• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.168-175
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• 2011

This study was conducted to examine the impacts of different soil water potentials on environmental soil properties related to the moisture injury of Korean raspberry (Rubus coreanus Miq.). Soil water potential in the plastic film house plots was differentiated from -5 to -40 kPa. Soils in the plots contained 5.6% of plant available water. Increasing soil water contents based on the changes in water potential increased soil pH and exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ content and decreased exchangeable $K^+$ and total N contents. It also declined soil organic matter content at 9 days after water treatments. Relationship between water potential and soil water content was given as an exponential equation, y = 96.534 - 20.28In(x). In particular, when the water potential was higher than -20 kPa (27.5% of soil moisture content), it decreased chlorophyll content in the raspberry leaves, inhibited N uptake by the plant, and increased phosphorus content with increasing days after water treatment. Also, as the 7 days after water treatment at higher than -20 kPa of water potential, the root activity of the plant was significantly decreased, and trunk (top)/root (T/R) ratio of the plant markedly declined until 9 days after water supply. Carbohydrate contents in the raspberry plant leaves and roots at dormant stage were the lowest at -5 and -10 kPa of water potential plots, and it may cause winter injury to the plant.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 1993

Recently, by fast industralization and development without environmental concern, our environment deterioration have being continued rapidly. Therefore, many species is placed on crisis of extinction or was already extincted by habitat destruction. In Minjujisan area, there is a plan to construct the Sport and Leisure Complex by which convert the forest conservancy district to the district of development promotion and district of sighseeing and leisure by Yongdong District. To investigate the avifauna impacts by habitat destruction, bird censuses was carried out before the Sport and Leisure Complex be construct in Minjujisan and Sokgisan area during 4-5 May, 1992 and 16-21 June, 1992. Total 229 birds of 41 species in 23 family of 9 orders were recorded during censuses. Sitta europaea amurensis was the most abundant species and Parus ater amurensis, Phylloscopus borealis xanthodryas, Parus major wladiwostokensis, Parus palustris hellmayri, and Turdus pallidus were dominant species. Accipiter nisus nisosimilis, Accipiter soloenis, and Otus scops stictonotus were found out to the natural monuments in this suvey. Halcyon pileate was observed to a rare bird in this surveyed area. Species diversity of this census was 3.381 which showed slightly higher degree than other surveyed area. The area of Minjujisan, Sokgipong, and Samdopong which have little pollution agent around there and kept away from mankind were approved the heavy avifauna area which have so many bird species. Biogeographically, the Taebaek Mountains was connected with the Sobaek Mountains through this area, therefore it was significant that many animal species could be move to each mountains ranges. The construction plan of the Sport and Leisure Complex in Minjujisan area should be restrain with concern about environmentally destruction by the Muju Resort in Dokyusan National Park which connected to that area have master plan to development the ski slopes for the 1997 Universiad with permission by the Ministry of Environment.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.245-263
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• 2014

This study tries to investigate the changes of mortality regarding heat waves which are usually considered as one of the most direct impacts of climate change. Based on 17 years data period (1994-2010), each city's threshold temperature and minimum mortality temperature are recognized. According to the results, minimum mortality temperature varies from 23 to $25^{\circ}C$, showing minimum temperature corresponding to $23^{\circ}C$ in Gangwondo and maximum temperature corresponding to $25.4^{\circ}C$ in Jeollabukdo and Major 7 city group. In case of threshold temperature, it ranges from 27 to $30^{\circ}C$. The cities having higher threshold temperatures tend to have large populations and vice versa. In addition, the cities having negative demographic vulnerability relatively have lower temperatures, representing correlation -0.44(p=0.06). The socio-economic-environmental vulnerability shows negative correlation with minimum mortality temperature(r=-0.36, p=0.032) and threshold temperature(r=-0.29, p=0.081). This paper represents that the number of mortality could increase rapidly and show large spatial differences in the number of mortality depending on various factors including natural, social, and economic factors of each region.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.17-26
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• 2015

Firms that have adopted internet technology have been confused by distorted market signals. It is natural to look at marketplace outcomes for guidance, when confronted with a new business phenomenon. However, market signals can be unreliable in the early states of any important new information technology. New technologies trigger rampant experimentation, and the experimentation is often unsustainable. As a result, market behavior is distorted and must be interpreted cautiously. In Chapter 1, we review a concept of business model and roles of strategies in a business model. In Chapter 2, we discuss a strategic auditing method for analyzing market/channel positioning, product/service positioning, value chain/value network positioning and external environmental factors. In chapter 3, we introduces major frameworks for understanding factors forming strategies. The strategic grid model categorizes four quadrants depending on the level of impacts of information technology on operation and strategy. The strategic alignment model presents a new method of assessing an alignment of information technology and business throughout all elements of a business model. In this research, we review the concept of a business model. This research introduces factors that shape strategies and new frameworks for understanding these factors. The research objective of this manuscript is to present a guidance for firms how to use information technology for attaining sustainable competitive advantages.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.76 no.3
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• pp.249-255
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• 1987

Forestry as with all land matters, under the Constitution, is a State matter. Thus the States, numbering 14, have considerable autonomy in decisions on forestry and related matters. However, the Federal Government, having jurisdiction over such issues as defence, education and research, endeavours to coordinate, standardise and advise the States on matters where the States have jurisdiction. However, forestry being a major revenue earner, is jealously guarded by the States. Under such circumstances and recognising the interdependencies of impacts of decisions at the State level, the institutional organisations play an important role in coordinating state activities to ensure that the benefits to the country as a whole are not sacrificed in favour of interests of individual state. Various legislative mechanisms have been established to ensure this coordinated effort. A National Forestry Council forms the apex of national political coordination. The Federal Forestry Department is responsible for coordination of developmental activities at the State level, which are implemented be the State Forestry Departments within Peninsular Malaysia. Research is carried out centrally by the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia(FRIM), a statutory body formed in 1985 from a research division of the Forestry Department. The Stares of Sabah and Sarawak have their own Forestry Departments, independent of the Federal Department, and each with its own research unit independent of FRIM. Tertiary education in forestry is the sole responsibility of the Agricultural University at Serdang with a campus for Diploma level training in Sarawak. In the developmental area in the State of Sabah, institutions have been formed to focus on specific areas of activities. The Sabah Foundation is responsible for the long term development of the State forests with a concession of about one million ha. Sabah Forest Development Authority(SAFODA) was formed to carry out reforestation of denuded areas. Sabah Forest Industries Ltd.(SFI) is responsible for the country's only integrated pulp and paper industry with its own afforestation program to support its resource supply. In Peninsular Malaysia various states have established State Corporations to manage large "sustained yield" concessions. While wildlife and state parks are managed by the respective forestry departments in Sabah and Sarawak, it is the responsibility of a separate department in Peninsula Malaysia called the Department of Wildlife and National Parks(under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment). Timber trade legislation and promotion in the Peninsular is the responsibility of the Malaysian Timber Industries Board(MTIB) for Peninsular Malaysia and the Sarawak Timber Industries Development Corporation(STIDC) in Sarawak. In the area of NGOs ; the Institute of Foresters Malaysia, is the professional body of forestry in the country. A Malaysian Forestry Society caters for the public participation and interest. Other environmentally related NGOs such as the Malayan Nature Society, the Environmental Protection Society, World Wildlife Fund, Friends of the Earth and the Consumers Associations also involve themselves in specific forestry activities. A number of timber trade associations are also formed by the private sector to assist the industries.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.1B
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• pp.29-36
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• 2011

Evapotranspiration (ET) from the various surfaces needs to be understood because it is a crucial hydrological factor to grasp interaction between the land surface and the atmosphere. A traditional way of estimating it, which is calculating it empirically using lysimeter and pan evaporation observations, has a limitation that the measurements represent only point values. However, these measurements cannot describe ET because it is easily affected by outer circumstances. Thus, remote sensing technology was applied to estimate spatial distribution of ET. In this study, we estimated major components of energy balance method (i.e. net radiation flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux) and ET as a map using Mapping Evapo-Transpiration with Internalized Calibration (METRIC) satellite-based image processing model. This model was run using Landsat imagery of Gyeongan watershed in Korea on Feb 1, 2003 and Sep 13, 2006. Basic statistical analyses were also conducted. The estimated mean daily ETs had respectively 22% and 11% of errors with pan evaporation data acquired from the Suwon Weather Station. This result represented similar distribution compared with previous studies and confirmed that the METRIC algorithm had high reliability in the watershed. In addition, ET distribution of each land use type was separately examined. As a result, it was identified that vegetation density had dominant impacts on distribution of ET. Seasonally, ET in a growing season represented significantly higher than in a dormant season due to more active transpiration. The ET maps will be useful to analyze how ET behaves along with the circumstantial conditions; land cover classification, vegetation density, elevation, topography.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.730-744
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• 2016

In this study, fish fauna and stream characteristics were surveyed from June to October of 2014 in 31 sites of 23 small streams of Namhae Island. During the study period, 38 species belonging to 30 genera under 13 families were collected. Cyprinidae and Gobiidae fish occupied 28.9% (11 species) and Cobitidae fish accounted for 10.5% (4 species). The dominant family was Cyprinidae, and the most dominant species was Zacco koreanus with 30.3% (1,089 individuals) of the total. Eight species (33.8%) such as Zacco koreanus, Squalidus gracilis majimae, Coreoleuciscus splendidus, Pseudobagrus koreanus, Iksookimia hugowolfeld, Iksookimia longicorpa, Silurus microdorsalis and Liobagrus mediadiposalis were Korean endemic and one species of Micropterus salmoides was exotic. According to the analysis of the community based on the diversity, evenness and richness indices, fish community seems to be more stable in the S7. The small streams were classified into three types of steep mountainous, mountainous-flatland, and flat land streams, and their types were categorized by their features of stream width, water depth, bottom substrate, riparian vegetation, and land use patterns. Principal component analysis based on species abundance classified fish communities into three main groups according to human impact and land-use pattern change. These results suggest that fish community structures were primary affected by the longitudinal environmental changes and these were modified by the habitat condition in accordance with the land use pattern change in the small streams.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.4 s.96
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• pp.261-266
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• 2001

Effects of elevated carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) on soil microbial processes were studied in a northern peatland. Intact peat cores with surface vegetation were collected from a northern Welsh fen, and incubated either under elevated carbon dioxide (700 ppm) or ambient carbon dioxide (350 ppm) conditions for 4 months. Higher algal biomass was found under the elevated $CO_2$ condition, suggesting $CO_2$ fertilization effect on primary production, At the end of the incubation, trace gas production and consumption were analyzed using chemical inhibitors. For methane ($CH_4$ ), methyl fluoride ($CH_3F$) was applied to determine methane oxidation rates, while acetylene ($C_2H_2$) blocking method were applied to determine nitrification and denitrification rates. First, we have adopted those methods to optimize the reaction conditions for the wetland samples. Secondly, the methods were applied to the samples incubated under two levels of $CO_2$. The results exhibited that elevated carbon dioxide increased both methane production (210 vs. $100\;ng\;CH_4 g^{-1}\;hr^{-1}$) and oxidation (128 vs. $15\;ng\;CH_4 g^{-1}\;hr^{-1}$), resulting in no net increase in methane flux. For nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) , elevated carbon dioxide enhanced nitrous oxide emission probably from activation of nitrification process rather than denitrification rates. All of these changes seemed to be substantially influenced by higher oxygen diffusion from enhanced algal productivity under elevated $CO_2$.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.123-159
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• 2013

We use a multi-regional dynamic computable general equilibrium model to explain an economic effect of $CO_2$ tax on the national and regional economy of Korea. First, we compare two $CO_2$ taxes: a region-specific $CO_2$ tax and a uniform $CO_2$ tax. In the region-specific tax, the $CO_2$ tax rate in the capital area and the south-eastern region is much greater than those in other regions. GDP loss resulting from the region-specific tax is bigger than that in the uniform tax. Second, we consider three options for tax recycling: consumption tax recycling, labor-income tax recycling, and corporate-income tax recycling. The corporate-income tax recycling has the least GDP-loss effect over the three options. These results support that it is more efficient to use a uniform $CO_2$ tax rate than a region-specific $CO_2$ tax rate and that the corporate-income tax recycling is more desirable in a sense of efficiency than the consumption and labor-income tax recycling options.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.477-494
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• 2008

Stable isotope analyses on lake or wetland sediments are useful to reconstruct paleoclimate. Organic and inorganic carbonates obtained from lake sediment are isotopically analyzed to get oxygen and carbon isotopic ratios. Oxygen isotope ratios can be used to quantitatively and qualitatively reconstruct paleo-temperature or humidity while carbon isotope ratios be used to reveal environmental changes around the lake or human impacts on the area. Peat mosses in peat bogs are nice samples for the carbon isotope analysis, which derives paleo-temperature and paleo-atmospheric $CO_2$ changes. In coastal area, the reconstruction of past sea-level is possible because terrestrial originated organic matter is carbon isotopically different from marine originated organic matter. Also, scientists can do research on Asian Monsoon based on the fact that $\delta^{13}C$ of C3 plants and C4 plants are consistently different each other and that they are distributed differently with respect to salinity. In Korea, paleoenvironmental studies using stable isotopes are not popular yet because of low academic interests on the methodology and difficulties of obtaining proper sediment samples. Interesting results can be produced to answer paleoenvironmental questions of Korea if scientists isotopically analyze sediment cores from a paleo-lake such as Hanon in Jeju island, peat bogs such as Mujechi-Neup and Yong-Neup, and coastal wetlands.