• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.9 no.2 s.31
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• pp.19-24
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• 2006

Green gas emissions Trading System(ETS) came into effect in the Europe last year 2005. All transport modes have tried to reduce green gas emission and EU member countries are promoting the use of environmental friendly transport mode to avoid economic loss due to green gas emission. Besides ETS, rapidly rising of oil price and peak oil urge to invest more in the environmental friendly public transport mode and to discourage the use of private cars. The operation of KTX is estimated to bring external cost reduction up to 570 bil. won in 2004 based on European external unit costs of transport modes. This result implies that the expansion of high speed rail network and reconsideration of East-West high speed rail network which is not considered because of weak economic validity is required.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.323-329
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• 2017

Nowadays, considering global warming and enhanced prohibition to discharge pollutants at sea, all of existing operation-ships must lead to the reduction of fuel consumption. International standards of International Maritime Organization and EU rules governing harbor pollutants are being strengthened. Therefore, ship-owners and operators are seeking ways to reduce $CO_2$, SOx, and NOx emissions. Although world trade continues to expand, total fuel usage for sea transport tends to diminish. However, ICS(International Chamber of Shipping) has set a goal of reducing $CO_2$ emissions from shipping by 50% until 2050. In addition, with respect to the Paris Climate Change Accord in 2015, IMO proposes to set up a reduction target of GHG emission from existing operation-ships. For setting up a reduction target of GHG from international maritime transport, "A data collection system for fuel consumption" will be introduced in the near future. In order to effectively reduce the use of fuel in a ship in accordance with the trend of compulsory fuel saving from operation ships, this paper suggested adoption of an Incentive-Penalty scheme based on Emission-Trading-Scheme, Carbon Tax, and basic calculation formula after verifying the EEOI level for a year.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.77-98
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• 2013

China, the world's largest $CO_2$ producer, is likely to be obligated to reduce greenhouse gas emissions under the post-Kyoto protocol. This paper estimates a Shephard input distance function for the Chinese fossil-fueled power generation sector to measure the shadow price of $CO_2$ emissions, technical efficiency, and indirect Morishima elasticities of substitution between inputs. Empirical results show that, on average, it costs approximately 3.2 US dollars per year to reduce $CO_2$ emissions by one ton over the period 1981-2009. This finding indicates that Chinese power sector is expected to benefit from selling emission permits to other countries such as Korea and Japan, given that our estimate for China is lower than the ones previous literatures estimated for the power sector in these countries. The maximum attainable average $CO_2$ reduction potential amounts to approximately 25 million tons per year by improving technical efficiency. Capital is substitutable with both coal and oil and capital is relatively more readily substituted for these fuels.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.689-733
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• 2011

This study evaluates a novel scheme to trade sulfur dioxide emission permits subject to non-uniform rates. These rates are based on generators' marginal costs of compliance with environmental policy in a hypothesized least social-cost solution. This scheme is compared against the existing trading program used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, featuring permits tradable one for one. Both policies are modeled to yield identical aggregate emissions. A numerical partial-equilibrium model of the U.S. energy industry is used to infer sulfur dioxide concentrations and health damages, as well as producer and consumer surplus, under the two policies. Regional pollution levels are found to vary across the two policies significantly. The system of exchange rates is estimated to outperform the uniform-trading scheme by $2.2 billion in industry profits and $2.1 billion in health damages, but to reduce consumer surplus by $6.7 billion. Paradoxically, exchange rates are thus estimated to lower total welfare by $2.5 billion. This is due to conceptual mechanism-design problems, as well as empirical issues.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.293-305
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• 2009

Methane, as a greenhouse gas, is some 21~25 times more detrimental to the environmental than carbon dioxide. Landfills generally constitute the most important anthropogenic source, and methane emission from landfill was estimated as 35~73 Tg per year. Biological approaches using biocover (open system) and biofilter (closed system) can be a promising solution for older and/or smaller landfills where the methane production is too low for energy recovery or flaring and installation of a gas extraction system is inefficient. Methanotrophic bacteria, utilizing methane as a sole carbon and energy source, are responsible for the aerobic degradation (oxidation) of methane in the biological systems. Many bench-scale studies have demonstrated a high oxidation capacity in diverse filter bed materials such as soil, compost, earthworm cast and etc. Compost had been most often employed in the biological systems, and the methane oxidation rates in compost biocovers/boifilters ranged from 50 to $700\;g-CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Some preliminary field trials have showed the suitability of biocovers/biofilters for practical application and their satisfactory performance in mitigation methane emissions. Since the reduction of landfill methane emissions has been linked to carbon credits and trading schemes, the verified quantification of mitigated emissions through biocovers/biofilters is very important. Therefore, the assessment of in situ biocovers/biofilters performance should be standardized, and the reliable quantification methods of methane reduction is necessary.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.733-741
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• 2021

Globally, in accordance with the goals set forth in the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement, each country has established and declared a reduction target for carbon neutrality by 2050. The roadmaps for establishing long-term greenhouse gas emissions development strategies and setting reduction targets have been announced. As the international community accelerates the transition to the net-zero society, 128 countries have declared net-zero by the end of 2020, and the net-zero declaration continues to expand around G20 member states. In December 2020, Korea announced the "2050 Net-zero Strategy" to establish a foundation for simultaneously achieving carbon reduction, economic growth, and improved quality of life for the people through active response to the net-zero, and pursuing policy tasks in stages to do this. Comprehensive carbon management is insufficient due to the lack of comprehensive carbon management due to the departure from the areas of mandatory reduction, such as the GHG energy target management system and the GHG emissions trading offset system implemented to reduce greenhouse gases in Korea. Currently, there is no cases for estimation or calculation of carbon dioxide emissions for the Mine Reclamation projects. It is reviewed the standard methods proposed by domestic and foreign carbon emission calculation methods and proposed appropriate carbon emission estimation methods for the Mine Reclamation projects in this study.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.25-36
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• 2009

The Total Pollutant Load Management System(TPLMS) in the Han River basin is being changed from a voluntary to a mandatory system. Accordingly, this study suggests directions and priorities for research that can support implementation of TPLMS through an objective approach that deploys gap analysis and analytic hierarchy processes (AHP). Gap analysis indicated that TPLMS in Korea is still focused on compliance with regulations, and that implementation of TPLMS is still in its early stage. Improvements are thus needed in flexibility and effectiveness, including introduction of emissions rights trading, and upgrading to a renewable emissions permit system. The AHP study indicated that R&D will need to proceed in parallel in multiple areas to improve systems and resolve scientific uncertainties. Balanced R&D will be needed in both the institutional and technical groups. Subgroup analysis indicated that developing a reasonable process to establish water quality management targets is of the highest priority in the institutional group. In the technical group, higher priority will need to be given to improving model reliability and developing innovative pollution load reduction technologies.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.295-303
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• 2015

Considering to Energy Storage System (ESS) is a global trend In order to reduce global warming and carbon emissions. South Korea has announced various policies to vitalize the development and uptake of renewable energy. South Korea is planning the cumulative capacity of ESS of two million kW in 2020. According to the government support and development of technology companies, the battery of ESS prices are expected to fall gradually. In this paper, we develop a planning model that take into account the supply expansion of technology of ESS and prices. Based on planning model, we analyze the cost of ESS linked with wind power and the revenue for trading electricity and renewable energy certifications.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.41-53
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• 2017

This study focuses on the current state of Smart Grid policy in Japan and its problems while the interest in Smart Grid has been increasing since the March 2011 earthquake in East Japan. As a result of the analysis, Japan introduced the fixed price buying system of new and renewable energy in response to the power supply and demand problem caused by the 2011 earthquake in East Japan, and established a decentralized green electricity trading market in which electricity generated from new and renewable energy is traded Smart Grid-related projects were implemented as a solution to solve energy crisis and environmental problems at the same time. As a result, we achieved visible results such as suppressing peak power, reducing CO2 emissions, and securing stable supply and demand of energy using renewable energy sources. On the other hand, the improvement of current Smart Grid policy operation in Japan and the introduction of stabilization system of power system, promotion of international standards of domestic technology related to smart grid, and support for strengthening security of smart grid.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.672-678
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• 2017

In this study, municipal solid waste (MSW) has collected 3 times and physico-chemical analysis has done. Nitrous oxide emissions from MSW incineration plant were measured continuously by EPA Method 18 and it was compared with the emission by calculation using the emission factor. The $N_2O$ emission of MSW incineration plant was more than twice as large as the emission by calculation. It was found that the installation of abatement facilities in MSW incineration plant is effective in achieving the greenhouse reduction targets and it can be ensure economical efficiency through emission trading system.