• 에너지공학
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.12-20
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• 2018

FEED(Frond End Engineering Design) 프레임워크는 FEED 단계에서 수행할 활동과 산출물을 정의한 것이다. 그 동안 FEED에 대한 연구가 많이 수행되었으나 대부분 경험에 의존하여 연구마다 서로 조금씩 다른 내용을 주장하고 있는 상황이다. FEED가 무엇이고 어떻게 하는 것이 좋은지에 대한 절대적인 정의보다는 FEED를 해당 사업에 적합하게 정의하고 이에 필요한 활동과 산출물을 정의하는 것이 중요하다. 또한 FEED 프로세스도 경험보다는 국제시스템엔지니어링 프로세스 표준과 같은 확고한 기반위에서 개발하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 FEED를 광물탄산화시스템 개발 사업에 적합하게 정의하고, 이를 만족시키기 위한 프로세스와 산출물을 개발하기 위한 방안을 시스템 엔지니어링 표준 프로세스에 기반하여 제시하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.89-93
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• 2002

A total of six crossbred barrows ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Large$ White, $44.17{\pm}1.94kg$ BW) were housed conducted to evaluate apparent fecal digestibilities of Brown Rice (BR) as an alternative energy source in growing pigs. Pigs were housed individually on metabolism crate on the basis of body weight. Four treatments contained: 1) 100% of corn-soybean meal (C100; Control diet), 2) 75% of corn-soybean meal diet plus 25% of corn meal (C25), 3) 100% of brown rice-soybean meal diet (BR100), 4) 75% of brown rice-soybean meal diet plus 25% of brown rice meal (BR25). Brown rice has an excellent gross energy and crude protein composition compared to corn. The BR used had 3,801 kcal of gross energy/kg, 8.0% crude protein, 2.6% of ether extract, 0.035% calcium and 0.35% total phosphorus. The best digestibilities of energy (87.75%), DM (81.71%) and CP (78.57%) were observed in BR 100 group and the worst were found in Corn 25 group. The nutrient digestibility was not significantly different in most nutrients. Through this experiment, BR appeared a good alternative energy source that can replace corn yellow to 100% in growing pigs. Therefore, the price relationship between corn and BR may provide an excellent opportunity for pork producers to use BR in order to reduce feed costs provided that diet has been balanced for digestible amino acids.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.169-175
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• 2003

동절기에 산란피크 기간의 대부분이 해당되는 육용종계 산란기의 적정 에너지공급체계를 구명하기 위하여 강원도 홍천군 북방면 소재 홍천종계에서 케이지 사양형태의 로스 육용종계 400수를 공시하여 2002년 10월부터 2003년 7월까지 40주간(24∼64주령) 표 3과 같은 4가지 에너지공급체계로 사양시험을 실시한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 총 산란율, 종란 산란율 및 평균난중은 전반적으로 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 인정되지 않았고, 55∼64주령의 산란후기에만 처리간에 유의적인 차이가 있었으나 에너지 공급수준에 따른 일정한 경향은 없었다. 2) 사료요구율과 ME 요구량 및 사료비는 모두 1일 에너지공급량이 많아질수록 증가하는 경향을 보였고(P<0.05), CP 요구량은 처리간에 유의적인 차이는 있었으나(P<0.05) 일정한 경향은 보이지 않았다. 결론적으로 1일 ME 공급량을 24주령에 280 kcal로부터 30∼34주령에 400 kcal까지 증가시키고 35주령 이후 380 kcal를 공급하여 전반적인 에너지공급량이 가장 적었던 Tl처리가 산란능력에 지장 없이 사료요구율과 ME요구량 및 사료비를 낮출 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.1629-1634
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• 2008

A trial was conducted to determine the effect of low crude protein (CP) diets with constant metabolizable energy to crude protein (ME:CP) ratio on growth, body composition and nutrient utilization of broiler chicks from 1 to 26 days of age. Four dietary treatments having four levels of CP and ME as 23, 22, 21 and 20% and 3,036, 2,904, 2,772 and 2,640 kcal/kg, respectively, were formulated and a ME:CP ratio of 132 was maintained in all the diets. Digestible lysine was maintained at 1.10 of the diet. A total of 1,760 day-old Hubbard broiler chicks were randomly divided into 16 experimental units and each diet was offered to four experimental units at random. Feed intake was increased (p<0.05) while weight gain and feed conversion ratio were adversely affected (p<0.05) when the diets with low CP and ME were fed to broilers. Total protein intake and total ME intake were linearly decreased (p<0.05) and protein efficiency ratio and energy efficiency ratio were lower (p<0.05) than in the chicks fed dietary regimen with 22% CP and 2,904 kcal/kg ME. The whole body analysis of the birds revealed that chicks fed the lowest dietary regimens retained less (p<0.05) nitrogen and more ether extract than chicks fed the control diet, however, body dry matter, total body ash and fat free body protein were not affected. Similarly, protein and energy utilization were also unaffected by the dietary treatments. In summary, chicks fed low CP diets with constant ME:CP ratio grew slower, used feed less efficiently and retained less protein and more body fat than chicks fed the control diet.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.239-243
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• 1996

Three hundred and twenty-four 1 day old chicks were used to determine the effects of fat source and energy to protein ratio on growth performance , carcass composition and the efficiency on nutrient utilization. Chicks were assigned. in a completely randomized design, to 3*3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Chicks received one of three fat sources (n0 fat, tallow, corn oil) and one of three energy to protein ratios(16, 14 and 12kcal ME/g CP). All diets were formulated to be isocaloric(3.2Mcal ME/kg diets) using published ME values for the diet ingredients. Addition of tat to the diet increased ADG, average daily feed intake, and gain to feed, Chicks fed diets containing fat had increased percentage body DM and ether extract(EE), but percentage CP was not different, Chicks fed diets containing fat had increased efficiency of protein and energy deposition. Addition of fat ad either fallow or corn oil yielded similar results. Reducing the energy to protein ratio of the diet did not affect ADG or gain to feed, but tended to decrease average daily feed intake(p=0.80), as well as resulting in linear(p<0.05) reductions in body percentage DM., EE and also total EE. Increasing the energy to protein ratio did not affect percentage or total body Cp. Adding fat to poultry diets improved growth performance and the efficiency of growth chicks. Decreasing the energy to protein ratio did not affect growth performance, but reduced EE in the body of Chicks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.367-371
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• 1993

The feeding value of maize cob meal was investigated in a trial involving one hundred and forty Arbor Acre day-old chicks raised to eight weeks of age. The maize cob meal which contained 32.5% fibre, 2.5% protein and had a gross energy value of 2,550 kcal/kg, was incorporated into the experimental diets at either 0, 2.9, 5.8, 11.6 or 23.2% level. All diets were formulated to contain 3,200 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy and approximately 22% protein by varying the proportions of maize and whole cooked soyabean meal in the diets. The inclusion of maize cob meal up to 11.6% in the diet did not significantly (p>0.05) affect body weight gains, feed consumption and utilization, as well as carcass yield and dressing percentage. However, at the 23.2% level of maize cob meal inclusion, body weight gains, feed utilization and carcass yields were significantly (p<0.05) reduced. The use of maize cob meal reduced feed cost for raising birds and either maintained or improved gross profit returns with up to 11.6% level of inclusion in the diet. It was concluded that maize cob meal can be included up to 11.6% in the diet of broiler chickens provided dietary energy concentration is maintained at 3,200 kcal of metabolisable energy per kilogramme of feed by using high energy density feed ingredient such as boiled whole seed soyabean meal.

• 한국시스템다이내믹스연구
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.35-56
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• 2006

Korea is implementing strong regulatory derives such as Feed in Tariff to provide incentives for renewable energy developers. But if the government is planning to increase the renewable capacity with only "Price policy" not considering the investors behavior in the competitive electricity market, the policy would be failed. It is necessary system thinking and simulation model analysis to decide government's incentive goal. This study is focusing on the assesment of the competitiveness of renewable energy with the current Feed in Tariff incentives compared to the traditional energy source, specially coal and gas. The simulation results show that the market penetration of renewable energy with the current Feed-in-Tariff level is about 60-70% of the government goal under condition that the solar energy and fuel cell are assumed to provide the whole capacity set in the governmental goal. If the contribution from solar and fuel cell is lower than planned, the total penetration of renewable energy will be dropped more. Notably, Wind power turned out to be proved only 10% of government goal because of its low availability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권12호
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• pp.1736-1743
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• 2011

This paper reports the peripheral and central effect of corticosterone on feed intake and hypothalamic corticotropinreleasing hormone (CRH) gene expression in chicks fed a high energy diet. Three experiments were conducted: corticosterone was supplemented to the feed (30 mg/kg diet), injected subcutaneously (s.c., 4 mg/kg body weight) or intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v., 4 ng). The results showed that dietary corticosterone significantly increased feed intake. The s.c. corticosterone administration increased feed intake within 1 to 3 h and at 1 to 5 h after the injection. The i.c.v. corticosterone administration increased feed intake within 1 h after the injection, but not at 1 to 3 h. Dietary supplementation and s.c. injection of corticosterone decreased the CRH gene expression in the hypothalamus. Therefore, peripheral corticosterone exerted a decreased effect on hypothalamic CRH mRNA levels, and corticosterone had a stimulating effect on feed intake in broiler chicks fed a high energy diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1447-1455
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• 2011

Sixty four, 30-week-old, Lohmann Brown-Lite laying hens were randomly allocated to one of four treatments with eight replicates per treatment and two hens per replicate for a 10 week study. The control diet was a high energy (11.81 MJ/kg) diet and the moderate energy (11.39 MJ/kg) diets were formulated dropping the level of animal fat. The three moderate energy diets were fed either unsupplemented (0.0%) or supplemented with 0.05 or 0.10% glycine. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in hen-day egg production, egg weight, feed intake or feed conversion between birds fed the unsupplemented moderate energy and high energy diets. Significant differences were detected concerning egg components and quality measurements as assessed by albumen percentage (p = 0.02), yolk weight (p = 0.02), yolk percentage (p<0.01), yolk to albumen ratio (p<0.01) and yolk color (p = 0.01) between birds fed the unsupplemented moderate and high energy diets. Glycine supplementation of the moderate energy diet linearly increased (p<0.01) egg weight and feed intake with no significant (p>0.05) effects on egg production or feed conversion. Glycine supplementation significantly increased egg content (p<0.01), albumen weight (p<0.01) and percentage (p<0.01) as well as yolk weight (p<0.01) while yolk percentage (p = 0.04), yolk to albumen ratio (p = 0.01) and egg shell percentage (p<0.01) were linearly decreased. Supplementation with glycine produced a tendency (p = 0.09) towards an increase in the percentage of large eggs (63-72.9 g) produced with a concomitant decrease in the percentage of small (below 53 g) eggs (p = 0.09). The overall results of this study indicate that glycine supplementation of laying hen rations has the potential to increase egg production and weight. These increases appeared to be mediated through increases in feed intake and the ileal digestibility of fat and energy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1205-1217
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• 2013

Pigs require energy for maintenance and productive purposes, and an accurate amount of available energy in feeds should be provided according to their energy requirement. Available energy in feeds for pigs has been characterized as DE, ME, or NE by considering sequential energy losses during digestion and metabolism from GE in feeds. Among these energy values, the NE system has been recognized as providing energy values of ingredients and diets that most closely describes the available energy to animals because it takes the heat increment from digestive utilization and metabolism of feeds into account. However, NE values for diets and individual ingredients are moving targets, and therefore, none of the NE systems are able to accurately predict truly available energy in feeds. The DE or ME values for feeds are important for predicting NE values, but depend on the growth stage of pigs (i.e., BW) due to the different abilities of nutrient digestion, especially for dietary fiber. The NE values are also influenced by both environment that affects NE requirement for maintenance ($NE_m$) and the growth stage of pigs that differs in nutrient utilization (i.e., protein vs. lipid synthesis) in the body. Therefore, the interaction among animals, environment, and feed characteristics should be taken into consideration for advancing feed energy evaluation. A more mechanistic approach has been adopted in Denmark as potential physiological energy (PPE) for feeds, which is based on the theoretical biochemical utilization of energy in feeds for pigs. The PPE values are, therefore, believed to be independent of animals and environment. This review provides an overview over current knowledge on energy utilization and energy evaluation systems in feeds for growing pigs.