• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.823-828
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• 2006

동백잎에 함유된 유용 성분을 식품 소재로 이용 또는 제품화 하는데 필요한 열수추출 조건을 추출물의 회수율, 함유성분의 안정성 및 항산화 활성을 기준으로 검토하였다. 동결건조 시료 5.26g(신선중량 30g 상당량)에 대해 추출 용액(증류수)의 용량(100-600 mL, 6단계)을 달리하여 $90^{\circ}C$에서 30분 추출한 결과, 추출물의 회수율 변화는 1% 이내로 큰 차이가 없었다. 그들 각 시료를 HPLC로 분석한 결과, 추출물 중에 함유된 화합물들에도 거의 변화가 없었다. 그러나 그들 각 시료의 항산화 활성은 추출 용매의 용량 증가와 비례하는 경향을 보였으며, 300 mL 추출 군(73.99%)에서 가장 활성이 높았던 600 mL 추출 군(79.83%)에 근접한 2번째로 높은 활성을 보였다. 한편 동결건조시료 5.26g에 증류수 100 mL를 가한 시료에 대해 추출시간(10, 30, 60, 120분)을 달리하여 용량별 추출조건의 검토시와 동일 사항을 검토하였다. 그 결과 추출물의 회수율은 추출 시간이 길어질수록 증가하는 경향이 관찰되었다. 그러나 추출 시간이 30분 이상이 되면, HPLC 상에서 화합물들의 변화 경향이 현저해짐을 알 수 있었고, 항산화 활성 또한 30분 이후부터 급격히 감소되어짐이 확인되었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 동결건조 동백잎의 열수추출조건은 건조시료(g)의 약 60배(mL) 양의 증류수를 이용하여 $90^{\circ}C$에서 30분간 추출하는 것이 가장 효율적이라고 판단되었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.468-475
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• 1992

질소시비수준이 Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway (OPPP)와 Nitrate Rdeuctase (NR), Nitrite Rdeuctase(NiR), Glutamine Synthetase$_1$(GS$_1$) 및 Glutamine Synthetase$_2$(GS$_2$) 활성도의 상호관계에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 암조건하에서 6일간 생육시킨 완두의 부위별 또는 crude extract와 순수분리 한 plastid 별 효소 활성도를 분석 검토한 결과, 1. NR의 root부위의 생체 1g당 활성도와 단백질 1mg당 활성도, NiR의 root 및 shoot부위의 생체 1g 당 활성도는 거의 비슷한 반응을 나타내 NO$_3$$^{-}$ 처리농도가 증가할수록 급격히 증가하여 생체 1g당 NR 활성도, NiR의 root 및 shoot부위의 생체 1g당 활성도는 5mM에서, NR의 단백질 1mg당 NR 활성도는 10mM에서 각각 그 최고치에 각각 도달하였다가, 이후 시비수준이 증가할수록 저하하여 50mM 처리구에서는 무처리구와 비슷한 수준을 나타냈다. 2. NR의 shoot부위의 생체 1g당 활성도와 단백질 1mg 당 활성도, NiR의 root 및 shoot부위의 단백질 1mg당 활성도는 시비수준이 증가할수록 그 활성도가 induction되었으며, NR의 생체 1g당 활성도는 50mM에서 무처리구에 비해 4.8배, 단백질 1mg 당 활성도는 25mM 처리구에서 무처리구에 비해 5.0배까지 상승하였다. 3. Crude extract의 총 GS specific activity가 plastids의 GS$_2$ specific activity에 비해 월등히 많았으며, crude extract의 총 GS specific activity 대 plastids의 GS$_2$ specific activity의 비율은 뿌리의 3.0-4.3에 비해 shoot는 3.2-10.6으로 Shoot에서 NO$_3$$^{-}$ 처리농도에 따라 활성도비율의 차이가 더 컸다. 4. 고수준의 NO$_3$$^{-}$ 처리구에서 과다한 NO$_3$$^{-}$ influx에 의한 NR, NiR, GS$_1$, GS$_2$, 등의 효소활성도가 억제되었다. 5. OPPP만을 통해서도 식물체내의 NO$_3$$^{-}$의 환원이나 동화를 위한 NR, NiR, GS$_1$, GS$_2$ 활성도의 발현에 필요한 환원제와 ATP 충분히 공급될수 있었다.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.37-60
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• 1983

The uterus receives adrenergic terminals from the mesenteric ganglia and considerably large amount of catecholamines have been shown to be contained in this organ. On the other hand, the activities of epinephrine, norepinephrine or adrenergic nerve on uterine motility is so complicated that many controversial results have been reporter. Recently, a large number of reports concerning the changes of uterine catecholamines content have appeared, but little is known about the role of uterine catecholamines in their activities on uterine motility. The present experiments were undertaken to determine the significance of the intrinsic uterine catecholamines in the physiology of uterus. Female albino rabbits weighing approximately 2 kg were employed in this experiment. uterine strip3 were prepared and suspended in a constant temperature $bath(38^{\circ}C)$ containing 100 ml of Locke's solution aerated with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide. Spontaneous motility was recorded on a smoked drum with an isotonic lever. The catecholamines concentration of the uterus was determined according to the Procedure described of Shore and Olin (1958). Human uterus obtained from patients was also used to determine the catecholam ines content of myometrium. Followings are summarized results. 1) On the non-pregnant rabbit uterine strips, epinephrine and norepinephrine significantly elevated the tonus and stimulated the spontaneous motility. Pretreatment with dichloroisoproterenol(DCI), an adrenergic beta-receptor blocker, enhanced the stimulatory activity of epinephrine or norepinephrine. On the other hand, pretreatment with dibenamine, an adrenergic alpha-receptor blocker, rendered the uterine muscle to exhibit inhibition after the administration of epinephrine or norepinephrine. Following the treatment with both DCI and dibenamine, epinephrine or norepinephrine produced no appreciable effects on the spontaneous motility of the uterus. These results suggest there exist both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors in the uterine muscle and the response to epinephrine of the former is predominant over that of latter in the non-pregnant uterus of rabbits. The total catecholamines concentration of the non-pregnant uterus was $351\;m{\mu}g/g$ and the fractional concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine were $125\;m{\mu}g/g(35.7%)$ and $226\;m{\mu}g/g$ respectively. It is interesting to note that the catecholamines content of uterus was characterized by a high fractional corcentration of epinephrine relative to norepinephrine. 2) On the pregnant rabbit uterine strips, the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine varied according to the period of pregnancy. The response to epinephrine of adrenergic beta receptor of uterus increased during pregnancy, and the effect of catecholamine was inhibitory in the early pregnancy but became stimulatory as the pregnancy progressed. This stimulating action on the uterine motility was found to occur through the action of norepinephrine. The uterine catecholamines concentration was markedly reduced during pregnancy. The catecholamines concentration was started to decrease in the early pregnancy, reached the lowest level in the mid-pregnancy and then started to increaae again in the late pregnancy when the total catecholamines content became the highest level of all. This increase of catefholamines in late pregnancy was chiefly due to the increase of norepinephrine. These results suggest that the uterine motility may be related to the catecholamines content, especially norepinephrine content in the uterus. 3) Bilateral oophorectomy of rabbits results in a marked shrink of the uterus in size. The spontaneous motility of the uterine segment of these animals was very weak and irregular. Norepinephrine produced inhibitory effect, whereas epinephrine was stimulatory or inhibitory effect on the uterine segment. The total catecholamines tontent in whole uterus was markedly reduced. The injection of estrogen into the oophorectornized rabbit increased the weight of uterus to approximately three times of that of oophorectornized animal. The apontaneous motility and the response to epinephrine and norepinephrine of the uterine segment were greatly enhanced. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine produced a marked stimulatory effects of the uterine motility. The uterine content of catecholamines, particularly epinephrine, was markedly increased. The injection of progesterone into the oophorectornized rabbit increaeed the weight of uterus to approximately 2.5 times of that of eophorectornized animal. The spontaneous motility of the uterine segment was weak and irregular. Epinephrine produced stimulatory effect at high concentrations but norepinephrine always prcdnced inhibitory effect on the uterine segment. The uterine content of catecholamines, particularly of norepinephrine, was markedly reduced. These results suggested that ovarian hormones play an important role not only on the growth and spontaneous norepinephrine of uterus but also on the catecholamines content and responee to epinephrine and norepinephrine of the uterus. 4) The intraperitoneal injection of reserpine(3 mg/kg) into the non-pregnant, pregnant and oophorectornieed rabbits markedly decreased the uterine content of catecholamines, particularly of the norepinephrine. The stimulatory response to epinephrine and. norepinephrine of the uterine segment of these reserpinized ratbits was markedly reduced whereas the inhibitory response to these catecholamines was enhanced. This finding further support the close relationship between the uterine catecholamines content and uterine response to epineptrire and norepinephrine. 5) In the human uterus, the concentration of epinephrine was actrally greater than that of norepinephrine and it was significantly greater during the proliferative phase of the menstrtal cycle. In the human pregnant uterus, the concentrations of toth epinephrine and ncrefinephrine were markedly reduced and showed about 45 percent rednction after 6-8 weeks of ectopic Pregnancy. At full term ana during labor, the concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine at placental sites were less than those found in the non-pregnant group. Of interest was the finding that the norepinephrine concentration of uterus from toxemic patients was two and half times higher than that of lower uterine segment of the nontoxemic pregnant individuals. Also the epinephrine concentraticn was slightly increaeed.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.305-311
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• 2012

박막수경 재배시스템을 갖춘 식물공장에서 적축면 상추의 생육, 엽수, 엽록소함량 및 생산 효율성에 관한 배양액 농도와 광도의 효과를 알아보기 위해 본 연구를 수행하였다. 배양액 농도 수준은 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, $6.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, 광도 수준은 120, 150, $180{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$이었다. 광주기는 16시간 명기, 8시간 암기 하에서 온도는 $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$로 유지하였다. 재식거리는 $10{\times}10cm$였다. 배양액 농도 $0.5{\sim}1.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ 수준에서 생육한 적축면 상추의 생체중과 건물중은 배양액 농도와 광도가 낮아짐에 따라 감소하였으나, 적색 정도는 광도와 농도별 차이가 없었다(실험 1). 적축면 상추가 배양액 농도 $1.5{\sim}6.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ 수준에서 생육할 때, 생체중과 건물중 및 생산 효율성($g{\cdot}FW/kw$) 등은 배양액 농도 $3.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$와 $180{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ 처리구에서 높았다(실험 2). 세부적인 실험 결과, 생체중, 건물중, 엽수 및 생산 효율성 등은 배양액 농도 $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$와 $180{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ 처리구에서 가장 높았다(실험 3). 배양액 농도가 짙어질수록 SPAD 수치도 점진적으로 증가하였다. 이상의 결과에서 우리는 완전제어형 식물 공장에서 적축면 상추의 생산성 뿐만 아니라 생산 효율성을 고려해 볼 때, 적정 배양액 농도와 광도 수준은 각각 $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$와 $180{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$였다.