• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.120-128
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to establish basic data for the continuous protection management policy of domestic natural world heritage and mixed world heritage, and to examine the present situation and characteristics of the protection management according to the World Heritage Convention on the World Heritage listed Huangshan. The results of this study are as follows. First, Huangshan began to be protected by the establishment of the Huangshan Construction Committee in 1933, and after the designation of national park in 1982, laws and regulations were established in the central ministries, And various projects related to utilization have been implemented. Secondly, the establishment of the boundary for protection was actively intervened by the central government, such as the reorganization of the boundary of Huangshan through the administrative district plan. In order to protect the ecological and landscape value as well as the cultural factor, And designated a heritage designated area. Third, the protection management of Huangshan was divided into four major stages. The first phase was divided into the period when administrative measures were taken to manage the protection of Huangshan. The second phase was designated as a national park in Huangshan. The third period was the time of the protection-oriented project according to the recommendation of the international organizations after the World Heritage listed. The fourth period was the expansion of the tourism industry for the continuous use of protection of Huangshan city, My preservation business was being implemented. Fourth, Huangshan is managed by the central government and the city government. Huangshan, which is a mixed heritage, is managed jointly by the Ministry of Cultural Heritage Administration and the Ministry of Natural Heritage Administration. The protection and management of Huangshan promoted the efficiency and expertise of the heritage-related work through the establishment of the administrative unit-specific management system, and the local governments were entrusted with the authority to implement the protection management policies that meet local characteristics. Fifth, the preservation area of Huangshan has been destroyed by the development policy centered on the mountain. In addition, according to the operation of accommodation facilities, there are problems such as sewage, garbage disposal, and environmental pollution caused by tourists, and the damage caused by pests and diseases in planted plantations around the area and changes in ecosystem due to the composition of cable cars. Sixth, for the continuous protection of Huangshan, strict regulations on new construction, extension and management of accommodation are required, and it is necessary to install facilities to limit and control the number of visitors.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.115-122
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• 2011

The impacts of elevated temperature and $CO_2$ were studied on the seedlings of Maackia amurensis and Viburnum opulus var. calvescens. The seedlings were grown in controlled-environment growth chambers with four combinations of temperature and $CO_2$ treatments: $25^{\circ}C$ + ambient $CO_2$ (400 ppm), $25^{\circ}C$ + elevated $CO_2$ (800 ppm), $30^{\circ}C$ + ambient $CO_2$ (400 ppm), and $30^{\circ}C$ + elevated $CO_2$ (800 ppm). Under elevated temperature and $CO_2$ concentration, the dry weight decreased in seedlings of M. amurensis, but increased in seedlings of V. opulus var. calvescens. In addition, the shoot to root (S/R) ratio in M. amurensis reduced but that of V. opulus var. calvescens increased under elevated $CO_2$ concentration. The S/R ratios of two tree species increased under higher temperature. M. amurensis represented lower carboxylation efficiency under higher temperature and $CO_2$ concentration and that of V. opulus var. calvescens showed lower values under the only higher temperature. Photosynthetic pigment content of in the leaves of M. amurensis was lower under higher $CO_2$ concentration and higher under the increase of temperature, but that of V. V. opulus var. calvescens decreased according to the increase of temperature. Chlorophyll a/b ratios of M. amurensis and V. V. opulus var. calvescens decreased obviously with the increase of $CO_2$ concentration and temperature, respectively. In conclusion, the growth and physiological responses under the environmental changes such as temperature and $CO_2$ concentration depend on the tree species. Therefore, more studies are needed to predict the response of each tree species against the climate changes.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.130-135
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• 2010

To select the viable alternative substrates among the variable organic substrates for productivity enhancement and production cost-reduction of oyster mushroom in bottle culture, this study was carried out at mushroom research institute of GGRDA in 2007. In bottle culture of oyster mushroom (Plerutus ostreatus), the seedcakes of rape (RS), soybean (SS), coconut (CCS), and kapok (KS) were examined as substitute of cotton seedcake which was primary nutritive material of mushroom growing substrate. The chemical properties of substrate mixed with kapok seedcake is similar to the mixture with cotton seedcake in T-C, T-N, C/N ratio, and other nutrients. Mixed growing substrate containing cotton seedcake and kapok seedcake was superior to other mixtures 99.2% and 99.5%, respectively in spawning ratio and was faster mycellium growth in column test than that of soybeen seedcake, cotton + soybeen seedcake, and coconut seedcake. The period required in first pin-heading was 1-2 days longer in rape and soybeen seedcake mixture. Also there wad no primodia and fruitbody formation at soybeen seedcake mixture which had highest T-N content among the other mixed substrates. Yield per bottle and biological efficiency were highest of 144.6 g and 75.4%, respectively at kapok seedcake mixture. As a result, this study found that cotton seedcake can be replaced with kapok seedcake in bottle culture of oyster mushroom.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.54-66
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• 2004

In this article, we are to suggest the hazard-assessing method for the underground pipelines, and find out the pipeline-maintenance schemes of high efficiency in cost. Three kinds of methods are applied in order to refer to the approaching methods of listing the hazards for the underground pipelines: the first is RBI(Risk Based Inspection), which firstly assess the effect of the neighboring population, the dimension, thickness of pipe, and working time. It enables us to estimate quantitatively the risk exposure. The second is the scoring system which is based on the environmental factors of the buried pipelines. Last we quantify the frequency of the releases using the present THOMAS' theory. In this work, as a result of assessing the hazard of it using SPC scheme, the hazard score related to how the gas pipelines erodes indicate the numbers from 30 to 70, which means that the assessing criteria define well the relative hazards of actual pipelines. Therefore. even if one pipeline region is relatively low score, it can have the high frequency of leakage due to its longer length. The acceptable limit of the release frequency of pipeline shows 2.50E-2 to 1.00E-l/yr, from which we must take the appropriate actions to have the consequence to be less than the acceptable region. The prediction of total frequency using regression analysis shows the limit operating time of pipeline is the range of 11 to 13 years, which is well consistent with that of the actual pipeline. Concludingly, the hazard-listing scheme suggested in this research will be very effectively applied to maintaining the underground pipelines.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.160-174
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• 2005

Despite the decrease in the number of children due to low birth rate, the domestic children's apparel market has been achieving steady growth as family income is rising thanks to more opportunities for working women, parents spend more on their children, and they prefer brand products that make their children look special. In addition, the market is suffering from hard competition as large enterprises have joined the race. The present study purposed to survey the children's apparel market in Korea, which is in a transitional period, and to contribute to the development of the market with Korean brands. For this purpose, we analyzed the characteristics of children's apparel brands in the 21st century based on the current state of the domestic children's apparel market and, based on the findings, forecasted the future trend of children's apparel brands, suggested improvements for expected problems, proposed standards for coping with changes such as diversification, high quality and differentiation in the children's apparel market, and provided consumers with information on how to purchase products. According to the result of analyzing the characteristics of children's apparel brands in the 21st century, brands are categorized largely into four types - life cultural brands, functional product brands, character brands and brands advancing to China. Life cultural brands equipped with all necessities for children are expanding, and with the deepening social problems of environmental pollution and the reduction of the child population, functional products made of environment-friendly materials are spreading widely, targeting infants and children. Furthermore, for extending age targets and diversifying products, children's apparel is using characters. The use of characters is expected to have a considerable effect on the growth of brands because children are more subjective as consumers than before and they are more easily persuaded with characters. Domestic children's apparel brands advancing to China have a high expectation of success in overcoming the limitation of the local market that has reached its peak and growing into global brands. Korean apparel makers are struggling to overcome the depressed domestic market, to recover consumers' consumption, to cope with market opening, to pursue high value of sensibility and to expand the seniors' market, etc. In this situation, future trends of children's apparel brands will be the expansion of family brands, brand totalization, quality price, niche market (pre-teen market), etc. In response to these trends, we made the following suggestions for improvement. 1. Children's apparel brands are evolving into family brands as well as into total brands through voluming. Today, however, apparel makers are advancing to the children's apparel market with the concept of adults' apparel and, as a result, children's apparel is merely adults' apparel of reduced size, having problems in design, color and materials. Thus, apparel makers must develop design considering the wide range of size and the characteristics of children's apparel, strengthen sourcing abilities to create revenues, and make thorough survey of customers to find common denominators between adults' apparel and children's apparel considering that characteristic that the target class is different from the buyer class. Furthermore, they must make active investments in human resources, develop outstanding products through advanced planning and design, and support marketing techniques and management systems to stores. 2. As the declining birth rate will continue to have a negative effect on the market, it may be difficult to expand the market size but there is still a margin for growth through high-sensibility and high-quality products. The competitiveness of brands is determined by their market shares. Accordingly, concepts should be specialized according to lifestyle, customers' diverse needs should be satisfied, and cross-coordination should be achieved within a brand. 3. Considering Korean parents who do not spare investment in their children despite shrinking consumption, functional products must be high value-added goods that can enhance efficiency. However, in the current situation of the infants' apparel industry where a textile manufacturer supply its products to multiple brands, it is difficult to develop unique products only based on materials. Thus, it is considered urgent to appeal to consumers not by relying on materials only but by finding methods of applying their own characters to children's dress.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 2005

Nutrients are built up in paddy soils after greenhouse vegetable cultivations with relatively high rates of chemical fertilizers and composts during winter season, and the continuous nutrient accumulation is problematic in crop cultivation. Rice cultivation after greenhouse vegetables is one option for removing the accumulated nutrients in the soils. The object of this experiment was to examine the effect of reduced fertilization to rice on the removal of accumulated soil nutrients and rice yield in greenhouse vegetables and rice cropping system. Experiments were carried out at Changwon and Uiryeong in Gyeongnam province in 2001. The cropping systems were watermelon-rice and pumpkin-watermelon-watermelon-rice in Changwon and Uiryeong, respectively. The soils were Gangseo series (coarse loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Aquic Fluventic Eutrochrepts) at Changwon and Hampyeong series (fine loamy, mixed, mesic family of Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts) at Uiryeong. Treatments of conventional fertilization ($N-P_2O_5-K_2O=11-4.5-5.7$, $kg\;10a^{-1}$), no basal fertilization, no top dressing, and no fertilization were included in the experiments. Plant growth and total nitrogen content in the plant were greater as the amount of fertilizer applied were increased. Whereas $SiO_2/T-N$ rate in rice plant and nitrogen use efficiency were greater as the amount of fertilizer applied were reduced. Rice yields were not significantly different among the treatments of conventional, no top-dressed, and no-basal fertilization in Uiryeong, and the rice yields were significantly also not different between the treatments of conventional and no top-dressed in Changwon. The removal of salts in soils after rice cultivation was the highest at the treatment of no-basal fertilization in both of the sites. Therefore, reduced fertilization for rice cultivation after greenhouse vegetables could remove salts accumulated in paddy soils without any significant reducing of rice yield.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.581-589
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• 2021

With the recent increase in the introduction of micro-electric vehicles in Korea, interest in micro-electric vehicle user satisfaction is increasing to revitalize related markets. In this paper, a basic study was conducted on the development of public services using micro-electric vehicle based on the constituent factors of user satisfaction. The survey includes: ① 'Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for selecting the priority factors of user satisfaction of micro-electric vehicles', ② 'A survey of micro-electric vehicles image' to collect data in advance for providing users' preferences and transportation services for micro-electric vehicles, ③ In order to investigate the user satisfaction level of users who actually operated micro-electric vehicles, the order of 'user satisfaction survey of micro-electric vehicle drivers' was conducted. In the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis, it was found that users regarded as important in the order of 'user utilization data', 'vehicle movement data', and 'charging service data'. In the micro-electric vehicle image survey, users perceived micro-electric vehicles more positively in terms of "safety", 'durability', 'Ride comfort', 'design', 'MOOE (Maintenance and other operating expense)', and 'environment-friendly' when comparing micro-electric vehicles with electric motorcycles. In the survey on the user satisfaction of micro-electric vehicle drivers, the use of micro-electric vehicle did not directly affect work performance efficiency, and there was an experience of being disadvantaged on the road due to the size of the micro-electric vehicle, and driving in a cluster of micro-electric vehicle for outdoor advertisements. The city's public relations effect was great, but it was concerned about safety. In the future, based on the results of this study, we plan to build a user satisfaction structural equation model, preemptively discover feedback R&D for micro-electric vehicle utilization services in the public field, and actively seek to discover new public mobility support services.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.278-286
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• 2021

In this study, based on the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation model developed through previous study, inner environmenct of the modified glass greenhouse was predicted. Also, suggested the optimal shape of the greenhouse and location of the heat exchangers for heat energy management of the greenhouse using the developed model. For efficient heating energy management, the glass greenhouse was modified by changing the cross-section design and the location of the heat exchanger. The optimal cross-section design was selected based on the cross-section design standard of Republic of Korea's glass greenhouse, and the Fan Coil Unit(FCU) and the radiating pipe were re-positioned based on "Standard of greenhouse environment design" to enhance energy saving efficiency. The simulation analysis was performed to predict the inner temperature distribution and heat transfer with the modified greenhouse structure using the developed inner environment prediction model. As a result of simulation, the mean temperature and uniformity of the modified greenhouse were 0.65℃, 0.75%p higher than those of the control greenhouse, respectively. Also, the maximum deviation decreased by an average of 0.25℃. And the mean age of air was 18 sec. lower than that of the control greenhouse. It was confirmed that efficient heating energy management was possible in the modified greenhouse, when considered the temperature uniformity and the ventilation performance.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.233-240
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• 2011

Food security has been a main global issue due to climate changes and growing world population expected to 9 billion by 2050. While biodiversity is becoming more highlight, breeders are confronting shortage of various genetic materials needed for new variety to tackle food shortage challenge. Though biotechnology is still under debate on potential risk to human and environment, it is considered as one of alternative tools to address food supply issue for its potential to create a number of variations in genetic resource. The new technology, phenomics, is developing to improve efficiency of crop improvement. Phenomics is concerned with the measurement of phenomes which are the physical, morphological, physiological and/or biochemical traits of organisms as they change in response to genetic mutation and environmental influences. It can be served to provide better understanding of phenotypes at whole plant. For last decades, high-throughput screening (HTS) systems have been developed to measure phenomes, rapidly and quantitatively. Imaging technology such as thermal and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging systems is an area of HTS which has been used in agriculture. In this article, we review the current statues of high-throughput screening system in phenomics and its application for crop improvement.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.316-323
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• 2019

It is difficult to analyze pymetrozine in citrus fruits using the hydromatrix method because of its low efficiency of purification and overlap of matrix and pymetrozine peaks. Liquid-liquid extraction can analyze pymetrozine in citrus fruits using dichloromethane. Since low pH interferes with the extraction of pymetrozine, the extracts of citrus fruits were maintained over pH 7.0 by adding borax buffer and 1 N NaOH in the improved method. According to the improved method, citrus fruits (such as lemon, lime, orange, tangerine, and grapefruit) were extracted and purified for HPLC-photo diode array analysis. The results of validation were as follows: $4.360{\mu}g/kg$ of limit of detection, $14.533{\mu}g/kg$ of limit of quantitation, and 0.007 mg/kg of method quantitative limit. Citrus fruits spiked with pymetrozine showed a recovery range from 71.8 to 83.7% and a coefficient of variation below 6%. Thus, the improved method can efficiently analyze pymetrozine in citrus fruits.