cid. 3) 33.4%, 24,6 and 24.6 of all pupils and students went to elementary, junior and senior high schools respectively. 4) 21.2% of all pupils and students had dropped out of school and 51.4% of them were away from school because of epilepsy. 5) 3.1% of all patients had no job at all and students comprised 20.9% of patients followed by clerical work, commercial business and farming with about 6% in each group.6) Reasons given for unemployment such as dismissal (4.3%), quit (27.7%), hesitation to employ (42.5%)and discontinuance of job (25.5%) were basically due to epilepsy. 7) About half(46.2%) of all patients have become Christian since the Rose Club was a voluntary agency which has been sponsored by Christians. 8) 82. 6% of patients were diagnosed as having grand mal as the most. 9) 29.4% of patients explained aura with psychomotor disturbances and 13.8% with sensory disorders. 10) 46.3% of patients were attacked with seizures when they were tired and others(11.6% and 4.9%) after excessive eating and hunger. 11) Patients suffered more seizures in spring and summer rather than in autumn and winter and most patients had attacks 1-5 times a month. 12) For etiologic reasons of epilepsy, 35.5% of patients considered it was caused by psychological stress and 11.5% by trauma. Only 1.1% of patients considered it as having hereditary components. 13) 51% of patients were slow in caring for their own illnesses. They started to reat epilepsy after spending 5 years of time from the initial seizure. Only 5.4% of patients had received the modern anti-epileptic therapy right after the nitial seizure. 14) 62.1% of patients had no therapy or irregular or incomplete treatment before registration at the Rose Club Clinic. 15) Before registration at the Rose Club, 42.4% of patients received medical care. On the other hand, 25.6% went to herb doctors and 12.5% used to go to the drugstore in order to get anti-epileptic drugs. 16) 41. 6% of patients who took anti-epileptic drugs had more or less side-effects. Indigestion was the most common. 17) For continuation of treatment, 30.3% have received treatment for more than 5 years and the evident showed that epilepsy took a longer time to be cured. 18) Regarding the medical care received 44.2% of patients were very satisfied with effective care and 26.5% felt as good. 19) For attitudes toward epilepsy. 27.0% of patients and 68.2% of patients family were pessimistic. 20) 65.9% of patients had optimistic attitudes toward effectiveness of medical care of epilepsy. 21) 64.8% of wives and husbands had better understanding and cooperative for their spouses who had epilepsy. 22) 33.3% of patients were under-treated at the place of work. 23) 70.2% of patients wished to marry when they reach childbearing age and 63% wished to have children. Through the above results it is recommended for nation-wide epilepsy control that the sound and correct health education not only from health aspect but also from welfare aspect should be planned and implemented as soon as possible.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.269-278
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• 2014

Various antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) especially enzyme-inducing AEDs might be associated with increased vascular risk, through impairment of the endogenous antioxidative ability which may trigger oxygen-dependent tissue injury. Lamotrigine (LTG) a non-enzyme-inducing AED has scarce information regarding its effects on oxidative stress. The present study aimed to study the possible modulation of vascular risk factors of epileptogenesis by LTG, in a rat model of kindling seizure induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Four groups of male Wister rats were used; vehicle control group, PTZ group (alternate day PTZ, 30 mg/kg, i.p), LTG/PTZ group (LTG 20 mg/kg/day p.o and alternate day PTZ) and LTG group. The study period was 5 weeks. Lipoproteins and total homocysteine (tHcy), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured. Aortic endothelial function study and histopathological examination of the rats' brains, aortas and coronaries were conducted. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), tHcy, MDA, GSH levels were significantly higher in epileptic rats than normal controls rats. A decrease in HDL-cholesterol with high atherosclerotic index was also demonstrated. The administration of LTG improved the PTZ-kindled seizures. It produced a significant decrease in TC, TG and LDL-cholesterol, MDA, aortic GSH and increase in HDL-cholesterol with no significant effect on serum GSH and tHcy levels. LTG improved endothelium-dependent relaxation, decreased hippocampal neurodegenerative changes and atherosclerotic changes of aortas and coronaries. LTG decreased seizures severity, hippocampal damage and improved vascular risk markers in this rat model of kindling seizures.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.524-530
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• 2004

Epilepsy or the occurrence of spontaneous recurrent epileptiform discharges (SREDs, seizures) is one of the most common neurological disorders. Shift in the balance of brain between excitatory and inhibitory functions due to different types of structural or functional alterations may cause epileptiform discharges. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor dysfunctions have been implicated in modulating seizure activities. Seizures and epilepsy are clearly dependent on elevated intracellular calcium concentration ([C $a^{2+}$]$_{i}$ ) by NMDA receptor activation and can be prevented by NMDA antagonists. This perturbed [C $a^{2+}$]$_{i}$ levels is forerunner of neuronal death. However, therapeutic tools of elevated [C $a^{2+}$]$_{i}$ level during status epilepticus (SE) and SREDs have not been discovered yet. Our previous study showed fast inhibition of ginseng total saponins and ginsenoside R $g_3$ on NMDA receptor-mediated [C $a^{2+}$]$_{i}$ in cultured hippocampal neurons. We, therefore, examined the direct modulation of ginseng on hippocampal neuronal culture model of epilepsy using fura-2-based digital $Ca^{2+}$ imaging and neuronal viability assays. We found that ginseng total saponins and ginsenoside R $g_3$ inhibited $Mg^{2+}$ free-induced increase of [C $a^{2+}$]$_{i}$ and spontaneous [C $a^{2+}$]$_{i}$ oscillations in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. These results suggest that ginseng may playa neuroprotective role in perturbed homeostasis of [C $a^{2+}$]$_{i}$ and neuronal cell death via the inhibition of NMDA receptor-induced SE or SREDs.d SE or SREDs..

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.47-57
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• 2022

Stiripentol is an anti-epileptic drug for the treating of refractory status epilepticus. It has been reported that stiripentol can attenuate seizure severity and reduce seizure-induced neuronal damage in animal models of epilepsy. The objective of the present study was to investigate effects of post-treatment with stiripentol on cognitive deficit and neuronal damage in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region of the hippocampus proper following transient ischemia in the forebrain of gerbils. To evaluate ischemia-induced cognitive impairments, passive avoidance test and 8-arm radial maze test were performed. It was found that post-treatment with stiripentol at 20 mg/kg, but not 10 or 15 mg/kg, reduced ischemia-induced memory impairment. Transient ischemia-induced neuronal death in the CA1 region was also significantly attenuated only by 20 mg/kg stiripentol treatment after transient ischemia. In addition, 20 mg/kg stiripentol treatment significantly decreased ischemia-induced astrocyte damage and immunoglobulin G leakage. In brief, stiripentol treatment after transient ischemia ameliorated transient ischemia-induced cognitive impairment in gerbils, showing that pyramidal neurons were protected and astrocyte damage and blood brain barrier leakage were significantly attenuated in the hippocampus. Results of this study suggest stiripentol can be developed as a candidate of therapeutic drug for ischemic stroke.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권8호
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• pp.861-867
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• 2008

목 적 : 소아청소년 간질 환자에서 뇌파 검사를 시행 할 때 수면-각성주기가 각성 뇌파에 비해 간질파의 발현에 미치는 영향과 이에 관련된 인자들을 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 2005년 7월 1일부터 2006년 7월 31일까지 부산대학교병원에서 치료 중인 소아청소년 간질 환자에서 수면 뇌파(S)와 각성 뇌파(W)를 동시에 찍은 환아 178명을 대상으로 하였다. 전체 환자들에서 수면 뇌파와 각성 뇌파에서 간질파의 발현율(S1, W1)을 구하여 서로 비교 분석하였다. 또한 전체 환자들을 성별, 경련의 유형 및 원인, 첫 경련 시 나이, 뇌파 검사 당시 항경련제 복용 유무, 뇌파 검사 시 나이, 그리고 배경파의 이상 여부와 같은 인자들에 따라 환자군을 나누었고, 각 환자군에서의 수면 뇌파와 각성 뇌파에서 간질파의 발현율을 비교분석하였다. 결 과 : 전체 환자의 수면 뇌파에서 간질파의 발현율(45.5%)이 각성 뇌파에서 간질파의 발현율(28.7%)보다 의미 있게 높았다(P<0.001). 남아 군에서 S1 (45.7%), W1 (28.3%)로 수면 뇌파에서 간질파의 발현율이 높았으며(P<0.01), 여아 군에서도 S1 (45.3%), W1 (29.1%)로 수면 뇌파에서 간질파의 발현율이 각성 뇌파에서보다 의미 있게 높았다(P<0.05). 부분성 발작군에서는 S1 (67.9%)이 W1 (35.8%)보다 의미 있게 높았지만(P<0.001), 전신성 발작군에서는 S1 (25.6%), W1 (22.2%)로 나타났으나 통계학적인 의의는 없었다. 4) 특발성 발작군에서 S1 (41.8%)이 W1 (27.0%)보다 의미 있게 높았고(P<0.01) 증후성 발작군에서도 S1 (59.5%)이 W1 (35.1%)보다 의미 있게 높았다(P<0.05). 경련시 나이가 5세 이하 환자군에서 S1 (46.7%), W1 (30.4%)로 수면 뇌파 검사에서 간질파의 발현율이 더 높게 나타났으나 통계학적인 의의는 없었으며 5세 초과의 환자군에서는 S1 (44.2%), W1 (26.7%)로 수면 뇌파에서 간질파의 발현율이 각성 뇌파에서 간질파의 발현율보다 의미 있게 높았다(P<0.01). 뇌파 검사 당시 항경련제 복용 중인 환자군에서는 S1 (54.0%)이 W1 (31.0%)보다 의미 있게 높았지만(P<0.001) 항경련제를 복용하지 않고 있는 환자군에서는 S1 (30.8%), W1 (24.6%)로 통계학적인 의의는 없었다. 뇌파 검사 시 나이가 10세 이하인 군에서 S1 (44.3%), W1 (26.8%)로 수면 뇌파 검사에서 간질파의 발현율이 더 높게 나타났으나 통계학적인 의의는 없었으며 10세 초과인 환자군에서는 S1 (46.9%), W1 (30.9%)로 수면 뇌파에서의 간질파 발현율이 각성 뇌파에서보다 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 정상 배경파를 보인 군에서 S1 (44.1%), W1 (27.0%)로 S1이 W1보다 유의하게 높았으나(P<0.001) 비정상 배경파를 보이는 군에서는 S1 (53.8%), W1 (38.5%)로 의미 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결 론 : 소아청소년 간질 환자의 뇌파 검사 상 대부분의 환자군에서 수면 뇌파의 간질파 발현율이 각성 뇌파에서보다 유의하게 높았다. 이러한 결과를 고려할 때 간질이 의심되는 소아에서 간질의 진단을 위해서 뇌파 검사를 시행할 때에 반드시 수면 뇌파를 시행하는 것이 권장된다. 전신성 발작군, 첫 경련 시 나이가 5세 이하군, 뇌파 검사 당시 항경련제 비복용군, 뇌파 검사 시 나이가 10세 이하인 군, 그리고 배경파의 비정상소견이 보이는 뇌기능 저하 소견을 보이는 환자군에서는 각성 뇌파에서도 간질파의 발현이 비교적 높게 나타났다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.97-102
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• 2010

The two new female cases of Angelman syndrome (AS) were described, which diagnosed on the basis of clinical features (dysmorphic facial features, severe mental retardation with absent speech, peculiar jerky movements, ataxic gait and paroxysms of inappropriate laughter) and neurophysiological findings. Failure to detect the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 15 or the absence of epileptic seizure were not considered sufficient to exclude a diagnosis of AS. Feeding problems, developmental delay and early signs of ataxia, especially tremor on handling objects and unstable posture when seated, proved effective as the clinical markers for early diagnosis of AS. Most of the authors agreed about the existence of three main EEG patterns in AS which may appear in isolation or in various combinations in the same patient. The most frequently observed pattern in children has prolonged runs of high amplitude rhythmic 2-3 Hz activity predominantly over the frontal region with superimposed interictal epileptiform discharges. High amplitude rhythmic 4-6 Hz activity, prominent in the occipital regions, with spikes, which can be facilitated by eye closure, is often seen in children under the age of 12 years. The EEG findings are characteristic of AS when seen in the appropriate clinical context and can be helpful to identify AS patients at an early age when genetic counselling may be particularly important.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.329-332
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• 2014

A dog (Chihuahua, 2-year-old, intact female) was referred to us because of cluster seizure. She had history of falling from height few days before presentation. Brain computed tomography (CT) results demonstrated fracture line on right temporal bone and hypodense, edematous changes of the adjacent brain parenchyma on right cerebral parenchyma. Based on history, clinical signs, and diagnostic imaging findings, this patient was diagnosed to traumatic brain injury. After diagnosis, the patient was well controlled with anti-inflammatory drug and anti-epileptic drugs. When 30, 480, and 1260 days after initial brain CT examination, we performed serial brain CT rechecks. This case report describes serial clinical and brain CT findings after traumatic brain injury.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.599-602
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• 2013

A male patient with neurocysticercosis was identified in Montai Village, Xay District, Oudomxay Province, Lao PDR in February 2004. He had a history of diagnosis for neurocysticercosis by a CT scan in Thailand after an onset of epileptic seizure in 1993. A pig in the same district was found to contain Taenia solium metacestodes (=cysticerci); the slaughtered pig body contained more than 2,000 cysticerci. In addition to morphological identification, molecular identification was also performed on the cysticerci by DNA sequencing analysis of the mitochondrial cox1 gene; they were confirmed as T. solium metacestodes. The patient is regarded as an indigenous case of neurocysticercosis infected in an endemic focus of T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis in Oudomxay Province, Lao PDR.