• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제7권10호
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• pp.2338-2356
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• 2013

In cognitive radio networks, acquiring the position information of the primary user is critical to the communication of the secondary user. Localization of primary users can help improve the efficiency with which the spectrum is reused, because the information can be used to avoid harmful interference to the network while simultaneity is exploited to improve the spectrum utilization. Despite its inherent inaccuracy, received signal strength based on range has been used as the standard tool for distance measurements in the location detection process. Most previous works have employed the path-loss propagation model with a fixed value of the path loss exponent. However, in actual environments, the path loss exponent for each channel is different. Moreover, due to the complexity of the radio channel, when the number of channel increases, a larger number of RSS measurements are needed, and this results in additional energy consumption. In this paper, to overcome this problem, we propose using the Bayesian compressive sensing method with a calibrated path loss exponent to improve the performance of the PU localization method.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2010년도 춘계 학술논문 발표대회 1부
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• pp.243-246
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• 2010

Recently, global warming problem is a major issue in international community. The carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) emissions in the construction industry is one of the main factors causing a global warming problem. Accordingly, various researches on $CO_2$ emissions caused by the construction industry is needed and construction methods which is low $CO_2$ emissions should be developed. In this study, $CO_2$emission cost is compared with roof waterproofing types in construction phase. As a result, the $CO_2$ emission costs of asphalt waterproofing is the highest. This research is to provide basic information for selecting appropriate construction methods in aspect of low $CO_2$ emission cost.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.462-467
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• 2009

Researches and developments on BEMS are performed world-widely through sustainable management in various conditions. However, there are many obstacles to adapt the system in existing buildings because it needs highly expensive equipments, which are designed for newly built buildings, to install. Therefore, there are numerous limits exist when applying the BEMS in established buildings. The purpose of this study estimates the optimization of RF output power in WSN(Wireless Sensor Networks), which is the essential technology to develop PEMS. The results of this study is as follows ; 1) Applying WSN technique in buildings was possible. 2) As RF output power increases, the number of relay node reduced, therefore, the WSN showed more stability. 3) When estimating optimal RF output power in school, it should be considered between the number of relay node and RF output power. 4) Considering battery consumption and possibility of reception, the best suited RF output power is -20dbm in apartment house.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2020

Purpose: The present study examines the effects of tourism on carbon dioxide emissions for selected South Asian economies over the time from 1995 to 2016. Research design, data and methodology: The present study is an annual time series analysis of tourism and CO2 emissions. The data is taken from World Development Indicators, an official data bank of World Bank. The study sample covers four South Asian countries, namely Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Nepal. The empirical analysis is conducted by employing Pedroni panel cointegration, Fully Modified OLS, and Dynamic OLS approaches of estimation. Results: Tourism significantly increases environmental degradation in selected South Asian economies. The empirical estimated results indicate, that 1 % increase in tourism related activities leads to 0.16 % increase in CO2 emissions. In addition energy consumption and GDP are also causing an upsurge in CO2 emissions in the selected panel of South Asian economies. As the empirical results indicate that 1% increase in GDP stimulates carbon dioxide emissions by 0.23%. Conclusion: In order to protect the environment, the study emphasizes that sustainable tourism practices need to be promoted in the selected South Asian countries. Policy implication and provided and discussed.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제10권12호
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• pp.5286-5306
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• 2016

Emerging applications in automation, medical imaging, traffic monitoring and surveillance need real-time data transmission over Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Guaranteeing Quality of Service (QoS) for real-time traffic over WSNs creates new challenges. Rapid penetration of smart devices, standardization of Machine Type Communications (MTC) in next generation 5G wireless networks have added new dimensions in these challenges. In order to satisfy such precise QoS constraints, in this paper, we propose a new cross-layer QoS-provisioning strategy in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs). The network layer performs statistical estimation of sensory QoS parameters. Identifying QoS-routing problem with multiple objectives as NP-complete, it discovers near-optimal QoS-routes by using evolutionary genetic algorithms. Subsequently, the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer classifies the packets, automatically adapts the contention window, based on QoS requirements and transmits the data by using routing information obtained by the network layer. Performance analysis is carried out to get an estimate of the overall system. Through the simulation results, it is manifested that the proposed strategy is able to achieve better throughput and significant lower delay, at the expense of negligible energy consumption, in comparison to existing WMSN QoS protocols.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.137-141
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• 2015

모바일 클라우드 컴퓨팅은 모바일 기기의 자원 제약적인 문제를 해결하기 위해 클라우드 서비스를 활용한다. 이렇게 모바일 기기에서 수행해야할 작업을 클라우드로 위임하는 것을 오프로딩이라고 하고 에너지 소모의 관점에서 많은 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 응답 시간의 관점에서 오프로딩 기법 적용의 효율성을 측정하기 위해 센 싱 데이터 동기화를 고려한 응답 시간 모델을 설계하였다. 제안 모델에서는 클라우드에서 모바일 기기가 요청한 작업 을 처리할 때 필요한 센싱 데이터에 대한 동기화 작업을 고려하여 정교한 응답 시간 예측을 가능하도록 했으며 모의실험을 통해 새로운 센서 데이터의 발생 비율과 동기화 주기가 응답 시간에 어떤 영향을 주는지를 확인하였다.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.502-508
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• 2012

An analytical model for a human body is important to predict muscle and joint forces. Because it is difficult to estimate muscle or joint forces from a human body, the objective of this study is the development of a reliable analytical model for a human body to evaluate the lower extremity muscle and joint forces. The musculoskeletal system of the human lower extremity is modeled as a multibody system employing the Hill-type muscle model. Muscle forces are determined to minimize energy consumption, and we assume that motion is constrained in the sagittal plane. Muscle forces are calculated through an equilibrium analysis while rising from a seated position. The musculoskeletal model consists of four segments. Each segment is a rigid body and connected by frictionless revolute joints. Muscles of the lower extremity are simplified to seven muscles with those that are not related to the sagittal plane motion are ignored. Muscles that play a similar role are combined together. The results of the present study are compared with experimental results to validate the lower extremity model and the assumptions of the present study.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 6th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.730-731
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• 2015

This study aims at giving the framework to estimate the environmental load at planning and schematic phase. With increasing awareness of environmental issues, the effort to reduce the environmental impacts caused by human activity has been increasingly enlarged. So far most of researches estimating CO₂ emissions have analyzed energy consumption based on BOQ (Bills of Quantity) acquired after detailed design. There is also lack of reliability in the estimated environmental impact using the basic unit of a facility at the planning stage, because it uses a limited specific section of historical data. Thus, this study is targeted at developing framework to assess reliable environmental loads based on information available at project early phases by making case-bases from historical design information on PSC Beam Bridge. Historical database is built on the basis of the LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and in order to set input information for estimating model, the literature about information in an early project phase are reviewed. Using the information available in the planning and schematic design stage, the Framework is presented to estimate the environmental load in an early stage in the project. Developing an environmental load estimation model in accordance with the Framework presented in this study, it is expected that the environmental load in the initial project phase can be estimated more quickly and accurately.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2012

무선 센서 네트워크에서, 각 노드들의 정확한 위치 정보를 파악하는 것은 효율적인 네트워크 환경 구축과 수집된 정보를 효율적으로 활용하기 위해 필수적이다. 노드의 위치를 추정하는 다양한 기법들 중, 일반적으로 많이 사용되는 수신신호세기(RSS) 기법은 추가적인 하드웨어 자원 없이 쉽게 구현될 수 있으나 채널의 상태 혹은 장애물 등 외부의 간섭으로 인한 신호의 왜곡 또는 감쇄가 발생하므로 이를 이용한 위치 추정 시 오차에 의한 영향을 충분히 고려하여야 한다. 위치 추정의 정확도를 향상시키기 위해, 일반적으로 충분한 수의 수신 신호 세기 표본의 획득하지만, 표본수가 늘어날수록 전송 시 에너지 소모가 발생한다. 본 논문에서는, 에너지 효율의 문제와 위치 추정의 정확도를 향상시키기 위해 전력 손실 지수 추정을 통한 베이지안 압축 센싱(Bayesian Compressive Sensing)을 사용하는 수신신호세기 기반 위치 추정 기법을 제안한다. RSS 기반 위치 추정 시 중요한 요소인 전력 손실 지수의 추정을 통해, 실제 채널 환경에서의 적응적인 위치 추정을 가능하게 하며 또한 위치 추정의 정확도를 향상시킬 수 있다. 그리고 적은 수의 표본으로 신호를 복원하는 기술인 압축 센싱(Compressive Sensing) 기법을 무선 센서 네트워크에 적용함으로써 에너지 효율적인 위치 추정 기법을 가능하게 한다. 시뮬레이션 결과에서, 제안하는 기법은 적은 수의 측정으로 다수의 불특정 노드에 대한 정확한 위치 추정이 가능하게 하며 채널 환경에 상관없이 강인한 성능을 가짐을 확인하였다. 그리고 제안하는 방법은 압축된 수신 신호 세기를 취급하므로 네트워크 트래픽과 에너지 소모를 줄이는데 효율적임을 검증하였다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.15-25
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 우분뇨와 폐잔디를 이용한 혐기소화 잠재성을 단독 및 병합 조건에서 평가하였다. 두 종의 유기성 폐자원은 휘발성고형분(VS) 기준 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100의 다섯 가지 혼합비 조건에서 회분식 BMP(biochemical methane potential) 테스트를 통해 바이오가스 생산을 측정하였다. 또한, 서로 다른 3개의 온도조건(25℃, 30℃, 35℃)을 적용하여 총 15개 실험 조건을 비교하였다. 실험 결과, 반응 온도가 높을수록, 폐잔디의 혼합비가 높을수록 더 높은 메탄 수율과 최대 메탄 생산율이 관측되었다. 실험 결과를 바탕으로 유효체적 240(농장규모) 또는 2,400(마을 규모) ㎥의 가상의 혐기소화조를 가정하여 서로 다른 조건에 따른 에너지 수지를 비교하였다. 예측된 에너지 생산량은 반응 온도가 높을수록 더 많았으나 소화조 가온 등에 따른 에너지 소모량을 고려한 에너지 순생산량은 30℃, 35℃, 25℃ 순으로 높게 예측되었다. 따라서 에너지 순생산량을 최대화하기 위한 조건 도출을 위해서는 메탄 수율 등의 실험적 측정 외에도 구체적인 소화조의 설계 인자를 고려해야 하는 것으로 평가되었다.