• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.311-318
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• 2009

In previous study, a new allocation methodology of common cost on multi-product have been suggested. The aim of this study is to suggest the methodology that allocates an environment pollution cost including carbon emission cost to each cost of multi-product. For this study, a supposed multi-energy system composed of twenty kinds of systems was made. The multi-energy system produces eighteen kinds of outputs that are electricity, steam, hot water, chilled water, ice, warm air, and cooling air from seven kinds of energy source that are LNG, coil, geothermal energy, sun heat, hydrogen, bio-mass, and waste. The new methodology was applied to the multi-energy system in order to allocate the environment pollution cost to each production cost, and twenty seven equations were induced. From this result, it is concluded that this methodology can estimate each unit cost and allocate each cost flow in any product of any energy system.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 1987

A new method for designing air pollution monitoring newtork is presented in this study. In this method, the magnitudes and the correlation coefficients of predicted concentrations in each grid points are examined and the monitoring stations are assigned to those stations which cover the damage cost the most. This method was applied to the Ulsan-Onsan Industrial Complex. This method turned out to be much more efficient than the method of TM coordinates and the method of concentric circles prescribed in the Standard Methods for Pollution Measurement as well as the existing monitoring system established in the area. The 21 stations selected by the method of TM coordinates could cover only 64.4% of the damage cost in the area, the 16 stations by the method of concentric circles 72.1%, and the existing 21 stations 67.8%, while 11 stations were enough to cover 90% of the damage cost in the area with this method. It also was found that this method required only 24 stations to cover the entire area.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2018.06a
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• pp.126-126
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• 2018

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.755-768
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• 1998

Nitrogen and phosphorus are major nutrients in animal feeds which partially remain in the environment as pollution. In addition, nitrogen and phosphorus along with energy are the main nutrients which determine the feed cost. Any decreases in the levels of these three nutrients can contribute to reducing the pollution problem as well as the cost of feed. The nutrient requirements for chickens in the work here reported should allow for the addition of mixed enzymes (phytases, proteases, glucanases, xylanases and others). Such minimal levels of crude protein in the research results which are here reported are 16% for 0-6 weeks of age, 13.5% for 7-12 weeks of age, 11.5% for 13-18 weeks of age for layer type chicks, 13% for layer, 18% for 0-3 weeks of age broiler and 16.5% for 4-7 weeks of age broiler. These research projects have been done without adding enzyme supplements to their experimental diets. The minimal values of phosphorus, shown as available phosphorus, are 0.25% for pullets, 0.09% for layers and 0.25% for broilers with the addition of phytase. The minimum energy requirement (metabolizable energy) for reducing the feed cost could be summarized as 2,750 kcal per kg feed for pullets, 2,800 kcal for layers and 2,700 kcal for broilers.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.241-242
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• 2006

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.448-455
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• 2016

Diffuse pollution management in Korea initiated by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) resulted to the construction of pilot facilities termed Best Management Practices (BMPs). Twelve BMPs installed for the diffuse pollution management in the Kyung-An Stream were monitored since 2006. Data on the mass loading, removal efficiency, maintenance activities, etc. were gathered and utilized to conduct the evaluation of long-term performance of BMPs. The financial data such as actual construction, design and maintenance cost were also collected to evaluate the lifecycle cost (LCC) of BMPs. In this study, most of the maintenance activity was focused in the aesthetic maintenance that resulted to the annual maintenance cost of the four BMP types was closely similar ranging from 8,483 $/yr for retention pond to 8,888 $/yr infiltration system. The highest LCC were observed in constructed wetland ($418,324) while vegetated system had the lowest LCC ($210,418). LCC of BMPs was not so high as compared with the conventional treatment facility and sewage treatment plant. On the other hand, the relationship of removal efficiency on unit cost for TSS and TN was significant. This study will be used to design the cost effective BMP for diffuse pollution management and become models for LCC analysis.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 1995

The I.A.P.(Index of Atmospheric Purity) by the distribution of Bryophtes on the bark of various latifoliate tree trunks was investigated at four sites(Daeheung, Songkwang, Jeungsim, and Heunggook Temple) from April, 1991 to April, 1993. The IAP was in inverse proportion to the degree of air pollution. The I.A.P at four sites were estimated 78.2 at Daeheung temple, 61.0 at Songkwang temple, 28.3 at Jeungsim temple, and 10.3 at Heunggook temple, respectively. The distribution degree of Bryophytes in Heunggook temple progressed during the last ten years. It represents the bettrment of air quality. Bioassay by means of lichens seems to have great potential for better and less expensive ways of measuring pollution levels instead of the high cost of buying and maintaining air pollution monitoring equipment.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.111-116
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• 2010

The environmental management is essential for construction projects. The environmental management cost for construction projects is used for various purposes to control the environmental pollution and treat the wastes generated from the construction sites. Six construction cases were analyzed to compare the environmental management cost. The proportion of environmental management cost for total construction budget should be higher than 0.70% in redevelopment projects and 0.30% in newly constructed buildings, respectively, but every six construction cases did not meet the legal requirement. Redevelopment projects expanded more environmental management cost than the newly constructed projects especially in noise control and wastes treatment. In case of apartment construction projects, the proportion of environmental management cost of redevelopment buildings is 2.4 times higher than the newly constructed buildings, but in all cases, paid more attention to the noise and waste controlling measures than the wastewater treatment. It is needed to ensure the cost-effectiveness of environmental management for achieving the eco-friendly construction sites.

• Proceedings of the Korean Professional Engineer Association Conference
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• 1983.12a
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• pp.74-77
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• 1983

To attain the rich and comfortable human living, much development and economic growth are needed. But the radical development destroys natural environments or resources, and also the life environments are destroyed. How to maintain the balance between development and environments forms an important problem. Since 1955, a great deal of damage has been done to human being by the pollution of air, water or noise in Japan, for example, Minamata-byo (1956), arsenical poisoning by mkil (1955), Cd-I taiitai-byo (1955), asthma by air pollution, etc. Now, there are over 100,000 sick persons suffering from pollution in Japan. To prevent the pollution, the first act was made 1967, the kind of which were defined as follow:air, water, soil, noise, vibration ground subsidence, and bad smell. Laws on these were established 1970∼1981, and the environments here ave gradually being improved. The mentioned above gituation necsesitates the measuring or chemical analysis of pollution data, but the many cost is necessary to obtain such data. The special environment measuring certifier was needed and the Measurement Law was amended 1974. Some comment will be given of the present condition of environmental measuring certifier.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.157-163
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• 1997

This paper analyses a number of important areas relating to methane production in ruminants, consequent hazards and different methods of reducing this gas. Clearly methane not only affects on the environment but also on the economy of animal production. Several factors including feed, species, microbes, rumen environment, etc. are responsible for methane production in animals. Although methane production can be reduced by chemical manipulation, defaunation and strategic feeding, the latter was found to be effective because the method is easier to follow than the others. Furthermore, feeding technology could play an important role in reducing methane production particularly in developing countries because of its relative cost effectiveness. however, it needs to compare to what extent it could reduce methane production as well as cost of animal production. Therefore, research program needs to be concentrated on the appropriate feeding system to reduce methane production, consequently pollution and cost of production particularly in developing countries.