• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.333-336
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• 2005

Environmental endocrine disruptors are very toxic to the animals including humans. They are hormone-like acting chemicals which can be found in our normal daily life. We have examined the toxic effect of bisphenol A and if lactic acid bacteria could suppress this toxic effect. Thirty rats were divided into three groups (control, bisphenol A treated, bisphenol A and lactic acid bacteria treated). Treatments were carried out at an interval of 12 hours for each group. Control group showed normal and clear morphology of tissues. Cells were fine in their shape and color, and density was high enough for the normal function. However, bisphenol A treated group was abnormally destructed in cell morphology. In the testis, sperms were totally destructed. When treated with lactic acid bacteria together, the toxic effect of bisphenol A was clearly decreased. This study indicated that bisphenol A was toxic in any concentration especially for the liver and testis, however, lactic acid bacteria could suppress the toxic effects of bisphenol A.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2001년도 International Symposium on Dietary and Medicinal Antimutgens and Anticarcinogens
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• pp.181-181
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• 2001

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP), a soil fumigant against nematodes, is a genotoxic carcinogen and also is classified by World Wildlife Fund as endocrine disruptors. DBCP has been extensively studied on genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and damage in male reproductive-related organs. However, information on precise mechanism of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis of DBCP is yet unknown. Thus the mutation spectrum and mechanism of DBCP was determined in lacI transgenic Big Blu $e^{R}$ Rat2 fibroblast cell lines.(omitted)d)

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.187-195
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• 2014

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are ubiquitous in the air, are present as volatile and particulate pollutants that result from incomplete combustion. Most PAHs have toxic, mutagenic, and/or carcinogenic properties. Among PAHs, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) are suspected endocrine disruptors. The testis is an important target for PAHs, yet effects on steroidogenesis in Leydig cells are yet to be ascertained. Particularly, disruption of testosterone production by these chemicals can result in serious defects in male reproduction. Exposure to B[a]P reduced serum and intratesticular fluid testosterone levels in rats. Of note, the testosterone level reductions were accompanied by decreased steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and $3{\beta}$-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isomerase ($3{\beta}$-HSD) expression in Leydig cells. B[a]P exposure can decrease epididymal sperm quality, possibly by disturbing the testosterone level. StAR may be a key steroidogenic protein that is targeted by B[a]P or other PAHs.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2006

Normally, environmental toxicants are classified as endocrine disruptors if they interfere with regulation of cellular function by endogeneous steroids through inhibition of receptor binding and/or transcriptional activation. So, many studies have been performed about agonist/antagonist of hormone receptor to study mechanisms of endocrine disruptors. If toxicants affect steroid biosynthesis and/or degradation and alter hormone homeostasis, these also are classified as endocrine disruptors. But there are not many studies of the mechanisms of endocrine disruptors on the basis of alteration of steroid biosynthesis and/or degradation. Isolation and culture of Leydig cells from testis is one of methods for the steroidogenesis screening assays to evaluate a substance for altering steroidogenesis. Leydig cells were harvested using the method described by Klinefelter with modifications. Leydig cells were purified by perfusion of testis and incubation ($34^{\circ}C$, 80cycles/minute, 20 minutes) with collagenase (0.25 mg/kg), centrifugal elutriation, percoll gradient centrifugation and BSA multidensity gradient centrifugation. To confirm if this method is one of appropriate tools to evaluate a substance for altering steroidogenesis, ketoconazole, positive control was administered to purified Leydig cells. Ketoconazole ($10^{-8}M$ and above) significantly reduced testosterone production in purified Leydig cells. From above results, we suggest that this method for steroidogenesis screening assay appears to be a appropriate tool to detect suspected compounds for altering steroidogenesis.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2002

내분비계 장애물질은 다양한 동물의 생식과 배아의 발생에 위해한 영향을 미친다고 보고되었다. 이러한 초기 배아의 비정상 발생 중 대표적인 것이 할구파편이다. 본 연구에서는 착상 전 생쥐 초기 배아를 PCB, BPA, DDT에 체내, 체외에서 각각 노출시켰다. 내분비계 장애 물질에 노출시켰던 배아는 할구파편, 불규칙한 할구와 깨짐, 일부 파괴된 투명대 배아 등의 다양한 형태학적 비정상 양상을 보였다. 착상 전 생쥐 초기배아의 세포괴사에 관여하는 유전자를 조사하기 위하여 RT-PCR을 사용하여 mRNA수준에서 평가하였다. Bcl-2, bad 그리고 bax유전자 발현 정도를 대조군과 내분비계 장애물질 처리군으로 나누어 비교하였다. Bcl-2유전자는 내분비계 장애물질 처리군에서 낮아지는 경향을 보였고, bad와bix는 내분비계 장애물질 처리군에서 보다 높은 경향을 보였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 착상 전 생쥐 초기배아를 체내와 체외에서 내분비계 장애물질에 노출시킴으로써 발생적 독성물질을 신속히 판단할수 있는 유용한 수단이 될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.147-152
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• 2000

The rodent uterotrophic assay is currently recommended as one of the primary in vivo assays far endocrine disrupting chemicals by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (US EPA EDSTAC). Generally, this assay relies on the rapid increase in uterus and vagina weights when exposed to estrogenic compounds. Phthalate esters have been used extensively as a plasticizer in the manufacture of plastic products such as PVC films and medical devices. Recently, phthalate esters have been shown to induce endocrine system mediated responses. However, a flew studies have been conducted for the screening of their estrogenic activity. In this study the estrogenic activity of seven phthalate esters, butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-butylphthalate (DBP), diethylphthalate (DEP), di-n-pentylphthalate (DPF), di-n-propylphthalate (DPrP) and dicyclohexylphthalate (DCHP), was examined in uterotrophic assay. Phthalate esters dissolved in corn oil were administered to ovariectomized (OVX) female Sprague-Dawley rats by sub-cutaneous injection for three consecutive days. fiats were sacrificed 24h after final treatment, and then uterus and vagina weights were deter mined. All phthalate esters tested in this assay did not change talc uterus and vagina weights at dosage levels up to 200 mg/kg/day treatment. These results demonstrated that phthalate esters did not exhibit estrogenic activity in vivo uterotrophic assay.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.79-83
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• 2012

Trialkyltin n-$Bu_3SnH$, an endocrine disruptor, was slowly converted by the catalytic action of group 4 $Cp_2MCl_2$/Red-Al (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) to produce two phases of products: one is an insoluble cross-linked solid, polystannane in 7-23% yield as minor product via redistribution/dehydrocoupling combination process, and the other is an oil, hexabutyldistannane in 69-90% yield as major product via simple dehydrocoupling process. Redistribution/dehydrocoupling process first produced a low-molecular-weight oligostannane possessing partial backbone Sn-H bonds which then underwent an extensive cross-linking reaction of backbone Sn-H bonds, leading to an insoluble polystannane. This is the first exciting example of redistribution/dehydrocoupling of a tertiary hydrostannane catalyzed by early transition metallocenes.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.49-52
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• 2011

The aim of this study is to investigate how many leiomyoma patients are exposed to bisphenol-A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor, and whether the serum concentration of BPA is related to leiomyoma growth. Initially, 128 patients were divided into one control and three leiomyoma groups (mild, moderate and severe) according to the size of the leiomyomas. Serum BPA concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Nearly two-thirds of leiomyoma patients were exposed to BPA and the range of BPA was from non-detection to 2.603 ng/ml. The mean BPA concentrations in the groups were $1.015{\pm}0.775\;ng/ml$ (control), $0.774{\pm}0.834\;ng/ml$ (mild), $1.261{\pm}0.797\;ng/ml$ (moderate) and $1.244{\pm}0.860\;ng/ml$ (severe) (p = 0.158). After recombination into two group, Group 1 (control plus mild) vs. Group 2 (moderate plus severe), higher level was found in Group 2 even with no statistical significance (p = 0.06). In conclusion, about two-thirds of leiomyoma patients were exposed to BPA, but it may not have growth promoting effect on leiomyoma.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.811-817
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• 2006

We were carried out to monitor pesticide residues in herbal medicine. In Korea Pharmacy, these are no critics for pesticides except 5 kinds of organic chlorines (BHC, DDT, Aldrin, Endrin, Dieldrin) and heavy metals. We analysed 53 kinds of pesticides consisted of 14 kinds of organochlorines, 20 kinds of organophosphoruses, and 19 kinds of pesticides estimated endocrine disruptor on 373 samples consisted with 30kinds of herbal medicine. In this study, Domestic, Chinese and Japanese herbal medicines were tested with GC/ECD, GC/NPD and then confirmed with GC/MSD. Recoveries were 75$\sim$l10% in ECD detector and 76$\sim$97% in NPD detector. Detection limits were 0.004$\sim$0.064ppm in ECD detector and 0.006$\sim$0.094ppm in NPD detector. Organochlorines and others were not detected in samples.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.342-350
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• 2008

최근 내분비장애 추정물질의 분류를 위해 많은 시험법이 연구되고 있으며 미국 EPA와 OECD에서는 시험법을 설정하려고 노력하고 있다. 추후 기등록농약에 대한 자료요구 또는 신규 등록농약 적용 등록기준의 추가 등을 고려하여 내분비계장애 추정물질 관련 OECD와 EPA에서 권장하는 시험법을 확립하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 시험약제를 30일간 경구 투여하여 조사한 결과, metribuzin 투여 수컷에서 부고환, 전립선, 정낭의 중량이 증가하였고 갑상선에서는 유의한 중량변화가 나타나지 않았다. 암컷에서는 갑상선의 중량 감소가 나타난 반면에 생식장기 중량에는 유의적인 변화가 없었다. Metribuzin 투여수컷에서 testosterone이 100 mg/kg/day 처리수준에서 감소하였고 FT4가 50, 100 mg/kg 수준에서 증가하였다. 암컷에서는 T3가 50, 100 mg/kg/day 수준에서 증가하여 갑상선 호르몬에 영향이 나타나는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 시험세포를 이용한 시험결과, 시험약제를 1 nM에서 1,000 nM까지 처리하였을 때 음성대조군과 비교할 때 metribuzin은 106-122%의 영향을 나타내어 세포이용시험에서는 metribuzin이 갑상선 호르몬성 영향을 보인 것으로 나타났다. 항갑상선 호르몬성 영향 시험에서는 시험약제 100 nM과 T4의 혼합 처리시 metribuzin은 양성 대조군과 비교하여 감소하여 항갑상선 호르몬성 영향을 나타내었다. 본 시험을 통하여 OECD TG 407과 EDSTAC에서 권고하는 pubertal assay와 수의과학 검역원에서 제조한 HeLaTRE cell을 이용한 in vitro 시험이 갑상선 호르몬성 영향 검색 시험으로 활용될 가능성이 있는 것으로 사료되었다.