• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.58-71
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• 1981

충남(忠南) 전북지방(全北地方) 적송림(赤松林)의 천이과정(遷移過程)을 연구(研究)하기 위하여 솔잎혹파리의 피해지속기간(被害持續期間)에 따라 피해극기지(被害極基地) (5년전(年前)에 피해발생(被害発生))인 공주(公州)(A), 피해지속지(被害持續地)(10년전(年前)에 피해발생(被害発生))인 부여(扶餘)(B), 피해회복지(被害回復地)(20년전(年前)에 피해발생(被害発生))로서 고창지역(高敞地域)(C)을 조사지역(調査地域)으로 설정(設定)하고, 각(各) 조사지역별(調査地域別)로 환경요인(環境要因)과 식생상태(植生狀態)를 調査하여, 환경요인(環境要因)과 식생상태(植生狀態), 삼림군집(森林群集)의 비교(比較), 식물상(植物相)의 변화(変化) 등(等)을 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다 1. 임분(林分)이 솔잎혹파리피해(被害)로 부터 회복(回復)되어 감에 따라 식생구성(植生構成)에 변화(変化)가 오고 대상수종(代償樹種)으로 발달(発達)된 참나무류(類)의 상대우점치(相対優点値)가 감소(減小)되었다. 그러나 본(本) 조사지역내(調査地域內)에서는 상수리나무의 상대우점치(相対優点値)가 다른 참나무류(類) 보다 높았다. 2. 솔잎혹파리피해(被害)가 지속(持續)됨에 따라 삼림군집(森林群集)의 종구성상태(種構成狀態)가 점차 다양(多樣)하여진다. 그후 피해(被害)가 회복(回復)됨에 따라 임분(林分)의 종구성상태(種構成狀態)는 단순화(单純化)되는 것으로 나타났다. 3. 상대밀도(相対密度) 및 상대우점치(相対優点値)의 상대치(相対値)에 의(依)한 식생천이(植生遷移)를 종합분석(綜合分析)한 결과(結果) 솔잎혹파리피해(被害)의 극심(極甚)에서 우점종(優点種)을 이루던 참나무류(類)가 피해(被害)로부터 회복(回復)되어감에 따라 그 값이 감소(減少)되고, 싸리류(類), 진달래류(類) 등(等)이 하층식생(下層植生)을 형성(形成)하는 삼림군집(森林群集)으로 변화(変化)하여 갔다. 4. 식생(植生)에 미친 토심(土深), 토양함수량(土壤含水量), 유기물함량(有機物含量), 그리고 유기물층(有機物層)의 두께는 본(本) 조사대상지(調査対象地)의 범위내에 있어서는 거의 같은 것으로 사료(思料)되었고 연평균강수량(年平均降水量)과 온도(温度)도 유사(類似)하였다고 본다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.357-365
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• 2011

본 연구는 국립수산과학원의 국가해양환경측정망 자료를 이용하여 2001년부터 2010년까지 년 4회 군산연안의 10개 정점에서의 용존성무기영양염류의 조사시기별 및 정점별 변동을 분석하였다. 용존성무기질소(DIN)의 연도별 평균값은 표층과 저층 모두 비슷한 농도 분포를 보였는데, 10년간 표층 평균은 0.421mg/L(0.198~0.846mg/L)였고, 저층 평균은 0.344mg/L(0.148~0.717mg/L)였다. 연도별 평균값은 표층에서 2002년 0.846mg/L로 가장 높았고 그 이후 차차 낮아지는 경향을 보여 2010년 0.198mg/L로 가장 낮은 값을 보였으며, 저층도 유사한 경향을 보였다. 군산연안의 10개 정점에서의 DIN의 10년간 평균의 암모니아질소, 아질산질소 및 질산질소의 비율은 각각 27%, 3% 및 70%정도로서 대부분 질산질소였으며, 표 저층간의 차이도 거의 없었다. 용존성무기인(DIP)의 연 평균값은 2002년 저층에서 0.085mg/L로 높은 값을 보인 것을 제외하고는 표 저층간의 농도 차이는 거의 없었으며, 표층에서 10년 평균이 0.024mg/L 였으나, 2008년 0.021mg/L, 2009년 0.007mg/L, 2010년 0.008mg/L로 농도가 급격히 낮아졌다. 2002년부터 2010년까지 DIN/DIP 농도비를 비교한 결과 표층에서 평균 6.0(3.2~10.1), 저층에서 평균 4.6(2.6~7.0)으로서 2002년을 제외하고는 연도별 및 표 저층 간에 큰 차이는 없었다. 2004년부터 조사된 용존성무기규소는 7년 평균이 표층에서 0.372mg/L, 저층에서 0.352mg/L로 표 저층간에 차이가 거의 없었으며, 표층에서 2005년 평균 0.552mg/L, 2006년 평균 0.575mg/L의 값을 보인 후, 지속적으로 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 2009년에는 0.130mg/L로 최소값을 보였다. 전체적으로 염분과 용존성무기영양염류와의 10년간 상관관계는 표층에서 용존성무기질소는 -0.72, 용존성무기인은 -0.46, 용존성무기규소는 -0.63 이었으며, 저층은 용존성무기질소는 -0.70, 용존성무기인은 -0.44, 용존성무기규소는 -0.57로서, 군산 연안의 용존성무기영양염류은 금강으로 부터의 담수유입에 의한 영향이 크게 나타났으며, 특히 금강을 통해 용존성무기질소가 많이 유입되는 것으로 나타났다. 용존성무기영양염류는 군산시에 가까운 정점 1, 2, 3에서 높은 값을 보였는데, 이는 금강과 군산시의 영향으로 생각된다. 조사 시기에 따른 농도 변화는 크지 않았으나, 연도별 평균값을 보면 2001년부터 용존성무기영양염류의 농도가 점차 감소하는 경향을 보여, 이에 대한 지속적인 모니터링과 그 원인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.3-4
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• 2004

Results will be presented from two field studies that evaluated the in-situ treatment of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) using aerobic cometabolism. In the first study, a cometabolic air sparging (CAS) demonstration was conducted at McClellan Air Force Base (AFB), California, to treat chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) in groundwater using propane as the cometabolic substrate. A propane-biostimulated zone was sparged with a propane/air mixture and a control zone was sparged with air alone. Propane-utilizers were effectively stimulated in the saturated zone with repeated intermediate sparging of propane and air. Propane delivery, however, was not uniform, with propane mainly observed in down-gradient observation wells. Trichloroethene (TCE), cis-1, 2-dichloroethene (c-DCE), and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration levels decreased in proportion with propane usage, with c-DCE decreasing more rapidly than TCE. The more rapid removal of c-DCE indicated biotransformation and not just physical removal by stripping. Propane utilization rates and rates of CAH removal slowed after three to four months of repeated propane additions, which coincided with tile depletion of nitrogen (as nitrate). Ammonia was then added to the propane/air mixture as a nitrogen source. After a six-month period between propane additions, rapid propane-utilization was observed. Nitrate was present due to groundwater flow into the treatment zone and/or by the oxidation of tile previously injected ammonia. In the propane-stimulated zone, c-DCE concentrations decreased below tile detection limit (1 $\mu$g/L), and TCE concentrations ranged from less than 5 $\mu$g/L to 30 $\mu$g/L, representing removals of 90 to 97%. In the air sparged control zone, TCE was removed at only two monitoring locations nearest the sparge-well, to concentrations of 15 $\mu$g/L and 60 $\mu$g/L. The responses indicate that stripping as well as biological treatment were responsible for the removal of contaminants in the biostimulated zone, with biostimulation enhancing removals to lower contaminant levels. As part of that study bacterial population shifts that occurred in the groundwater during CAS and air sparging control were evaluated by length heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction (LH-PCR) fragment analysis. The results showed that an organism(5) that had a fragment size of 385 base pairs (385 bp) was positively correlated with propane removal rates. The 385 bp fragment consisted of up to 83% of the total fragments in the analysis when propane removal rates peaked. A 16S rRNA clone library made from the bacteria sampled in propane sparged groundwater included clones of a TM7 division bacterium that had a 385bp LH-PCR fragment; no other bacterial species with this fragment size were detected. Both propane removal rates and the 385bp LH-PCR fragment decreased as nitrate levels in the groundwater decreased. In the second study the potential for bioaugmentation of a butane culture was evaluated in a series of field tests conducted at the Moffett Field Air Station in California. A butane-utilizing mixed culture that was effective in transforming 1, 1-dichloroethene (1, 1-DCE), 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane (1, 1, 1-TCA), and 1, 1-dichloroethane (1, 1-DCA) was added to the saturated zone at the test site. This mixture of contaminants was evaluated since they are often present as together as the result of 1, 1, 1-TCA contamination and the abiotic and biotic transformation of 1, 1, 1-TCA to 1, 1-DCE and 1, 1-DCA. Model simulations were performed prior to the initiation of the field study. The simulations were performed with a transport code that included processes for in-situ cometabolism, including microbial growth and decay, substrate and oxygen utilization, and the cometabolism of dual contaminants (1, 1-DCE and 1, 1, 1-TCA). Based on the results of detailed kinetic studies with the culture, cometabolic transformation kinetics were incorporated that butane mixed-inhibition on 1, 1-DCE and 1, 1, 1-TCA transformation, and competitive inhibition of 1, 1-DCE and 1, 1, 1-TCA on butane utilization. A transformation capacity term was also included in the model formation that results in cell loss due to contaminant transformation. Parameters for the model simulations were determined independently in kinetic studies with the butane-utilizing culture and through batch microcosm tests with groundwater and aquifer solids from the field test zone with the butane-utilizing culture added. In microcosm tests, the model simulated well the repetitive utilization of butane and cometabolism of 1.1, 1-TCA and 1, 1-DCE, as well as the transformation of 1, 1-DCE as it was repeatedly transformed at increased aqueous concentrations. Model simulations were then performed under the transport conditions of the field test to explore the effects of the bioaugmentation dose and the response of the system to tile biostimulation with alternating pulses of dissolved butane and oxygen in the presence of 1, 1-DCE (50 $\mu$g/L) and 1, 1, 1-TCA (250 $\mu$g/L). A uniform aquifer bioaugmentation dose of 0.5 mg/L of cells resulted in complete utilization of the butane 2-meters downgradient of the injection well within 200-hrs of bioaugmentation and butane addition. 1, 1-DCE was much more rapidly transformed than 1, 1, 1-TCA, and efficient 1, 1, 1-TCA removal occurred only after 1, 1-DCE and butane were decreased in concentration. The simulations demonstrated the strong inhibition of both 1, 1-DCE and butane on 1, 1, 1-TCA transformation, and the more rapid 1, 1-DCE transformation kinetics. Results of tile field demonstration indicated that bioaugmentation was successfully implemented; however it was difficult to maintain effective treatment for long periods of time (50 days or more). The demonstration showed that the bioaugmented experimental leg effectively transformed 1, 1-DCE and 1, 1-DCA, and was somewhat effective in transforming 1, 1, 1-TCA. The indigenous experimental leg treated in the same way as the bioaugmented leg was much less effective in treating the contaminant mixture. The best operating performance was achieved in the bioaugmented leg with about over 90%, 80%, 60 % removal for 1, 1-DCE, 1, 1-DCA, and 1, 1, 1-TCA, respectively. Molecular methods were used to track and enumerate the bioaugmented culture in the test zone. Real Time PCR analysis was used to on enumerate the bioaugmented culture. The results show higher numbers of the bioaugmented microorganisms were present in the treatment zone groundwater when the contaminants were being effective transformed. A decrease in these numbers was associated with a reduction in treatment performance. The results of the field tests indicated that although bioaugmentation can be successfully implemented, competition for the growth substrate (butane) by the indigenous microorganisms likely lead to the decrease in long-term performance.

• 대기
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.303-315
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• 2014

HadGEM2-CC 모델에서의 $CO_2$ 농도증가에 대한 RCP 시나리오의 결과는 21세기 말 전 지구 연평균 기온과 강수 증가가 전망되고 이에 따라 식물의 생산량 및 호흡량 증가가 전망된다. 20세기 말 일차생산량(GPP와 NPP), 호흡량, LAI가 21세기 말 기온 증가에 따라 증가하는 점은 기존의 Shao et al. (2013)와 유사하였다. 특히 이전 연구와 유사하게 21세기 말 일차생산량과 호흡량은 고위도보다 열대 저위도 지역에서 증가량이 더 컸다. 기온이 상승하고 강수량이 증가하면서 식생이 자라지 않던 나지 면적이 감소하였고, 이에 따른 식생 면적 증가는 식생의 생산량(GPP, NPP) 증가로 나타났다. 특히, 본 연구에서는 C3 초지, 활엽수의 면적 증가가 뚜렷하였다. 이는 Beck and Goetz (2011)에서 언급한 대로 온난화에 따른 식생 면적 증가가 식생 생산성과 연관되어 $CO_2$ 흡수작용을 강화하는 데 기여할 수 있음을 의미한다. Shao et al. (2013)에 따르면 21세기 말 누적 NEE는 증가가 전망되고 이는 특히 열대와 고위도 지역이 주요 흡수원으로 작용하였기 때문으로 그 원인을 설명하였다. 본 연구에서 사용된 HadGEM2-CC에서는 전 지구 평균적으로 NEE 흡수가 증가하는 경향은 동일하게 전망하며, 이는 열대보다는 북반구 고위도지역인 유라시아와 북미 대륙에서 증가한 흡수가 그 원인으로 분석되었다(Fig. 8). 앞서 Mynenl et al. (1997)에 따르면 기온상승에 따라 식생의 광합성활동, 생장시기 길이와 시작시기의 당겨짐을 보고하였다. 본 연구 실험에서도 이와 유사하게 미래에 기온 상승에 따라 식생 성장 기간이 길어지고 LAI도 증가하며 식생 지대가 점차 고위도로 북상할 것을 전망하였다(Figs. 5, 12b). 이에 따라 육상 생태계의 $CO_2$ 흡수량은 20세기 말보다 21세기 말에 증가하였고 우리나라가 속해있는 동아시아지역($90^{\circ}E{\sim}140^{\circ}E$, $20^{\circ}N{\sim}60^{\circ}N$)은 기온, 강수뿐 아니라 $CO_2$ 흡수량도 같은 위도대의 전 지구 동서평균보다 크게 모의되었다. RCPs에 따른 흡수율은 21세기 중반까지는 대기 중 이산화탄소 농도 변화율과 유사한 경향을 보이는데 RCP 8.5에서는 21세기 후반에 흡수 증가율이 감소하며 이는 Liddicoat et al. (2013) 에서 보인것과 유사하다. 하지만 대기 중 $CO_2$의 증가와 식생분포 지역의 확대에도 불구하고 21세기 말 육상생태계의 순생태계흡수량은 크게 증가하지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 기온 상승이 크게 일어난 21세기 후반부터 토양 호흡의 급격한 증가로 인하여 육상생태계의 이산화탄소 흡수 능력은 감소한 것에 기인하였다. 향후 본 연구결과의 유의성을 확보하기 위해 다양한 모델의 자료를 추가할 필요가 있다. Shao et al. (2013)에 따르면 미래 탄소 흡수 전망에 있어 전 지구 및 위도별 모의 결과가 모델마다 매우 다양한데 이는 지면생태모형 간의 식생역학, 물리과정의 차이로 해석된다. 미래 육상생태계의 이산화탄소 흡수 능력의 변화와 기후변화를 보다 정확하게 예측하기 위해서는 다른 모델의 자료를 이용한 불확실성을 정량화 하는 것이 필요하며 이는 전 지구 및 지역별 탄소 순환 이해를 높이는 데 기여할 것이다.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.69-92
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• 2001

The purposes of this study were to offer foundation making more certain standards of musculoskeletal disorder diagnosis, We researched musculoskeletal symptoms degrees, frequencies, and cares and then examined relation between musculoskeletal symptoms and diagnosis of musculoskeletal conditions using moire topography among workers at an automobile manufacturing plant. Therefore we propose the possibility of moire topography as diagnosing utilities of musculoskeletal disorders. Methods: This study was to examine the general characteristics, complaints of musculoskeletal symptoms, and work-related musculoskeletal disorder rates of cervicobrachial and lumbar area by survey among 435 workers at an automobile manufacturing plant and then to show each frequency and percentage, In the diagnosis using moire topography, we studied pain control necessity of cervicobrachial and lumbar area, 435 subjects were classified by 5 levels: A(no symptoms), B(need management), C(need treatment) and then more divided by B1(light symptoms)/B2(heavy symptoms), C1(light symptoms)/C2(heavy symptoms), And musculoskeletal areas were divided by 2 parts, cervicobrachial area(neck, shoulder, arm&elbow, and wrist&hand) and lumbar area, Then, frequency and percentage of each musculoskeletal areas(cervicobrachial and lumbar area) were appeared. At last, Pearson's chi-square test analysis was utilized to observe the relation between diagnosis using moire topography and general characteristics and the relation between diagnosis using moire topography and work-related complaint of musculoskeletal symptoms of cervicobrachial and lumbar area, Results: The subjects employed for this research were categorized into; by gender, all of them were males(l00%): by age, under 35 years 12 %, 36-40 years 56.3%, 41-45 years 26.3 %, and above 46 years 5.3% with 36-40 years accounting for most of it. By living location, owned houses represented 69.7%, rented houses 23.4%, monthly-rented 1.6%, the others 5.3%; by education, middle school and lower represented 3.0%, high school 89.4%, and junior college and higher 7.6% with high school occupying most of the group. By marital status, married represented 95.2%, unmarried 4.1%, and the others 0.7% with most of them married; by alcohol, drinking represented 81.8% and non-drinking 18.2%; by smoking status, smoking represented 53.6%, non-smoking 46.4% with no big difference between them. By working time(hours/week), below 50 represented 26.9%, 50-60 67.6%, above 60 5.5%; by working time(hours/day), below 9 represented 21.6%, 10-12 73.1%, above 13 5.3%; by job tenure(years), below 10 represented 25.1%, 11-15 54.3%, 16-20 15.2%, above 21 5.5%. By personal income per year, below 30 million won represented 11.0%, 30-40 84.8%, above 40 4.1%; by sleeping hours, below 6 hours represented 26.7%, 7-8 hours 69.9%, above 9 hours 3.4%. Complaint rates of musculoskeletal symptoms and work-related musculoskeletal disorder rates were 63.9% and 54.9% with shoulder area occupying most of both them. By pain degree of musculoskeletal symptoms, shoulder area represented $2.73{\pm}0.84$, lumbar area $2.66{\pm}0.86$, wrist and hand area $2.59{\pm}0.86$, neck area $2.55{\pm}0.74$, and arm and elbow area $2.48{\pm}0.71$. By cares about musculoskeletal symptoms, taking medication or care represented 34.4%-46.7%, absence or leave 15.4%-28.7%, and job transfer 6.3%-11.5%. So experienced cases more than one thing among cares about musculoskeletal symptoms represented 39.6%-54%. In the diagnosis using moire topography, pain control necessity of cervicobrachial area was shown below; A(no symptoms) 20.7%, B1(need management/light symptoms) 64.6%, B2(need management/heavy symptoms) 11.5%, C1(need treatment/light symptoms) 3.0%, C2(need treatment/heavy symptoms) 0.2%. By lumbar area, A(no symptoms) 8.7%, B1(need management/light symptoms) 52.2%, B2(need management/heavy symptoms) 30.3%, C1(need treatment/light symptoms) 8.7%, C2(need treatment/heavy symptoms) was none. In the relation between pain control necessity and general characteristics, age(P=0.013), education(P=0.000), and job tenure(P=0.012) with pain control necessity showed differences with significance. The relation between pain control necessity and complaint of musculoskeletal symptoms of cervicobrachial and lumbar area showed no difference with significance; in cervicobrachial area represented P=0.708, lumbar area P=0.318 Conclusions: This study for musculoskeletal symptoms on workers at automobile manufacturing plant showed that complaint rates of musculoskeletal symptoms for cervicobrachial and lumbar area were so high, 63.9%. But Pearson's chi-square test analysis was utilized to study the relation between musculoskeletal symptoms and the diagnosis using moire topography, showed no differences with significance. They have no differences with significance, but the prevalence rates of diagnosis using moire topography for cervicobrachial and lumbar area were more higher than complaint rates of musculoskeletal symptoms; complaint rates of musculoskeletal symptoms were 52.4%, 34.5% and the diagnosis using moire topography were 79.3%, 91.3% for cervicobrachial and lumbar area. The results of this study indicate that the diagnosis using moire topography can find weak musculoskeletal disorders that an individual can not feel, not be judged work-related musculoskeletal disease. Therefore, this study has an important meaning that diagnosis using moire topography can predict and control own physical condition complete musculoskeletal disorders beforehand, since oriental medicine theory considers that prevention is important.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.72-92
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• 2000

This research has conducted studies on an Oriental medicine-based method of diagnosing of occupational musculoskeletal system diseases. This researcher has searched through existing relevant medical literature. Also, this researcher has worked on a moire topography using moire topography. In this course, this researcher has reached the following conclusion in relation to the possibility of using a moire topography as a diagnosing device of musculoskeletal system diseases under Oriental medicine . 1 The Western medicine outlines its criteria of screening occupational musculoskeletal system diseases as follows A. The occupational musculoskeletal diseases must clearly include one or more of the subjective symptoms characterized by pain, hypoesthesia dysaesthesia, anaesthesia. etc . B, There should be clinically admitted objective observations and diagnosis outlining that the disease concerned shows symptoms such as tenderness, induration. and edema that can appear with occupational musculoskeletal system diseases. dyscinesia should be admitted with the disease concerned, or there should be observations and diagnosis outlining that abnormality exists in electric muscular or nervous diagnosis and examination . C. It should be admitted that prior to the occurrence of symptoms or observations and diagnosis on musculoskeletal system-related diseases, a patient has been engaged in works with conditions requiring improper work posture or work movement. That is, this is an approach whereby they see abnormality in the musculoskeletal system come from material and structural defect, and adjust and control abnormality in the musculoskeletal system and secreta . 2. The Oriental medicines sees that a patient develops the pain of occupational musculoskeletal diseases as he cannot properly activate the flow of his life force and blood thus not only causing formation of lumps in the body and blocking the flow of life force and blood in some parts of the body. Hence, The Oriental medicine focuses on resolving the cause of weakening the flow of life force and blood, instead of taking material approach of correcting structural abnormality Furthermore , Oriental medicine sees that when muscle tension builds up, this presses blood vessels and nerves passing by, triggering circulation dyscrasia and neurological reaction and thus leading to lesion. Thus, instead of taking skeletal or neurophysiological approach. it seeks to fundamentally resolve the cause of the flow of the life force and blood in muscles not being activated. As a result Oriental medicine attributes the main cause of musculoskeletal system diseases to muscle tension and its build-up that stem from an individual's long formed chronicle habit and work environment. This approach considers not only the social structure aspect including companies owners and work environment that the existing methods have looked at, but also individual workers' responsibility and their environmental factors. Hence, this is a step forward method. 3 The diagnosis of musculoskeletal diseases under Oriental medicine is characterized by the fact that an Oriental medicine doctor uses not only photos taken by himself, but also various detection devices to gather information and pass comprehensive judgment on it. Thus, it is the core of diagnosis under Oriental medicine to develop diagnosing devices matching the characteristics of information to be induced and to interpret information so induced from the views of Oriental medicine. Diagnosis using diagnosing devices values the whole state of a patient and formal abnormality alike, and the whole balance and muscular state of a patient serves as the basis of diagnosis. Hence, this method, instead of depending on the information gathered from devices under Western medicine, requires devices that provide information on the whole state of a patient in addition to the local abnormality information that X-ray. CT, etc., can offer. This method sees muscle as the central part of the abnormality in the musculoskeletal system and thus requires diagnosing devices enabling the muscular state. 4. The diagnosing device using moire topography under Oriental medicine has advantages below and can be used for diagnosing musculoskeletal system diseases with industrial workers . First, the device can Provide information on the body in an unbalanced state. and thus identify the imbalance and difference of height in the left and right stature that a patient can not notice at normal times. Second, the device shows the twisting of muscles or induration regions in a contour map. This is not possible with existing shooting machines such as X-ray, CT, etc., thus differentiating itself from existing machines. Third, this device makes it possible for Oriental medicine to take its unique approach to the abnormality in the musculoskeletal system. Oriental medicine sees the state and imbalance state in muscles as major factors in determining the lesion of musculoskeletal system, and the device makes it possible to shoot the state of muscles in detail. In this respect, the device is significant. Fourth, the device has an advantage as non-aggression diagnosing device.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.177-188
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• 1989

임비성패류독의 제독방법 및 패류독성과 원인 플랑크톤과의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 1987년과 1988년 2월 부터 6월 사이에 마산의 수정, 진동의 양도, 거제도의 하청 해역에시 진주담치의 PSP 함량과 해수의 온도, pH, 염분농도와의 관계와 1989 년 3월부터 6월 사이에 부산의 감천만 해역에서 진주담치의 PSP 함량과 Protogonyaulax sp.의 밀도, 그리고 해역의 무기염(질소와 인) 농도와의 관계를 조사하고 독화된 진주담치의 자숙온도 및 시간에 따른 독력변화를 실험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. PSP가 빈번히 검출되는 2월과 5월 사이에 있어서 같은 해역이라도 PSP의 검출률이나 독소함양은 연도에 따라 심한 차이가 있었다. 2. 진주담치 서식해역의 수온이 $8.0^{\circ}C$에서 $14.0^{\circ}C$ 사이일 때 PSP가 주로 검출되었다. 3. 부산 감천만 해역에서 진주담치의 PSP 함양과 Protogonyaulax sp.의 밀도 사이에 출현초기에는 상관관계가 있었지만 항상 일정한 상관관계는 나타나지 않았다. 4. Protogonyaulax sp.의 밀도는 $NO_3-N$의 농도와 가장 밀접한 상관관계가 있었다. 5. 진주담치의 PSP는 $70^{\circ}C$ 이하에서는 60분간 자숙에도 거의 변화가 없었으나, $80^{\circ}C$ 이상에서는 온도가 상승함에 따라 감독률도 증가하였다. 6. 독력이 $150{\mu}g/100g$인 진주담치는 자숙 30분만에 동물실험결과 독성이 나타나지 않았으나, $5400{\mu}g/100g$인 진주담치의 경우는 90분 이상 자숙하여도 식품위생상 안전한 수준으로 감독시킬 수 없었다.30 mm로 체측의 흑색소포의 분포상태와 체형이 성어와 닮아 있다. 두개골 및 내흉골은 부화 $9\~10$일째의 전장 6.0mm에서 골화되기 시작하여 치어기에 달한 부화후 $40\~43$일째의 전장 13.50 mm에 이르러 골화가 완전하게 이루어진다. 척추골은 복추골이 먼저 발달하여 미추골쪽으로 골화가 진행되며, 각 추체에 대응하는 배경극과 혈관극이 추체보다 늦게 골화한다. 척추골수는 12+21=33개이다. 요대골은 편수골 중 쇄골의 하단과 접착되어 있다. 미골은 미부봉상골 앞의 추체가 먼저 골화된 후에 골화가 진행된다. 골격은 부화 $9\~10$일째인 전장 6.0 mm의 자어에서 섭이와 호흡에 연관된 부분부터 먼저 골화가 일어나 빠른 속도로 발달이 진행되어 부화 40-43일째인 전장 13.52 mm를 전후하여 대부분의 골격이 완성된다. 체장 9.87cm, 수컷은 9.65cm이었다. 병어는 채집된 최소체장인 암컷 18.6cm, 수컷 16.7cm 이상에서 $100\%$ 전개체가 재생산에 참여하였다.전체의 $80.8\%$를 차지하였다. 고등어분말수우프의 맛성분은 건물량 기준으로 유리아미노산 및 관련화합물이 1,279.4 mg/100g, 불휘발성유기산이 948.1mg/100g, 핵산 관련물질 672.8 mg/100g, 총 creatinine이 430.4 mg/100g, betaine 86.6mg/100g 및 미량의 TMAO로 이루어져 있었고 국물로 우려낼때 맛성분의 추출조건은 $100^{\circ}C$에서 1분간의 고온단시간 추출이 적합하였다. 증가를 나타내었는데, 저장기간에 따른 물성의 변화는 숭어에 비하여 붕장어가 적었다.양식산은 aspartic acid 및 proline이 많았다. 또한

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.853-860
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• 2012

비산재 혼합에 의한 $CH_4$과 $CO_2$ 방출 저감 가능성을 조사하기 위해 질소 ($(NH_4)_2SO_4$) 무처리구와 처리구를 두고 비산재를 0, 5, 10% 수준으로 혼합한 후 토양 수분 변동조건 (습윤기간, 전이기간, 건조기간)에서 60일간 실험실내 항온배양실험을 통해 $CH_4$과 $CO_2$ flux를 분석하였다. 전체 항온배양기간 중 평균 $CH_4$ flux는 $0.59{\sim}1.68mg\;CH_4\;m^{-2}day^{-1}$의 범위였으며, 질소 무처리구에 비해 처리구에서 flux가 낮았는데, 이는 질소 처리시 함께 시용된 $SO_4^{2-}$의 전자수용체 기능에 의해 $CH_4$ 생성이 억제되었기 때문으로 판단되었다. 질소 무처리구와 처리구에서 비산재 10% 처리에 의해 $CH_4$ flux가 각각 37.5%와 33.0% 감소하였는데, 이는 물리적인 측면에서 미립질 (실트 함량 75.4%)인 비산재 시용에 의해 통기성 대공극량이 감소되어 $CH_4$ 확산 속도가 저감되었기 때문으로 판단되었다. 또한, 생화학적 측면에서는 비산재의 $CO_2$ 흡착능에 의해 $CH_4$ 생성의 주요 기작 중 하나인 이산화탄소 환원에 필요한 $CO_2$ 공급이 억제된 것도 원인 일 수 있다. 한편, 전체 항온 배양 기간의 평균 $CO_2$ flux ($0.64{\sim}0.90g\;CO_2\;m^{-2}day^{-1}$) 역시 질소 무처리구가 질소 처리구보다 높았다. 이는 일반적으로 질소 시비에 의해 토양 호흡량이 증가한다는 기존의 연구결과와는 상이한데, 본 연구에서 질소 처리에 의해 활성화된 미생물에 의해 $CO_2$ flux 최초 측정 시점 (처리 후 2일째) 이전에 이미 상당한 양의 $CO_2$가 이미 방출되어 실측 flux에 반영되지 못했기 때문으로 설명이 가능했다. $CH_4$과 유사하게 $CO_2$ flux도 비산재무처리구에 비해 비산재 10% 처리구에서 약 20% 감소하였는데, 이는 비산재의 원소 구성 중 Ca과 Mg과 토양수내 탄산이온의 탄산염 ($CaCO_3$과 $MgCO_3$)화 반응에 의한 $CO_2$ 침전 때문이다. 이상과 같은 비산재 처리에 의한 $CH_4$과 $CO_2$ flux 감소에 의해 지구온난화지수 역시 비산재 10% 처리구에서 약 20% 감소하였다. 따라서, 비산재는 논 토양에서 $CH_4$과 $CO_2$ 방출 저감에 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 실재 벼 재배 포장에서의 실험을 통한 추가적인 검증이 필요하다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.3-33
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• 1971

Nursing of today has as one of its objectives the solving of problems related to human needs arising from the demands of a rapidly changing society. This nursing objective, I believe, can he attained by the appropriate application of scientific principles in the giving of comprehensive nursing care. Comprehensive nursing care may be defined as nursing care which meets all of the patient's needs. the needs of patients are said to fall into five broad categories: physical needs, psychological needs, environmental needs, socio-economic needs, and teaching needs. Most people who become ill have adjustment problems related to their new situation. Because patient teaching is one of the most important functions of professional nursing, the success of this teaching may be used as a gauge for evaluating comprehensive nursing care. This represents a challenge foe the future. A questionnaire consisting of 67 items was distributed to 200 professional nurses working ill direct patient care at Yonsei University Medical Center in Seoul, Korea. 160 (80,0%) nurses of the total sample returned completed questionnaires 81 (50.6%) nurses were graduates of 3 fear diploma courser 79 (49.4%) nurses were graduates of 4 year collegiate nursing schools in Korea 141 (88,1%) nurses had under 5 years of clinical experience in a medical center, while 19 (11.9%) nurses had more than 5years of clinical experience. Three hypotheses were tested: 1. “Nurses had high levels of concept and knowledge toward patient teaching”-This was demonstrated by the use of a statistical method, the mean average. 2. “Nurses graduating from collegiate programs and diploma school programs of nursing show differences in concepts and knowledge toward patient teaching”-This was demonstrated by a statistical method, the mean average, although the results showed little difference between the two groups. 3. “Nurses having different amounts of clinical experience showed differences in concepts and knowledge toward patient teaching”-This was demonstrated by the use of a statistical method, the mean average. 2. “Nurses graduating from collegiate programs and diploma school programs of nursing show differences in concepts and knowledge toward patient teaching”-This was demonstrated by a statistical method, the mean average, although the results showed little difference between the two groups. 3. “Nurses having different amounts of clinical experience showed differences in concepts and knowledge toward patient teaching”-This was demonstrated by the use of the T-test. Conclusions of this study are as follow: Before attempting the explanation, of the results, the questionnaire will he explained. The questionnaire contained 67 questions divided into 9 sections. These sections were: concept, content, time, prior preparation, method, purpose, condition, evaluation, and recommendations for patient teaching. 1. The nurse's concept of patient teaching: Most of the nurses had high levels of concepts and knowledge toward patient teaching. Though nursing service was task-centered at the turn of the century, the emphasis today is put on patient-centered nursing. But we find some of the nurses (39.4%) still are task-centered. After, patient teaching, only a few of the nurses (14.4%) checked this as “normal teaching.”It seems therefore that patient teaching is often done unconsciously. Accordingly it would he desirable to have correct concepts and knowledge of teaching taught in schools of nursing. 2. Contents of patient teaching: Most nurses (97.5%) had good information about content of patient teaching. They teach their patients during admission about their diseases, tests, treatments, and before discharge give nurses instruction about simple nursing care, personal hygiene, special diets, rest and sleep, elimination etc. 3. Time of patient teaching: Teaching can be accomplished even if there is no time set aside specifically for it. -a large part of the nurse's teaching can be done while she is giving nursing care. If she believes she has to wait for time free from other activities, she may miss many teaching opportunities. But generally proper time for patient teaching is in the midmorning or midafternoon since one and a half or two hours required. Nurses meet their patients in all stages of health: often tile patient is in a condition in which learning is impossible-pain, mental confusion, debilitation, loss of sensory perception, fear and anxiety-any of these conditions may preclude the possibility of successful teaching. 4. Prior preparation for patient teaching: The teaching aids, nurses use are charts (53.1%), periodicals (23.8%), and books (7.0%) Some of the respondents (28.1%) reported that they had had good preparation for the teaching which they were doing, others (27.5%) reported adequate preparation, and others (43.8%) reported that their preparation for teaching was inadequate. If nurses have advance preparation for normal teaching and are aware of their objectives in teaching patients, they can do effective teaching. 5. Method of patient teaching: The methods of individual patient teaching, the nurses in this study used, were conversation (55.6%) and individual discussion (19.2%) . And the methods of group patient teaching they used were demonstration (42.3%) and lecture (26.2%) They should also he prepared to use pamphlet and simple audio-visual aids for their teaching. 6. Purposes of patient teaching: The purposes of patient teaching is to help the patient recover completely, but the majority of the respondents (40.6%) don't know this. So it is necessary for them to understand correctly the purpose of patient teaching and nursing care. 7. Condition of patient teaching: The majority of respondents (75.0%) reported there were some troubles in teaching uncooperative patients. It would seem that the nurse's leaching would be improved if, in her preparation, she was given a better understanding of the patient and communication skills. The majority of respondents in the total group, felt teaching is their responsibility and they should teach their patient's family as well as the patient. The place for teaching is most often at the patient's bedside (95.6%) but the conference room (3.1%) is also used. It is important that privacy be provided in learning situations with involve personal matters. 8. Evaluation of patient teaching: The majority of respondents (76.3%,) felt leaching is a highly systematic and organized function requiring special preparation in a college or university, they have the idea that teaching is a continuous and ever-present activity of all people throughout their lives. The suggestion mentioned the most frequently for improving preparation was a course in patient teaching included in the basic nursing program. 9. Recommendations: 1) It is recommended, that in clinical nursing, patient teaching be emphasized. 2) It is recommended, that insertive education the concepts and purposes of patient teaching he renewed for all nurses. In addition to this new knowledge, methods and materials which can be applied to patient teaching should be given also. 3) It is recommended, in group patient teaching, we try to embark on team teaching.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.53-68
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• 1981

지속하중하(持續荷重下)의 점토지반(粘土地盤) 또는 사면(斜面)을 형성(形成)하고 있는 점토(粘土)는 시간의존변형(時間依存變形)을 일으키고 어떤 경우 파괴(破壞)에 이르기도 하는데 그 원인(原因)은 점토(粘土)의 Creep 거동(擧動) 때문이라는 보고(報告)가 대부분(大部分)이다. Creep 거동(擧動)은 많은 요소(要素)에 관련될 뿐 아니라 특(特)히 함수비(含水比) 및 응력수준(應力水準)에 큰 영향(影響)을 받기 때문에 매우 복잡(複雜)하며 따라서 그 거동(擧動)을 해석(解析) 하기도 어려운 일인데 Creep이 궁극적(窮極的)으로는 점토(粘土) 입자간(粒子間)의 미시적(微視的)인 거동(擧動)에서 비롯되기 때문이다. 응력(應力)-변형(變形)-시간(時間) 관계(關係)로서의 Creep 거동(擧動)을 수학적(數學的)으로 표현(表現)하기 위하여 여러 형태(形態)의 유변학적(流變學的) 모델이 제안(提案) 되었다. 유변학적(流變學的) 모델은 선형(線形) 스프링, 비선형(非線形) Dashpot 및 Slider를 조합(組合)한 것인데 점토(粘土)의 변형(變形)에 관한 탄성적(彈性的), 소성적(塑性的) 및 점성적(粘性的) 성분(成分)을 구분(區分) 하는데 매우 유용(有用)하다. 그러나 대부분(大部分)의 경우, 유변학적(流變學的)모델은 포화(飽和)된 점토(粘土)에 대(對)하여 주(主)로 2차압밀(次壓密) 거동(擧動)을 밝히기 위하여 제안(提案)된 것으로 비포화점토(非飽和粘土)에 대(對)한 보고(報告)는 매우 드문 것 같다. 한편, Creep 거동(擧動)은 시간의존변형(時間依存變形)이므로 흐트러진 점토(粘土)를 다져서 시험(試驗)하는 경우, 시간경과(時間經過)에 따라 Thixotropy 문제(問題)가 제기(提起)될 것이고 배수조건(排水條件)과 관련하여서는 공시체(供試體)의 높이가 문제(問題)될 수 있다. 그뿐 아니라 많은 연구결과(硏究結果)에 의(依)하면 응력증가초기(應力增加初期)에는 시간지체(時間遲滯)가 없는 초기탄성변형(初期彈性變形)이 발생(發生)된다고 하므로 유변학적(流變學的) 모델에는 이를 나타내는 요소(要素)가 반드시 필요(必要)하게 될 것이다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)는 이러한 면(面)에 초점(焦點)을 두고 함수비(含水比)와 응력수준(應力水準)을 여러 가지로 변화(變化)시켰을 때의 Creep 거동(擧動)을 유변학적(流變學的) 모델로 해석(解析)함에 있어 소성(塑性)이 비교적(比較的) 큰 3종(種)의 점토(粘土)를 사용(使用)하여 초기탄성변형(初期彈性變形) 거동(擧動)을 밝히고 Thixotropy 효과(効果) 및 공시체(供試體)의 높이가 Creep 거동(擧動)에 끼치는 영향(影響)을 구명(究明)하며 아울러 유변학적(流變學的) 모델의 어떤 요소(要素)에 관련 되는가를 알아내기 위하여 다져서 성형(成形)한 공시체(供試體)로서 일축배수형식(一軸排水形式)의 Creep 거동(擧動)을 시행(施行)하였다. 실험결과(實驗結果) 및 검토(檢討)에 의(依)하면 응력재하(應力載荷) 및 증가초기(增加初期)에는 시간지체(時間遲滯)가 없는 탄성적(彈性的) 초기변형(初期變形)이 발생(發生)하고 따라서 유변학적(流變學的) 모델에는 이를 나타내기 위한 상부(上部)스프링을 설치(設置)해야 하며 Thixotropy 효과(効果)를 고려(考慮)한 경우, Creep변형(變形)은 완만(緩慢)하게 되나 함수비(含水比) 및 응력수준(應力水準)에 따른 상태거동(狀態擧動)은 같으므로 그 차이(差異)는 모델 상수(常數)의 크기에만 관련됨을 알아내었고 따라서 동일(同一)한 유변학적(流變學的) 모델로 그 거동(擧動)을 나타낼 수 있다는 사실(事實)을 밝혀 냈다. 또 공시체(供試體) 높이를 작게 한 경우에는 함수비(含水比)가 비교적(比較的) 작아서 점(粘)-소(塑)-탄성(彈性) 및 점(粘)-탄성(彈性)일 때만 높이가 클 때와 같은 상태거동(狀態擧動)을 나타내어 동일(同一)한 유변학적(流變學的) 모델로 나타낼 수 있고 함수비(含水比)가 큰 점일소성(粘一塑性) 및 점성류(粘性流)일 때는 그 상태거동(狀態擧動)이 배수문제(排水問題)와 관련하여 달라지게 되고 따라서 유변학적(流變學的) 모델도 달라지게 된다는 사실(事實)을 발견(發見) 하였다.