• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.21
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• pp.9505-9509
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• 2014

Objective: To investigate the effects of stellate ganglion block (SGB) on the peri-operative vasomotor cytokine content and intrapulmonary shunt in patients with esophagus cancer who underwent thoracotomy. Materials and Methods: Forty patients undergoing elective resection of esophageal cancer patients who had I~II American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) were randomly divided into total intravenous anesthesia group (group N, n=20) and total intravenous anesthesia combined with SGB group (group S, n=20, 0.12 mL/kg 1% lidocaine was used for SGB 10 min before induction). Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) and continuous cardiac output (CCO) were continuously monitored. The blood from internal jugular vein was drawn respectively before induction ($T_0$), and 30 min ($T_1$), 60 min ($T_2$) and 120 min ($T_3$) after one-lung ventilation (OLV), and 30 min (T4) after two-lung ventilation. The contents of plasma endothelin (ET), nitric oxide (NO) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were detected with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Meanwhile, arterial and mixed venous blood samples were collected for determination of blood gas and calculation of intrapulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt). Results: During OLV, ET contents were increased significantly in two groups (P<0.05), and no significant difference was presented (P>0.05). NO content in group S was obviously higher than in group N at T3 (P<0.05), whereas CGRP content in group N was markedly lower than in group S at each time point (P<0.05). Qs/Qt was significantly increased in both groups after OLV, but there was no statistical significant regarding the Qs/Qt at each time point between two groups. Conclusions: Total intravenous anesthesia combined with SGB is conducive to regulation of perioperative vasomotor cytokines in thoracotomy, and has little effect on intrapulmonary shunt at the time of OLV.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1677-1685
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• 2012

The autolysate and hydrolysate of a common squid liver, Todarodes pacificus, were prepared. Autolysis (liver ratio, pH, temperature) and Protamex-treated hydrolysis (pH, temperature, ratio of protease to liver) conditions were optimized by response surface methodology using central composite design for under 1 hr of hydrolysis time. The desirability profile indicated that maximum DH could be achieved at a squid liver of 93.5%, pH 6.4, and $47^{\circ}C$ in autolysis, while that of Protamex-treated hydrolysis did at a Protamex-to-squid liver level of 0.33%, pH 6.0, and $55^{\circ}C$. Three amino acids, proline, cysteine, and methionine, were not detected in the total amino acid composition of the Protamex-treated hydrolysate, while they were detected in the free amino acid composition. Cadmium was $8.32{\pm}0.03$ mg/100 g-powder for raw, $3.56{\pm}0.02$ mg/100 g-powder for the autolysate, and $13.26{\pm}0.04$ mg/100 g powder for the Protamex-treated hydrolysate. The major molecular weight ranged from 1.0 to 1.5 kDa for the autolysate and from 210 to 470 Da for the Protamex-treated hydrolysate. Food functionalities of the autolysate, such as surface hydrolphobicity, emulsion activity index, emulsion stability, water, and fat adsorption, were similar to the Protamex-treated hydrolysate. Both the autolysate and Protamex-hydrolysate showed high inhibitory activities on the angiotensin-I converting enzyme. Cell toxicity against the HepG2 cell line was not detected in the autolysate or the Protamex-treated hydrolysate by 200 ${\mu}g/mL$.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.179-183
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• 2015

In this study, we propose a catalyst structure including enzyme and metal nano rod for glucose sensing. In the catalyst structure, glucose oxidase (GOx) and gold nano rod (GNR) are alternatingly immobilized on the surface of carbon nanotube (CNT), while poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) is inserted in between the GOx and GNR to fortify their bonding and give them opposite polarization ($[GOx/GNR]_nPEI/CNT$). To investigate the impact of $[GOx/GNR]_nPEI/CNT$ on glucose sensing, some electrochemical measurements are carried out. Initially, their optimal layer is determined by using cyclic voltammogram and as a result of that, it is proved that $[GOx/GNR/PEI]_2/CNT$ is the best layer. Its glucose sensitivity is $13.315{\mu}AmM^{-1}cm^{-2}$. When it comes to the redox reaction mechanism of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) within $[GOx/GNR/PEI]_2/CNT$, (i) oxygen plays a mediator role in moving electrons and protons generated by glucose oxidation reaction to those for the reduction reaction of FAD and (ii) glucose does not affect the redox reaction of FAD. It is also recognized that the $[GOx/GNR/PEI]_3/CNT$ is limited to the surface reaction and the reaction is quasi-reversible.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.482-493
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• 2005

Biomass is originally photosynthesized from inorgainic compounds such as $CO_2$, minerals, water and solar energy. Recent studies have shown that anaerobic bacteria have the ability to convert recalcitrant biomass such as cellullosic or chitinoic materials to useful compounds. The biomass containing agricultural waste, unutilized wood and other garbage is expected to utilize as feed, food and fuel by microbial degradation and other metabolic functions. In this study we isolated several anaerobic, cellulolytic and chitinolytic bacteria from rumen fluid, compost and soil to study their related enzymes and genes. The anaerobic and cellulolytic bacteria, Clostridium thermocellum, Clostridium stercorarium, and Clostridium josui, were isolated from compost and the chitinolytic Clostridium paraputrificum from beach soil and Ruminococcus albus was isolated from cow rumen. After isolation, novel cellulase and xylanase genes from these anaerobes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The properties of the cloned enzymes showed that some of them were the components of the enzyme (cellulase) complex, i.e., cellulosome, which is known to form complexes by binding cohesin domains on the cellulase integrating protein (Cip: or core protein) and dockerin domains on the enzymes. Several dockerin and cohesin polypeptides were independently produced by E. coli and their binding properties were specified with BIAcore by measuring surface plasmon resonance. Three pairs of cohesin-dockerin with differing binding specificities were selected. Two of their genes encoding their respective cohesin polypeptides were combined to one gene and expressed in E. coli as a chimeric core protein, on which two dockerin-dehydrogenase chimeras, the dockerin-formaldehyde dehydrogenase and the dockerin-NADH dehydrogenase are planning to bind for catalyzing $CO_2$ reduction to formic acid by feeding NADH. This reaction may represent a novel strategy for the reduction of the green house gases. Enzymes from the anaerobes were also expressed in tobacco and rice plants. The activity of a xylanase from C. stercorarium was detected in leaves, stems, and rice grain under the control of CaMV35S promoter. The digestibility of transgenic rice leaves in goat rumen was slightly accelerated. C. paraputrificum was found to solubilize shrimp shells and chitin to generate hydrogen gas. Hydrogen productivity (1.7 mol $H_2/mol$ glucos) of the organism was improved up to 1.8 times by additional expression of the own hydrogenase gene in C. paraputrficum using a modified vector of Clostridiu, perfringens. The hydrygen producing microflora from soil, garbage and dried pelletted garbage, known as refuse derived fuel(RDF), were also found to be effective in converting biomass waste to hydrogen gas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.1596-1603
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• 2007

This study was conducted to improve functional properties of salmon frame extracts using various commercial enzymes (Alkalase 2.4 L FG, Flavourzyme 500 MG, Neutrase 0.8 L and Protamex 1.5 MG). The ACE (angiotensin I converting enzyme) inhibitory activity was the highest ($IC_{50}=0.67mg/mL$) in the product incubated with Neutrase for 4 hrs (N4-treated hydrolysates) among the various extracts incubated with commercial enzymes for different times. However, antioxidant activities of all salmon frame extracts were less than 15%. There were no significant differences in the proximate composition and sensory evaluation of the fish odor and taste. However, N4-treated hydrolysate was improved in the extractive-nitrogen content and transmission compared to the other enzymatic hydrolysates. When compared to commercial Gomtang products, N4-treated hydrolysate was also high in protein, extractive-nitrogen, total amino acid, and calcium contents, while low in taste sensory score. There were no differences in transmission and sensory score on the fish odor between N4-treated hydrolysates and commercial Gomtang.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.1190-1195
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• 2008

Effect of electron beam irradiation on various physiological property changes of the ethanol extract from the cooking drips of Enteroctopus dofleini was investigated. The Hunter's color values of extract were increased with increasing irradiation doses. The radical scavenging activity of the extract was increased depending on the irradiation dose. The inhibitory activities against tyrosinase and angiotensin I converting enzyme were also increased with irradiation dose. It was also shown that the contents of proteins and polyphenols were increased by the irradiation. It was reasoned that the antioxidant activities were increased by proteins modified by the irradiation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1672-1678
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the total polyphenol, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activity, and antiproliferation activity of the citron seed. The citron seed were separated to hull and embryo, and extracted with n-hexane and 70% ethanol. Antioxidant activity of ethanol extract was higher than that of n-hexane extract. IC50 value for DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethanol extract of hull (CSE1) and embryo (CSE2) were 3.18 and 8.43 mg/mL, and those of total antioxidant activity were 19.96 and 11.28 mg AA eq/g, respectively. ACE inhibitory activity and $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activity on CSE1 showed the highest values of 31.61 and 45.17%, respectively. Antiproliferation effects on the MCF7, HepG2, H460, HCT-116, and PC3 cell line showed the highest values of 14.09, 19.12, 12.29, 9.78, and 9.12% in extract concentration of 5 mg/mL, respectively. These results suggested that citron seed can be used for development of functional food material which have biological activities.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1999

This study was attempted to generate a monoclonal antibody against human $\alpha$-fetoprotein (AFP) and to produce an immunoassay, recognizing AFP in plasma and amniotic fluid. AFP was purified from human amniotic fluid and used to immunize mice. Spleens were taken from the mice and the cells were fused with mouse myeloma cells (Sp2/0-Ag-14) for the production of monoclonal antibodies by employing the hybridoma technology. As a result, a hybridoma cell line producing anti-AFP monoclonal antibody was cloned out and designated as MabF22. From isotyping analysis, it was found that monoclonal antibody MabF22 was IgG type with IgG1 heavy chain and k light chain. The binding specificity of MabF22 was analyzed by immunoblotting as well as by ELISA. MabF22 was highly specific, reacting with only AFP-containing samples. The binding affinity was determined by ELISA (free-capture mode) and Scatchard analysis. As a result, the value of Kd was 0.8$\times$10$^{-10}$M. The validity of the MabF22 for AFP assay was examined by two kinds of ELISAs, i.e., non-competitive and competitive ELISA. Both assays revealed that MabF22 reacted well with AFP in sample in a concentration-dependent manner. Standard curve and antibody titration curve were obtained by using purified AFP and MabF22. These results indicate that the monoclonal antibody produced in this study would be useful not only for research purposes but also for further development of immune-diagnostic kit for the measurement of AEP concentration.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.125-140
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to examine from various angles the protective effect of Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB) against nerve cell death induced by $\beta$-amyloid by using the cell line SH-SY5Y, which is commonly utilized for toxicity testing in nerve cells, and to find out its mechanism of action. Methods : To begin with, as a result of assessing the rate of cell survival by employing MTT reduction assay, the treatment with $\beta$-amyloid at different concentrations caused cytotoxicity, which was inhibited by preprocessing GEB extract. In addition, after $\beta$-amyloid was processed with the cell SH-SY5Y, apoptosis progressed, which was reduced effectively by processing GEB extract. Results : When cytotoxicity was caused by using hydrogen peroxide, a representative ROS, in order to examine the antioxidant effect of GEB, its protective effect was also observed. Apart from ROS, reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are also known to play a crucial role in nerve cell death. The treatment with the NO donor SNAP increased the production of nitric oxide and the expression of iNOS, which was also inhibited by GEB extract. Meanwhile, as an attempt to find out the mechanism of action explaining the antioxidant effect, the intracellular antioxidant enzyme expressions were measured by RT-PCR, which showed that GEB extract increased the expressions of heme oxygenase-1, GAPDH and $\gamma$-glutamate cysteine ligase. Lastly, GEB extract had a protective effect against impaired memory induced by scopolamine in animal models (in vivo). Conclusions : These findings indicate that GEB has a protective effect against the death of cranial nerve cells, suggesting possibilities for the prevention and treatment of AD.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.1101-1108
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• 1999

Soybean (SoyPep) was prepared and evaluated their action on blood lipid profiles, select biochemical indexes and histopathological changes in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Male SHRs were divided into three groups and fed the experimental diet containing 0% (control), 3%, 10% SoyPep for 8 weeks. Lipids, antioxidative vitamin levels, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activities in plasma were measured, and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) activities in kidney, vascular tissue and plasma were also measured. In addition, histopathological changes in various organs were investigated. Dietary SoyPep was effective for lowering plasma levels of triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol. ACE activities in aorta and kidney were decreased in the group fed SoyPep compared to control. There was no difference of plasma GOT and GPT activities, and no histopathological difference in various organs among the experimental groups. Our results suggest that SoyPep has beneficial effects on diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. SoyPep could be useful to develop a novel functional safe food additive for preventing the chronic diseases.