• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.61-69
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• 2022

This study categorizes and identifies the characteristics of the living areas of rural dwellers through cluster analysis using mobile floating population data. As a result, rural areas in Korea were classified into 34 rural living areas, and 5 types of rural living areas were derived. Although the 'Suburban in Mega City Areas' and 'Suburban in Regional City Areas' derived through this study have advantages in terms of accessibility to large cities, they are important for rural space management as they can undermine the unique values of rural areas due to urban expansion. In addition, 'Unclassified areas' have low accessibility in the national space, and there is a need to provide their own settlement environment. The population of rural areas in Korea exhibited a phenomenon of widespread migration. This means that rural residents who depend on metropolitan areas are provided with SOC beyond administrative boundaries. Therefore, there is a need to move away from establishing a homogeneous regional plan that does not consider population movement. Through this study, it was possible to understand the rural living area formed by the population movement occurring in the rural area. This is different in that the existing studies classified the national space based on the interconnectedness between regions, beyond the limitations of categorizing regions with homogeneous characteristics based on endogenous indicators. At this point in time when the need for a rural space plan is emphasized, it is important to understand the living area of rural dwellers and to design an appropriate rural plan. Therefore, the establishment of a rural plan suitable for the region using the results of this study can increase the efficiency of the project for revitalization of the rural area and contribute to the creation of an attractive national space.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2013

Genetically modified (GM) rice Agb0101, which expresses the insecticidal toxin modified cry1Ac (mcry1Ac1) gene, was developed by the Rural Development Administration in Korea. To monitor the probable release of Agb0101 in the future, it is necessary to develop a reliable detection method. Here, we developed the PCR detection method for monitoring and tracing of GM rice. The primer pair (RBEgh-1/-2) from a starch branching enzyme (RBE4) gene was designed as an endogenous reference, giving rise to an expected PCR amplicon of 101 bp. For the qualitative PCR detection, construct- and event-specific primers were designed on the basis of integration sequence of T-DNA. Event-specific PCRs amplified specifically 5'- or 3'-junction region spanning the native genome DNA and the integrated gene construct, while none of amplified product was shown on crops, rice varieties, and other insect-resistant transgenic rice lines. The event-specific real-time PCR method was performed using TaqMan probe and plasmid pRBECrR containing both rice endogenous gene RBE4 sequence and 5'-junction sequence as the reference molecule. The absolute limit of quantification (LOQ) of real-time PCR was established with around 10 copies for one plasmid molecule pRBECrR. Thereafter, the different amounts of transgenic rice (1, 3, 5, and 10%, respectively) were quantified by using the established real-time PCR method, with a range below 19.55% of the accuracy expressed as bias, 0.06-0.40 of standard deviation (SD) and 3.80-7.01% of relative standard deviations (RSD), respectively. These results indicate that the qualitative and quantitative PCR methods could be used effectively to detect the event Agb0101 in monitoring and traceability.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.1-28
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• 2014

Private consulting firms that are currently participating in rural area development projects with a bottom-up approach are involved in nearly all areas of rural area development, and the policy environment that emphasizes the bottom-up approach will further expand their participation. Reviews of private consulting firms, which started out with high expectations in the beginning, are now becoming rather negative. Expertise is the key issue in the controversy over private consulting firms, and the analysis tends to limit the causes of the problems within firms. This study was conducted on the premise that the fixation on cause and structure results in policy issues in the promotion process. That is because the government authorities are responsible for managing and supervising the implementation of policies, not developing the policies. The current issues with consulting firms emerged because of the hasty implementation of private consulting through the government policy trend without sufficient consideration, as well as the policy environment that demanded short-term outcomes even though the purpose of bottom-up rural area development lies in the ideology of endogenous development focused on the changes in residents' perceptions. Research was conducted to determine how the problems of private consulting firms that emerged and were addressed in this context influenced the consulting market, using current data and based on the firms' business performance. In analyzing the types, firms were divided into three groups: top performers including market leaders (9), excellent performers (36), and average performers (34). An analysis of the correlation between the business performance of each type and managerial resources such as each firm's expertise revealed that there was only a correlation between human resources and regional development in excellent performers, and none was found with the other types. These results imply that external factors other than a firm's capabilities (e.g., expertise) play a significant role in the standards of selecting private consulting firms. Thus, government authorities must reflect on their error of hastily adopting private consulting firms without sufficient consideration and must urgently establish response measures.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.409-414
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• 2016

Background: The low survival rate of in vitro regenerated Panax ginseng plantlets after transfer to soil is the main obstacle for their successful micropropagation and molecular breeding. In most cases, young plantlets converted from somatic embryos are transferred to soil. Methods: In vitro thickened taproots, which were produced after prolonged culture of ginseng plantlets, were transferred to soil. Results: Taproot thickening of plantlets occurred near hypocotyl and primary roots. Elevated concentration of sucrose in the medium stimulated the root thickening of plantlets. Senescence of shoots occurred following the prolonged culture of plantlets. Once the leaves of plantlets senesced, the buds on taproots developed a dormant tendency. Gibberellic acid treatment was required for dormancy breaking of the buds. Analysis of endogenous abscisic acid revealed that the content of abscisic acid in taproots with senescent shoots was comparatively higher than that of taproots with green shoots. Thickened taproots were transferred to soil, followed by exposure to gibberellic acid or a cold temperature of $2^{\circ}C$ for 4 mo. Cold treatment of roots at $2^{\circ}C$ for 4 mo resulted in bud sprouting in 84% of roots. Spraying of 100 mg/L gibberellic acid also induced the bud sprouting in 81% roots. Conclusion: Soil transfer of dormant taproots of P. ginseng has advantages since they do not require an acclimatization procedure, humidity control of plants, and photoautotrophic growth, and a high soil survival rate was attained.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.68-72
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• 2003

The metabolism of [$^{14}\textrm{C}$] $\textrm{GA}_{12}$ in the Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb. var. Tsukune) was examined to determine the identification of endogenous gibberellins. [$^{14}\textrm{C}$] $\textrm{GA}_{12}$ was metabolized to $\textrm{GA}_{53}$, $\textrm{GA}_{44}$, $\textrm{GA}_{19}$, $\textrm{GA}_{20}$, $\textrm{GA}_1$, $\textrm{GA}_8$, $\textrm{GA}_{15}$, $\textrm{GA}_{24}$, $\textrm{GA}_9$, $\textrm{GA}_{36}$ and $\textrm{GA}_4$. Radioactivity of GAs in non C-13 hydroxylation route was five-fold higher than that of early C-13 hydroxylation in analyzed GA-metabolites. Radioactivity of $\textrm{GA}_4$ was always four times higher than that of $\textrm{GA}_1$ at every feeding time. $\textrm{GA}_1$ radioactivity has always a lower level to below 200 DPM. The major pathway of endogenous GA metabolism in seedlings of the Chinese yam might be the non C-13 hydroxylation pathway.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.351-363
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• 2018

In ornamental crops, the color and shape of flowers are one of the important traits. Generally, flower colors are determined by accumulating pigments such as carotenoids, flavonoids, and betalains. Among them, flavonoids are responsible for broad ranges of colors. Chrysanthemums are one of the most popular ornamental crops in the world, and there have been many efforts to change their flower color. In chrysanthemum flowers, cyanidin-based anthocyanin confers pink or red color, whereas terpenoid-based carotenoids are mainly responsible for yellow and green colors. However, blue colored chrysanthemums do not occur in nature. To date, there have been attempts to obtain blue or violet-colored chrysanthemum flowers through the introduction of a novel gene for accumulating delphinidin-based anthocyanins, while other studies have reported changing endogenous metabolites through the reconstruction of flavonoid biosynthesis. Since various transcription factors are involved in the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis, it is important to understand not only the structural genes, but also the transcription factors required for the modification of flavonoid-based flower color. Therefore, in this paper, we describe the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and its regulation, and review previous studies on the change in flower color through modification of flavonoid biosynthesis. This effort could be an important milestone in successfully achieving the modification of chrysanthemum flower color by means of plant biotechnology.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.111-118
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• 2020

This paper examines the impacts of credit on income inequality in Vietnam. Though it is one of the most common measures of financial development, there is a dearth of research in this area. Unlike previous studies, the paper disaggregates the impact of each type of credit on income inequality, looking at the Gini coefficient. We employ the Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) to solve the endogenous problem. The primary data set contains a panel of 60 Provincial observations, from data collected from the General Statistics Office of Vietnam from 2002 to 2016. The empirical findings show that, while commercial credit increases income inequality, policy credit contributes to reducing income inequality in Vietnam. The results also confirm the important roles of education, institutional quality and foreign direct investment in fighting against income inequality in Vietnam. However, the paper does not provide adequate evidence to support the inverted U-shaped relationship between credit and income inequality. Based on the findings, we argue that the government should direct flows of credit to real economic activities rather than speculative investment; more bank credit should be allocated to rural areas and agriculture; and favorable credit programs should be designed to promote education, especially of those living in rural areas.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.149-155
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• 2003

Metabolic engineering for production of isoflavones in nonlegume plants could distribute the health benefits of these phytoestrogens in more widely-consumed grains. Series of investigation to check the ability of the heterologous isoflavone synthase enzyme to interact with the endogenous phenylpropanoid pathway have been conducted. Overall, results provide possibility of production of isoflavonoids in several plant tissue systems including soybean and nonlegumes. In tissue that undergoes naturally enhanced synthesis of anthocyanins, genistein production was enhanced. In a monocot cell system, introduced expression of a transcription factor regulating genes of the anthocyanin pathway was effective in conferring the ability to produce genistein in the presence of the isoflavone synthase gene. However, in this case the intermediate accumulated to high levels indicating an inefficiency in its conversion. Introduction of a third gene, chalcone reductase, provided the ability to synthesize an additional substrate of isoflavone synthase resulting in production of the isoflavone daidzein. These research efforts provide insight into requirements for metabolic engineering for isoflavone production in nonlegume dicot and monocot tissues.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 2003.08a
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• pp.212.3-212
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• 2003

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1049-1060
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• 2021

Objective: This study assessed the effect of different levels of xylanase, β-glucanase and phytase on intestinal enzyme activities and tibia bone development in broiler chickens fed wheat-based diets. Methods: Twelve experimental diets were formulated using a 3×2×2 factorial design (three doses of phytase and two doses of both xylanase and β-glucanase) and offered to 648 day-old Ross 308 male chicks having 6 replicates groups with 9 birds per replicate and lasted for 35 days. Results: An interaction between the enzymes products improved (p<0.01) the activity of chymotrypsin. Protein content at d 10 was highest (p<0.001) with addition of phytase while general proteolytic activity (GPA) (p<0.02) and lipase activity (p<0.001) were decreased. At d 24, there were improvements in protein content (p<0.01) and lipase (p<0.04) with supplementation of superdose phytase. Addition of superdose phytase decreased in chymotrypsin (p<0.02), trypsin (p<0.01) and GPA (p<0.001). The optimum dose of xylanase decreased the chymotrypsin activity (p = 0.05), while the GPA (p<0.001) was increased with the optimum level of β-glucanase. Superdose phytase supplementation at d 10 improved maltase (p = 0.05), sucrase (p<0.001) and alkaline phosphatase (p<0.001) activities in the jejunum while aminopeptidase activity was highest (p<0.005) with the low level of phytase. Protein content of jejunum mucosa was bigger (p<0.001) in birds fed superdose phytase while maltase activity (p<0.001) at d 24 was reduced by this treatment. Sucrase (p<0.04) and aminopeptidase activities (p<0.001) improved when diets supplemented with low levels of phytase. Tibia bone breaking strength was highest (p<0.04) with addition of low level of superdose phytase or optimum level of β-glucanase. Bone dry matter content decreased (p<0.04) when diets supplemented with phytase. Conclusion: From the results obtained in this study, supplementation of superdose phytase was the most effective, however, the cost-benefit analysis of the use of such a dose needs to be evaluated.