• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.7
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• pp.61-64
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• 1969

By way of paper chromatography, free sugars in pycnial drops of Gymnosporangium haraeanum Sydow were investigated in regard of their biochemical interrelation with free sugars of Chinese juniper and pear leaf. The free sugar in pycnial drops of Gynnosporangium haraeanum Sydow were identified to only Fructose spot. Free sugars in Chinese juniper leaf were identified to Glucose. Galactose and two unknown spots. Free sugars of another sample in pear leaf were identified to spots of Glucose, Furctose and Galactose. The Arbutin from pear leaf was crystalized and its structure was identified to Glucose and Hydroquinone. The acetone powder of Emulsin was incubated for 1 hour at $40^{\circ}C$ with 0.05 M Arbutin substrate in test tube and purified by general method with the purpose of analysis of its. metabolic products. And the paper chromatographic analysis showed it to be Glucose spot. From the above results, this Fructose in pycinal drops of Gymnosporangium haraeanum Sydow is presumed to be the exchangeable from free sugars in pear leaf or to be the hydrolyzed of $\beta-glycoside$ (Arbutin)-the metabolic isomerization of Glucose into Fructose by pycnia isomerase.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1096-1101
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• 2006

Armeniacae Semen not only contains amygdalin, but emulsin also, which is an enzyme that hydrolyzes amygdalin. The extraction yield of amygdalin from Armeniacae Semen was low, due to the presence of emulsin, when extracted with water. When Schizandrae Fructus solution was used as the extractant; however, amygdalin was almost completely extracted, regardless of the cutting size, due to the absence of the influence of emulsin. In addition, when the crude powder or small piece forms were used with Schizandrae Fructus solution, on epimerization of the D-amygdalin into neoamygdalin occurred. D-amygdalin and its conversion product, neoamygdalin, were quantitatively analyzed by reverse-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with an optimized eluent of 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 2.3), containing 11.5% acetonitrile. The concentration and detector response were linearly correlated over the range 0.05 to 2 mM. The detection limits for both D-amygdalin and neoamygdalin were approximately $5\;{\mu}M$ for the amount injected.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.453-456
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• 2002

Tonin(Persicae Semen) is the herb medicine that contains amygdalin as a major ingredient. Amygdalin in water is decomposed into benzaldehyde, HCN, and glucose by emulsin, a hydrolysis enzyme in tonin. A useful and practical method for the optimum extraction condition of amygdalin without enzymatic hydrolysis is required. The extraction yield of amygdalin of natural formula to nin was 0.1 % from crude powders, 1.4% from small pieces, 3.5% from half pieces and 2.4% from whole pieces. The extraction yield of amygdalin of outer shell-eliminated to nin was 0.3% from crude powders, 1.4% from small pieces, and 3.5% from half pieces and whole pieces respectively. The extraction yield of amygdalin was most high when using the size larger than half.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.221.1-221.1
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• 2003

Armeniacae Semen is a seed of Prunus armeniaca Linne var. ansu Maximowicz, which belongs to Rosaceae family. It contains amygdalin and fatty oil and is widely used to treat asthma, dysponea and edema. It was reported that D-amygdalin in Armeniacae Semen undergoes hydrolytic reaction by emulsin when using water, and esecially it is almost decomposed when extracting from powder type. we set up a condition where we can achieve the maximun extraction yield through the study of the methods to rstrain emulsin from causing hydrolysis of D-amygdalin in Armeniacae Semen in the aqueous solution and to prevent D-amygdalin from being converted into neoamygdalin. (omitted)

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.11 no.1_2
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• pp.7-16
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• 1967

A yellowish microneedles, $C_{28}$ H$_{32}$ $O_{14}$ ${\cdot}$ I$_{1}$/$_2$, H$_{2}$O, m.p.262-$4^{\circ}$ , [${\alpha}$$_{D}^{20}$= -71,$43^{\circ}$(C = 0.42, pyridine), its acetate m.p.123-5.deg., were obtained in 0.3% yield from the leaves of Chrysanthemum sibiricum F$_{ISCHER}$. This substance is insoluble in water and the usual organic solvents except pyridine and ethylene glycol and, is not decomposed by dilute mineral acids but undergoes decomposition on being boiled in 60% H$_{2}$SO$_{4}$ or 35% HCl, giving one moel each of acacetin, glucose and rhamnose. It was not hydrolysed with a rhamnodiastase preparation obtained from the seeds of Rhamnus koraiensis. After permethylation of it, the uncrystallized product was hydrolysed and apigenin-5,4'-dimethyl ehter, m.p.$262^{\circ}$ was obtained, indicating that the disaccharide residue is at the 7 position of acacetin. Partial hydrolysis of this acacetin-7-rhamnoglucoside in cyclohexanol with formic acid gave acacetin-7-glucoside, m.p.246.deg. and rutinose, identifying them with authentic specimen on a paper chromatography. It was thus identified as linarin(acacetin-7-rutinoside) by means of mixed fusion, of paper partition chromatography and of its derivatives. Zemplen and Bognar suggested that the glucosidic linkage of linarin is .betha. by means of synthesis of this substance. But there is no evidence whether it is hydrolysed by emulsin or maltase or not. Linarin itself was not hydrolysed by an emulsin existing in the seed of Apricot or a maltase, but acacetin-7-glucoside(tilianin) which obtained from linarin gave acacetin and glucose on hydrolysis with the same emulsin and accordingly the glucosidic linkages of linarin and tilianin are thus regarded as ${\beta}$.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.24-35
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• 2010

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.388.3-389
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• 2002

Kyonin(Armeniacae Semen)is the herb medicine that contains amygdalin as a major ingredient. Amygdalin in water is decomposed into benzaldehyde. HCN. and glucose by emulsin. a hydrolysis enzyme in kyonin. A useful and practical method for the optimum extraction condition of amygdalin without enzymatic hydrolysis is required. The extraction yield of amygdalin of natural formula kyonin was 0.5% from crude powers. 0.7% from small pieces. 1.2% from half pieces and 2.7% from whole pieces. (omitted)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.223-228
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• 1989

In order to modelize the pretreatment procedure of the cyanide-free apricot seed oil, the conditions of crushing, frying, drying and steaming were investigated. Hydrogen cyanide was formed in the crushed seed at wide temperature range of $5{\sim}70^{\circ}C$, and the highest formation temperature was $40^{\circ}C$. The cyanide content in the crushed seeds incubated 5 and $40^{\circ}C$ for 96 hours was 200 and $780{\mu}g/g$ respectively, however the cyanide contained small amount in the non-crushed seeds. Consequently, emulsin inactivaton procedure was required for the preparation of cyanide-free oil. Steaming for 15 min. was the most desirable pretreatment procedure for the cyanide-free apricot seed oil. But oil production from the steamed seeds was lower than those from frying.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.389.2-389.2
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• 2002

Tonin(Persicae Semen)is the herb medicine that cntains amygdalin as a major ingredient. Amygdalin in water is decomposed into benzaldehyde. HCN. and glucoseby emulsin. a hydrolysis enzyme intonin. A useful and practical method for the optimum extraction condition of amygdalin without enzymatic hydrolysis is required. The extraction yield of amygdalin of natural formula tonin was 0.1 % from crude powers. 1.4% from small pieces. 3.5% from half pieces and 2.4% from whole pieces. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.223.1-223.1
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• 2003

D-Amygdalin and its conversion product, neoamygdalin, were clearly separated on reverse-phase column chromatography by an optimized eluent of 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 3.5) containing 8.5% acetonitrile. Linearity for analyzing D-amygdalin and neoamygdalin was observed in the range from 0.05 to 0.5 mM. The detection limits for D-amygdalin and neoamygdalin were ca. 5 uM per injected amount. When extracting amygdalin from a whole piece of Armeniacae Semen in the boiling aqueous solution, there was almost no influence of emulsin; it resulted in higher extraction yield. (omitted)