• Toxicological Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2014

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are becoming increasingly popular worldwide and their cellular effects warrant further evaluation. In this study, we investigated the effects of an e-cigarette cartridge solution on allergen related asthmatic airway inflammation (AI) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), when it is delivered by intratracheal route in mice. Asthmatic AI and AHR were induced by systemic sensitization to ovalbumin (OVA) followed by intratracheal, intraperitoneal, and aerosol allergen challenges in BALB/c mice. The cartridge solution of e-cigarette (containing 16 mg/ml nicotine) was diluted 50 times and $100{\mu}l$ of the diluted solution was intratracheally instilled to OVA-sensitized (OVA-S) mice two times a week for 10 weeks. Long-term e-cigarette inhalation elicited no remarkable changes in the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase enzymes in serum, however, increased infiltration of inflammatory cells including eosinophils, into airways from blood, aggravated the asthmatic AI and AHR, and stimulated the production of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13, and OVA-specific IgE production. Our data suggest that the inhalation of e-cigarette solutions can function as an important factor to exacerbate the allergy-induced asthma symptoms. Further studies are needed to address the effects of e-cigarette solutions on human health.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.47-55
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the factors associated with electronic cigarette use by Korean adults. To accomplish this, data collected from 228,477 individuals during a community health survey conducted by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2015 were analyzed by descriptive analysis, the Chi-squared test, and logistic regression analysis. The lifetime prevalence of electronic cigarette smoking was 11.1% for men and 0.8% for women. The current prevalence for electronic cigarettes smoking was 24.2% for men and 26.1% for women among lifetime users of electronic cigarettes. The lifetime experience rate of electronic cigarette smoking was significantly associated with age, educational attainment, occupation, income status and current smoking status, respectively. The current universal smoking e-cigarette is significantly related to the current smoking status, which shows a significantly higher number of current smokers than groups that have smoked in the past. The preference for electronic cigarette smoking was high. E-cigarettes were perceived by those who aimed to quit smoking as having a smoking cessation effect compared to regular cigarettes while also providing the pleasure of smoking and addressing the addiction. Therefore, e-cigarettes were highly favored because they were reflected as a solution to the dilemma of smoking. In 2014, electronic cigarette imports tripled from the previous year, and interest in electronic cigarettes is increasing worldwide. Accordingly, measures related to the prevention and discontinuation of e-cigarettes should be considered. Strengthening anti-smoking education and active promotion of anti-smoking risks is needed to improve smokers' wrong perception of smoking-related health. The WHO also reports that there is a lack of grounds to ensure or acknowledge that e-cigarettes are effective. Accordingly, it is important to identify environmental factors influencing the use of electronic cigarettes and explore the relationship between electronic cigarette recognition and use.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.186-194
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• 2021

Purpose: This study was conducted to find out the association between dual-use of the electronic cigarette (EC) and conventional cigarette (CC) and depression among undergraduate students. Methods: The participants of this study were 225 undergraduate students who were attending two universities located in Ulsan metropolitan city. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression were conducted to analyze the data. Results: Nicotine dependence and depression were significantly higher in the dual-use group than in the single-use group. Dual-use of the EC and CC was significantly associated with depression among undergraduate students. In addition, quality of sleep was significantly associated with depression among undergraduate students. Conclusion: In order to prevent depression among undergraduate students, it is necessary to improve the awareness of the danger of dual use of the EC and CC.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.608-617
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze related factors in relation to usage of illicit substances for Korean adolescents. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, which used data from the Twelfth Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS). A total of 65,528 students in 2016 were included in this study. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used for analyzing related factors using illicit substances. Results: Overall, 553 (0.8%) students responded as having ever used illicit substances during their lifetime and 133 (0.2%) students responded as current illicit substance users. It was found that electronic cigarette (EC) use, conventional cigarette smoking, second hand smoking, sad/despair mood, and economic status were significantly associated factors with usage of illicit substances. Comparing 'current EC users' with 'never EC users', the adjusted odds ratios (OR) was 7.76 (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.56-10.82) for life-time use of illicit substances, and 18.74 (95% CI: 8.01-43.87) for current use of illicit substances among adolescents. Additionally, comparing 'students who ever were exposed to second hand smoking during the past week', with 'students who never were exposed to second hand smoking', the adjusted OR was 2.60 (95% CI: 2.13-3.17) for life-time use of illicit substances, and 2.85 (95% CI: 1.68-4.83) for current use of illicit substances among adolescents. Conclusions: Based on the results, electronic cigarette use, second hand smoking, conventional cigarette smoking, sad/despair mood, and economic status were significantly associated with increased odds of substance experience and current substance use. Therefore, the results of this study can provide a useful evidence about adolescent behaviors in predicting substance use.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.153-162
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• 2021

The study was conducted to identify the relationship between the e-cigarette smoking rate and demographic factors, health status and health behavior factors within the last one month of adults over 19 years of age, and to provide basic data for cessation education and health policy establishment to reduce the e-cigarette smoking rate. This is a secondary data analysis study using survey data of 22,908 people over the age of 19 who participated in the 2018 Community Health Survey in Seoul and the SAS program was used for analysis. Smoking rate of e-cigarettes within the last one month was 4.5%, and as a result of multivariate logistic regression analysis, factors related to e-cigarette smoking were sex, age, education level, occupation and general cigarette smoking status. In order to prevent e-cigarette smoking and reduce the smoking rate, education should first be given to professionals with educational backgrounds of college graduates or higher to inform the dangers of e-cigarettes. In addition, public relations and campaigns to inform the general public that e-cigarette smoking is no different from general cigarette smoking are required, and deployment of the same anti-smoking policy that treats e-cigarettes as general cigarettes is required.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.51-56
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• 2020

Purpose: Acute nicotine poisoning by liquid nicotine in electronic cigarettes is becoming an increasing problem worldwide. The current systematic review aimed to determine the harm of acute nicotine poisoning by reviewing published case reports. Methods: An online literature search with PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and KoreaMed database was performed to identify relevant studies addressing acute nicotine poisoning with electronic cigarettes. Two investigators searched the case reports written in English or Korean. Results: Twenty-six cases were included in this study. The routes of intoxication included ingestion in 18 cases, intravenous injection in three cases, subcutaneous injection in two cases, and ocular exposure in two cases. Ten cases had a cardiac arrest, and seven of them died. Seven out of 12 cases with intentional poisoning had a cardiac arrest. Nine children under 18 years were reported, and three of them had a cardiac arrest. Sixteen cases without a cardiac arrest recovered well, except for one case with sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Conclusion: The authors reviewed the risks of electronic cigarette liquid in terms of acute poisoning through a systematic review. The nicotine solution of an e-cigarette can be life-threatening in cases of acute poisoning. Therefore, active emergency treatment with early recognition is necessary. In addition, various management methods and regulations for preventing acute nicotine poisoning, such as restriction of distribution and nicotine concentration, should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2016

Objectives: This study is purpose to recognition the of smoking behavior and the electronic cigarette of university students have a current smoking. Methods: The subjects were university living in Busan, the survey was conducted from March 23 to April 12, 2015, 314 except for 24 copies of non-response and error response among a total of 340 questionnaires were analyzed. Statistical analysis methods used in this study are $x^2$-test, Linear Regression Analysis and other basic statistics such frequency, percentage using SPSS version 22.0. Results: Electronic cigarette has been analyzed to be recognized non smoking, smoking reduces, good health than conventional cigarettes, convenient to use, there is no smell, can smoke in any place and as safe. Gender, grade, non smoking experience, non smoking and accept factors were analyzed to influence the use of electronic cigarettes. Conclusions: We suggest an established institutional arrangements and regulations, take advantage of various health programs development, and ongoing health education.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.436-448
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• 2020

This study aims to determine the effect of e-cigarettes on oral health by investigating the association between the use of different tobacco products and oral health among Korean adults aged 19 years and older. Data from the 2017 Community Health Survey were used for the study. Respondents were divided into four groups: non-smokers, cigarette smokers, e-cigarette smokers, and users of both products. A sample of 228,357 respondents was selected for analysis. Twenty-four questionnaires with missing values (non-response or refusal) were excluded from the sample. A regression analysis was performed with oral as the dependent variable. A multivariate regression analysis showed a significant difference between cigarette smokers and users of both products when compared to the non-smokers. However, e-cigarette users showed a significant when the variables were correlated with age and gender. There was no significant difference in other dependent variables in a multivariate regression analysis. The results of the study indicated no association between e-cigarette use and oral health. More research is needed on factors such as amount and intensity of e-cigarette use.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.587-596
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• 2018

This study aims to observe changes in heart-rate variability (HRV) indices induced by e-cigarette and conventional-cigarette smoking and to compare the differences in acute cardiac autonomic regulation. All participants (n=41) were exposed to both e-cigarette smoke (ES) and conventional cigarette smoke (CS) in a randomized crossover trial. HRV analysis was performed during each smoking session based on a recorded r-r interval 10 minutes before smoking and at specified recovery periods (REC1, 0-5 min; REC2, 5-10 min; REC3, 10-15 min; REC4, 15-20 min; REC5, 20-25 min; and REC6, 25-30 min). ES led to a significantly increased cardiac sympathetic index (LF/HF ratio) compared with the baseline, and it shifted the sympathovagal balance toward sympathetic predominance, including reduction in the complexity of the interbeat interval (SampEn). In REC1 after ES, only decreases of parasympathetic indices such as rMSSD, pNN50, HF, and SD1 were indicated. CS sessions produced not only an increased LF/HF ratio during smoking and recovery periods (REC1 and REC4) but also enhanced sympathetic predominance on autonomic balance during smoking and recovery periods (REC1, REC2, and REC4). In the CS trials, parasympathetic indices of time and non-linear analysis (rMSSD, pNN50, and SD1) were decreased during smoking and in REC1 to REC5. SampEn was also reduced during smoking and REC1 to REC4. Acute sympathoexcitatory effects induced by e-cigarette use produced statistically significant results. Parasympathetic withdrawal after smoking suggests that e-cigarettes may cause increased cardiovascular risk.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.340-353
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to compare and analyze the smoking-related social-ecological factors affecting attempts to quit smoking by adolescents using tobacco cigarettes only and also those adolescents using tobacco cigarettes along with electronic cigarettes. Methods: This study, as secondary analysis research, used the raw data from the 14th Korea youth risk behavior survey 2018. The data was analyzed by frequency analysis, the Rao-scott χ²-test and logistic regression analysis when considering the complex sample's analysis. Results: On logistic regression analysis, during their first smoking period, intense physical activities and having friends who smoked were associated with significantly more attempts to quit smoking by cigarettes smokers, and their first smoking period and experiences of undergoing smoking cessation education were associated with significantly more attempts to quit smoking for dual smokers of both tobacco cigarettes and electronic ones. Conclusion: As a result of this study, we identified the need to differentiate different types of smoking cessation counseling and education according to the types of smoking in adolescents.