• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.125-141
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• 2020

This study examines the effect of founders' strategic orientation and social capital on the performance of startups in Korean contexts. Founders' strategic orientation is proposed as the main factor to reduce the risk of failure and to increase the potential of future growth of the startup. Three main components of strategic orientation, entrepreneurial, market, technology, were simultaneously tested with a sample of Korean startups. Furthermore, founders' social capital, networks with supporting entities and the level of chemistry within founding members were also proposed to be important factors. We also tested possible mediating effects of social capital on the main impact of strategic orientation. With a sample of 79 startups founded less than 5 years in Seoul Metropolitan Areas, we found that technology orientation of founders only significantly increases the performance of startups, but both entrepreneurial and market orientation do not. Regarding social capital effect, the external networks of the founding members are effective as proposed, and also the high cohesiveness of founding members increases the startup performance. However, the mediating role of social capital is just partially confirmed. The implications of our findings, in both sense of firm's strategy and startup policy, are discussed. This study is expected to be a bridge connecting firms' strategy with startup policy-making in Korea.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.229-236
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• 2018

In the past, technology commercialization was implemented in a narrow sense, such as technology transfer or start-up support. It has been pointed out that lack of entrepreneurial experience, failure in technology development, and insecure markets lead to failure of technology commercialization. The project supporting direct commercialization of technologies owned by academic and research institutes conjoins public funds and operating power of large enterprises to introduce a new technology commercialization model that combines commercialization technology with capital, market, and government policies. And pain points for direct commercializing technology was derived. Through research and analysis, a gap was found between the demand factors and the capability of the actors performing the technology commercialization, and it showed a significant correlation with the paint points. In consequence, measures were drawn to improve support policies to enhance the efficiency of commercialization of technologies held by universities and research institutes.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.228-244
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• 2017

This paper aims to evaluate the Industrial Complex Campus Program and to provide policy recommendations for promoting effectiveness of industrial complex campuses through the in-depth case study on the Changwon Industrial Complex Campus Program. The survey shows that the program contributes to not only strengthening the R&D capacities of SMEs within the cluster, but also promoting the interactions between local companies and local universities. But it claims that the industrial complex campus program reveals some limitations to supporting effectively local enterprises. First, It is necessary to maintain regional balance in terms of the sites of the implementation of the program. Second, the policy management plan and the monitoring system of the program should be established for the purpose of the self-reliance of industrial complex campuses, regardless of the government financial support.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.143-150
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• 2021

This study aims to determine (1) the inhibiting factors and solutions in the development of eco-tourism, and (2) how green entrepreneurship can be used for eco-tourism development. The increasing issue of global warming is pushing awareness of environmental preservation. This condition changes the people's paradigm in traveling from the concept of mass-tourism to the concept of eco-tourism. The development of eco-tourism has consequences for entrepreneurial activities which is known as green entrepreneurship. This study is applied research conducted in East Lombok, one of the regions in Indonesia. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling covering a total of 34 informants. Data collection methods are carried out through interviews, observation, and documentation studies. Based on the data analysis, the findings of this study show that (a) inhibiting factors of eco-tourism development are limitation of eco-tourism knowledge, lack of awareness in environmental preservation, and absence of supporting government policy; and (b) solution for eco-tourism development discovered in this research is divided into five factors i.e., condition, demand, related industry and support, strategy, government. Besides, for applying the green entrepreneurship model i.e., developing the spirit of green entrepreneurship, training in making products and services that are environmentally friendly is needed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.106-121
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• 2016

While economic crises are happening internationally due to the global financial crisis and the long-term recession of the domestic economy, South Korea is also experiencing an aging society with the retirement of the baby-boomers and a low birth-rate. The rapid retirement of baby-boomers, which is one of the essential parts of the Korean economy, is ongoing. Consequently, the number of seniors showing interest in entrepreneurship, as a way to avoid the economic threat, is increasing. Therefore, this study examined the correlation between two factors and its success, which can be stated as the influence of decision making in entrepreneurship and the influence of promotion policies to entrepreneurship. A survey was taken from 393 people, who received academic and managerial assistance from the Senior-Founded Support Center of Small Business Market Corporation and Adults Incubators of Seoul-Business Agency. and 'Hypothesis 1-1' and 'Hypothesis 2-2' were selected, because a positive effect was derived at each verification process. As a result, under the decision making types of entrepreneurship, only a reasonable type showed a positive effect at both the financial outcome and non-financial outcome of success, and the intuitive type was affected positively by the non-financial outcome. In addition, under the entrepreneur supporting business, among financial support, managerial support and educational support only managerial support had a positive effect.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.189-207
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• 2020

The government has achieved quantitative growth in university start-up education while supporting start-up education. However, it failed to systematize start-up education from an academic, policy, and practical perspective and to reveal the relationship between education and achievements in supporting start-ups. Therefore, there is a lack of interest and effort to promote effective education. In Europe, in-depth research has already been done over many years to establish an EntreComp system. Competences create values for others and attempt to apply them to education, viewing them as the people's lifelong competitiveness. On the other hand, it is urgent to improve the education system as domestic university start-up education is mainly focused on cultural level start-up skills and easy-to-access education from a business administration perspective. Based on this, the entrepreneurship competence-based start-up education system was designed. Next, eight EntreComp frames were drawn for university students through the Focus Group Interview (FGI) and Delphi survey methods, as well as domestic and international prior studies on EntreComp. In 2018, 919 start-up education programs of 42 start-up leading universities were conducted to derive the status of education by EntreComp. Prior studies of 25 entrepreneurship competences, including data from Bacigalupo et al.(2016), which studied EntreComp in the EU, were investigated and reflected the frequency of research and the importance of education and start-up perspectives. Based on the purpose of the university start-up education presented in this study, the entrepreneurship competence frame consisting of a total of eight, including spotting opportunities, value creation, self improvement, mobilising resources, technology application, strategic management, relationship, and learning through experience, was derived through expert verification. It also investigated the current status of education by competence, the degree of reflection of competence education, and the relationship with the results of support for start-ups that reflect the number of students enrolled in each university. Through this, it was suggested that future start-up education at universities could be improved from the EntreComp perspective. It has a differentiation in research in that it conducted a thorough survey using the data on start-up courses operated by leading startup universities for a certain period. However, it is difficult to generalize because the number of samples of leading startup universities is limited. Nevertheless, this study proposes the educational goal of advancing university start-up education from the perspective of entrepreneurial competence, cultivating future required competences, and fostering entrepreneurial talents that create value for others. In addition, it is meaningful in that it presents a clear direction for subsequent research by preparing a framework for research from a more essential perspective on the entrepreneurship competence frame.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.285-301
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• 2020

Looking at the problem of aging in the nation from a demographic perspective, it is not a problem of the overall population, but of the structure of the population. It is the baby boomer and post-baby boomers, the largest population in the country. Baby boomers were born between 1955 and 1963, and currently have a population of 7001,333, which is 13.6 percent (as of 2015). The Post-Baby Boomer generation was born between 1964 and 1974, with a total population of 9,567,171, accounting for 18.8 percent of the total population. In particular, baby boomers and post-baby boomers (32.4% of the total population) have begun to retire or will retire soon. The average life expectancy continues to increase due to the development of medical technology, and the falling birth rate of newborns and the declining population of the production population are darkening the domestic economy. In a policy proposal aimed at easing the nation's falling economic growth rate, women's participation rate is as high as Sweden and men's efforts to increase it as high as Japan's, while the elderly rate is desirable to maintain Korea's high level. This is because the expansion of the elderly generation's participation in economic activities could ease a sharp drop in economic growth and reduce the burden of supporting the elderly population. The study, based on this social problem awareness and problem solving plan, looks at the relationship between career orientation and satisfaction in start-up education based on the diverse career base of active seniors, and also suggests the importance of customized start-up education on the diversity of active seniors by clarifying the relationship between them, and suggests the desirable direction of senior start-up policy design, funding, and start-up education. Based on the theoretical background, the concept of five factors was defined: active senior, career-oriented, satisfaction level of start-up education, willingness to start a business, and the concept definition of an active senior, which is particularly key to the baby boomers in their 50s and 60s, is generally regarded as a source of consumption or welfare benefits, but in this study, the concept of active start-up is reflected in the domestic start-up market by young people in their 40s, 50s and 60s. As a result of a hypothesis test. Hypothesis 1 and Hypothesis 5: Career orientation has been verified to affect the willingness to start a business and the behavior of preparation for a start-up. Hypothesis 3: The willingness to start a business has been verified as having an effect between startup preparation actions. Hypothesis 4: The satisfaction level of start-up education has been verified to affect start-up preparation behavior. However, hypothesis 2: The satisfaction level of education for start-ups does not affect the willingness to start a business. Such results can be inferred that satisfaction in start-up education does not have a direct effect on the will to start a business and increases the will to start a business through the influence of personal career orientation.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.221-231
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• 2016

As the interest in entrepreneurship increases, entrepreneurship education programs for people that are preparing to start a business increased rapidly. Entrepreneurial supporting policy from the government has been diversified and because of increasing support of entrepreneurship education, the demand for entrepreneurship education has been rising. As of today, most educators of entrepreneurship education program are management major, expert or people who has the experience of starting a business. Lately, target of education has been diversified and as the demand of entrepreneurship education increases, the importance of systematic training for entrepreneurship educators have been raised. In the present study, we are going to take a look at the current situation of the training course for entrepreneurship educators in Korea and then do a comparative analysis of the cases overseas. And then we derived the improvement plan for the current situation of Korea. When our training courses for the entrepreneurship educators are compared to the courses overseas, we do not have a systematic and ongoing courses. Training for entrepreneurship educators is not something that can be done in a short period of time. The training of educators has to be done prior to the development of education programs. In accordance to the existing school system, we should strive to achieve educational infrastructure that cultivates specialized educators.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to survey the successful cases of small and medium Business Systematization Cognition by examining their entrepreneurial characteristics and analysing the factors affecting their success. To that end, previous studies on the association types of small businesses were studied. A research model was developed, and research hypotheses for an empirical analysis were established upon it. Suh et al. (2010) insist on the importance of Small Business Systematization in Korea but also show that small business performance is suffering: they are too small to stand alone. That is why association is so crucial for them: they must stand together. Unfortunately, association is difficult, as they have few specific links and little motivation. Even in franchising networks, association tends to be initiated by big franchisers, not small ones. In that sense, association among small businesses is crucial for their long-term survival. With this in mind, this study examines how they think and feel about the issue of 'Industrial Classification', how important Industrial Classification is to their business success, and what kinds of problems it raises in the markets. This study seeks the different cognitions among the association types of small businesses from the perspectives of participation motivation, systematization expectation, policy demand level, and management performance. We assume that different industrial classification types of small businesses will have different cognitions concerning these factors. There are four basic industrial classification types of small businesses: retail sales, restaurant, service, and manufacturing. To date, most of the studies in this area have focused on collecting data on the external environments of small businesses or performing statistical analyses on their status. In this study, we surveyed 4 market areas in Busan, Masan, and Changwon in Korea, where business associations consist of merchants, shop owners, and traders. We surveyed 330 shops and merchants by sending a questionnaire or visiting. Finally, 268 questionnaires were collected and used for the analysis. An ANOVA, T-test, and regression analyses were conducted to test the research hypotheses. The results demonstrate that there are differences in cognition depending upon the industrial classification type. Restaurants generally have a higher cognition concerning job offer problems and a lower cognition concerning their competitiveness. Restaurants also depend more on systematization expectation than do the other industrial classification types. On the policy demand level, restaurants have a higher cognition. This study identifies several factors that are contributing to management performance through differences in cognition that depend upon association type: systematization expectation and policy demand level have positive effects on management performance; participation motivation has a negative effect on management performance. We confirm also that the image factors of different cognitions are linked to an awareness of the value of systematization and that these factors show sequential and continual patterns in the course of generating performances. In conclusion, this study carries significant implications in its classifying of small businesses into the four different associational types (retail sales, restaurant, services, and manufacturing). We believe our study to be the first one to conduct an empirical survey in this subject area. More studies in this area will likely use our research frameworks. The data show that regionally based industrial classification associations such as those in rural cities or less developed areas tend to suffer more problems than those in urban areas. Moreover, restaurants suffer more problems than the norm. Most of the problems raised in this study concern the act of 'associating itself'. Most associations have serious difficulties in associating. On the other hand, the area where they have the least policy demand is that of service types. This study contributes to the argument that associating, rather than financial assistance or management consulting, promotes the start-up and managerial performance of small businesses. This study also has some limitations. The main limitation is the number of questionnaires. We could not survey all the industrial classification types across the country because of budget and time limitations. If we had, we could have produced many more useful results and enhanced the precision of our analysis. The history of systemization is very short and the number of industrial classification associations is relatively low in Korea. We should keep in mind, though, that this is very crucial to systemization entrepreneurs starting their businesses, as it can heavily affect their chances of success. Being strongly associated with each other might be critical to the business success of industrial classification members. Thus, the government needs to put more effort and resources into supporting the drive of industrial classification members to become more strongly associated.