• Title/Summary/Keyword: Electric Market

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Current Trend of EV (Electric Vehicle) Waste Battery Diagnosis and Dismantling Technologies and a Suggestion for Future R&D Strategy with Environmental Friendliness (전기차 폐배터리 진단/해체 기술 동향 및 향후 친환경적 개발 전략)

  • Byun, Chaeeun;Seo, Jihyun;Lee, Min kyoung;Keiko, Yamada;Lee, Sang-hun
    • Resources Recycling
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.3-11
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    • 2022
  • Owing to the increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs), appropriate management of their waste batteries is required urgently for scrapped vehicles or for addressing battery aging. With respect to technological developments, data-driven diagnosis of waste EV batteries and management technologies have drawn increasing attention. Moreover, robot-based automatic dismantling technologies, which are seemingly interesting, require industrial verifications and linkages with future battery-related database systems. Among these, it is critical to develop and disseminate various advanced battery diagnosis and assessment techniques to improve the efficiency and safety/environment of the recirculation of waste batteries. Incorporation of lithium-related chemical substances in the public pollutant release and transfer register (PRTR) database as well as in-depth risk assessment of gas emissions in waste EV battery combustion and their relevant fire safety are some of the necessary steps. Further research and development thus are needed for optimizing the lifecycle management of waste batteries from various aspects related to data-based diagnosis/classification/disassembly processes as well as reuse/recycling and final disposal. The idea here is that the data should contribute to clean design and manufacturing to reduce the environmental burden and facilitate reuse/recycling in future production of EV batteries. Such optimization should also consider the future technological and market trends.

Exploring a Balanced Share of Slow Charging Options by Places Based on Heterogeneous Travel and Charging Behavior of Electric Vehicle Users (장소별 완속충전기 적정 보급 비율에 관한 연구 : 전기차 이용자의 통행 및 충전행태에 따른 이질성을 중심으로)

  • Jae Hyun Lee;Seo Youn Yoon;Hyeonmi Kim
    • The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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    • v.21 no.6
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    • pp.21-35
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    • 2022
  • With the support of local and central governments, various incentive policies for "green" cars have been established, and the number of electric vehicle users has been rapidly increasing in recent years. As a result, much attention is being given to establishing a user-centered charging infrastructure. A standard for the number of electric vehicle chargers to be supplied is being prepared based on building characteristics, but there is quite limited research on the appropriate ratio of slow and fast chargers based on the characteristics of each place. Therefore, this study derived an appropriate penetration ratio based on data about the distribution ratio of common slow chargers. These data were collected using a survey of actual electric vehicle users. Next, an analysis was done on how to categorize the needs of charging environments and to determine what criteria or characteristics to use for categorization. Based on the results of the survey analysis, three types of places were derived. Type-1 places require 10% of chargers to be slow chargers, Type-2 places require 40-60% of chargers to be slow chargers (i.e., around equal distribution of slow and fast chargers), and Type-3 places require more than 80% of chargers to be slow chargers. The required levels of slow chargers were classified by place type and by individual using latent class cluster analysis, which made it possible to categorize them into five clusters related to socioeconomic variables, vehicle characteristics, traffic, and charging behaviors. It was found that there was a high correlation between charging behavior, weekend travel behavior, gender, and income. The results and insights from this study could be used to establish charging infrastructure policies in the future and to prepare standards for supplying charging infrastructure according to changes in the electric vehicle market.

Effects of Fasting and Handling Stress on Plasma Concentrations of Glucose, Stress-associated Enzymes and Carcass Quality of Market Pigs (절식과 출하취급이 출하돈의 스트레스 관련 혈액성상과 도체품질에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, D.H.;Ha, D.M.;Seo, J.T.
    • Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.81-88
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    • 2007
  • One hundred and forty-four cross-bred market pigs weighing approximately 110 kg were randomly divided into six groups in a 3 (duration of fasting prior to loading; 0, 12 and 24 h) ${\times}$ 2 (handling stress; minimal vs stimulated handling stress) factorial arrangement of treatments. The stimulated handling stress group received overally rough handling including electric prod stimulation during loading, transport and lairage at least once at each step. All the animals received 3-h lairage prior to slaughter. Blood and longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) samples were taken at slaughter and after overnight chilling of the carcass, respectively. Mean plasma glucose concentration, as expected, was less in the 12 h- or 24 h-fasting group than in the 0 h-fasting, whereas cortisol concentration was greater (P<0.05) in the 24 h- vs 0 h-fasting group. Plasma concentrations of stress indicators glucose, cortisol, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase were greater in the stimulated vs minimal handling stress group. There were no interactions between the duration of fasting and handling stress in their effects on these blood variables. The incidence of pale, soft and exudative (PSE) carcass and drip loss of LM were reduced in the 12 h- or 24 h- vs 0 h-fasting group, whereas the 24-h postmortem LM pH and color including the lightness and redness were not affected by the duration of fasting. The incidence of PSE carcass and physicochemical characteristics of LM, however, were not changed by the stimulated vs minimal handling stress. In conclusion, results suggest that fasting the market pig overnight prior to transport is desirable in terms of reducing the incidence of PSE carcass. Rough handling of market pigs may not affect the carcass quality of the animals when an enough lairage time is provided. However, rough handling inflicts a stimulated stress on the animal, which is manifested by increased blood concentrations of stress indicators, and therefore should be avoided fer animal welfare.

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A Study on the Cause Analysis and Countermeasures of the Traditional Market for Fires in the TRIZ Method (TRIZ 기법에 의한 재래시장 화재의 원인분석과 대책에 관한 연구)

  • Seo, Yong-Goo;Min, Se-Hong
    • Fire Science and Engineering
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.95-102
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    • 2017
  • The fires in the traditional markets often occur recently with the most of them expanded into great fires so that the damage is very serious. The status of traditional markets handling the distribution for ordinary people is greatly shrunk with the aggressive marketing of the local large companies and the foreign large distribution companies after the overall opening of the local distribution market. Most of the traditional markets have the history and tradition from decades to centuries and have grown steadily with the joys and sorrows of ordinary people and the development of the local economy. The fire developing to the large fire has the characteristics of the problem that the fire possibility is high since all products can be flammable due to the deterioration of facilities, the arbitrary modification of equipment, and the crowding of the goods for sale. Furthermore, most of the stores are petty with their small sizes so that the passage is narrow affecting the passage of pedestrians. Accordingly, the traditional markets are vulnerable to fire due to the initial unplanned structural problem so that the large scale fire damage occurs. The study is concerned with systematically classifying and analyzing the result by applying the TRIZ tool to the fire risk factors to extract the fundamental problem with the fire of the traditional market and make the active response. The study was done for preventing the fire on the basis of it and the expansion to the large fire in case of fire to prepare the specific measure to minimize the fire damage. On the basis of the fire expansion risk factor of the derived traditional market, the study presented the passive measures such as the improvement of the fire resisting capacity, the fire safety island, etc. and the active and institutional measures such as the obligation of the fire breaking news facilities, the application of the extra-high pressure pump system, the divided use of the electric line, etc.

Spatial Structure of Hinterlands and Forelands of Pusan Container Export Port: the Cases of 3 National Flag Carriers (부산 컨테이너 수출항의 배후지와 지향지의 공간구조)

  • Cho, Su-Kyung
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.247-267
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    • 1993
  • According to developing international economy since the World War II, the increase and competition of the national business is so empha-sized tht both the interest and the necessity about marine transportation playing the impor-thant role of international transportation are increased. Today, the container transportation, as called the innovation of marine transport has been prevailed since the 1970's. The purpose of this paper is to grasp the spatial structure of the hinterlands and forelands, its object is export container cargo at Pusan Export Port, as known for the transportation node of modern containerlization. In this study, for the purpose of grasping the relation between hinterlands and forelands of Korean export container cargo, first, I researched the transition of carloading about container cargo, the bistribution channel of cargo, the change of the items of container and the carlo-adings about transport route, secondly, I used the cluster analysis so as to group hinterlands according to the items of goods and forelands. The object of the analysis is container cargo of Choyang Line, Hanjin Shipping and Hyundai Merchant Marine of National Frag Carriers. The source materials used in this study are Trucking Data of Hanjin Co., Container Ren-tal Data of Samik Transport Co. and Transpor-ting Present Condition Tables of Hyundai Mer-chant Marine. 1. There are two kinds of the transport classi-fied by its form: FCL and LCL. In Pusan Con-tainer Export, a lot of textile goods, clothings and furniture, compound, electric goods, and so on are dealed with but the rate of occupation of the transport is getting lower while that of occupation of equipment, papers and agricultu-ral, mineral and livestock industry higher. 2. In 1990, the transports of container cargo in Korea consist of 7 services and round-the world lines. We can list North America lines, East-South Asian lines, Japan lines and Inter European lines, in order of the quantity of tran-sport form the largest to the smaller. We can have another list that Japan lines, North Ame-rica lines and East-South lines in order of the rate participation of national flag carriers, be-cacuse Korean foreign trade lay disproportionate emphasis on East-South Asian lines. Japan lines among them is the biggest import-export market. Since the rationlization policy of marine tran-sport in 1984, each of national flag carriers have its own lines. Hanjin Shipping predominates over North America lines, Choyang Line over New Zealand, Inter European and Austria lines and Hyundai Merchant Marine over Center-South America lines, in terms of the volume of transport. And small-to-medium sized shippers are prevailing in lines which are adjacent to Korea, Such as Japan lines and East-South Asian lines. 3. In relation to hinterlands and forelands of Choyang Line, the light industry goods, electric goods and machinary produced in Seoul and Pusan are exported to the major ports in Europe and Japan, the same produces in Suwon, Ulsan, Kumi are exported to European Ports, and those in Incheon and Kwangju Austrian and Japanese ports, and those in the rest regions to the major port in Japan. 4. In relation to hinterlands and forelands of Hanjin Shipping, the light industry goods pro-ducing in Seoul and Pusan, the electric goods and machinary in Incheon and Pyeongteck, are exported to New York and Los Angeles. Electric goods and machinary Masan, Anyang, Cheona, Cheongju and Incheon, Electric goods machinary and light industry goods in Kwangju and non mental goods in Pohang, are exported New York, Los Angeles and Oakland. 5. In relation to hinterlands and forelands of Hyundai Merchant Marine, the region of Seoul, Pusan and Incheon closely related with the main ports in U.S.A. The rest regions with Montreal. The hinterlands of export container cargo can be classified by its export items into three kinds: the large city, industrial city and the rest city. Choyang Line's forelands are European lines, Japan lines and Austria lines, and Hanjin Shipping's forelands are North America lines, and Hyundai Merchant Marine's forelands are North America lines and Japan line. 3 National flag carriers' major forelands are determined by the size of port and the shipper's convenient use of the port terminal.

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Effect of Hydrogen Purge Mode on the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) Performance under Dead-ended Anode Operation (양극 닫힌계 작동에서 수소 배출 방법에 의한 고분자전해질 연료전지 성능 영향)

  • Kim, Junseob;Kim, Junbom
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.30 no.6
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    • pp.687-693
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    • 2019
  • As the hydrogen fuel cell market is expanded starting from hydrogen electric vehicle and power generation field, the demand for fuel cells and hydrogen increases recently. Therefore, research works on fuel cell durability and fuel efficiency are required in order to activate the fuel cell market and commercialization. A dead-ended anode system was used in this study to optimize the fuel cell performance and fuel efficiency. The effect of purge condition according to the applied current and hydrogen supply pressure on the fuel cell performance were evaluated. In addition, the influence of water back diffusion on the different electrolyte membrane thickness was analyzed. The accumulated water was purged with a solenoid valve in the case of 3% voltage decrease in the dead-ended anode system. The experiment was performed with the hydrogen supply pressure of 0.1~0.5 bar and purge duration of 0.1~1 second. A maximum fuel efficiency of 98.9% was achieved under the purge duration of 0.1 s and hydrogen supply pressure of 0.1 bar with a NR 211 (25.4 um) membrane. However, the fuel cell performance decreased in a long-term operation due to some frequent flooding. The fuel efficiency and purge interval increased due to decreased back diffusion rates of the water and nitrogen with a NR 212 (50.8 um) membrane.

Graphene Anode Material Technology Patent Trend Analysis for Secondary Battery (이차전지용 그래핀 음극소재 기술 특허 동향 분석)

  • Jae Eun Shin;Junhee Bae
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.55 no.6
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    • pp.661-669
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    • 2022
  • The need for miniaturization, high efficiency, and green energy resources as an energy storage device through the development of various electronic device has emerged. Accordingly, nanomaterials with excellent electrochemical properties, such as graphene and graphene hybrids, are attracting attention as promising materials. In particular, in the electric vehicle industry, cost reduction of secondary batteries is a key factor that can determine the spread of related industries, and it is most important to analyze R&D trends for battery material technology and respond to future technological development directions. Therefore, in this study, we tried to suggest a direction for R&D activities in the future by analyzing patent trends for graphene anode material technology for secondary batteries and deriving implications. As a result, in the case of anode material technology, the proportion of foreigners in the US and European patent markets was higher than in the Korean and Japanese patent markets, which means that the US and European marketability is high. In addition, Japanese applicants are filing high-level applications not only in the Japanese patent market but also in other countries suggests that Japan is leading the technology in this field. Lastly, the proportion of research institutes in the patent market of Korea and the US remains high compared to that of Japan and Europe, indicating that the commercialization of technology is still slow in those countries. Therefore research institutes and companies in Korea will have to establish their own strategies for developing and securing materials using the results of patent trends in major countries and major companies analyzed in this study.

Analysis of the Effects of Recycling and Reuse of Used Electric Vehicle Batteries in Korea (한국의 전기차 사용 후 배터리 재활용 및 재사용 효과 분석 연구)

  • Yujeong Kim
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.57 no.1
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    • pp.83-91
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    • 2024
  • According to the IEA (2022), global rechargeable battery demand is expected to reach 1.3 TWh in 2040. EV batteries will account for about 80% of this demand, and used EV batteries are expected to be discharged after 30 years. Used EV batteries can be recycled and reused to create new value. They can also resolve one of the most vulnerable parts of the battery supply chain: raw material insecurity. In this study, we analyzed the amount of used batteries generated by EV in Korea and their potential for reuse and recycling. As a result, it was estimated that the annual generation of used batteries for EV began to increase to more than 100,000 in '31 and expanded to 810,000 in '45. In addition, it was found that the market for recycling EV batteries in '45 could be expected to be equivalent to the production of 1 million batteries, and the market for reuse could be expected to be equivalent to the production of 36 Gwh of batteries. On the other hand, according to the plan standard disclosed by the recycling company, domestic used EV batteries can account for 11% of the domestic recycling processing capacity (pre-treatment) ('30). So it will be important to manage the import and export of used batteries in terms of securing raw materials.

Appraisal of Concrete Performance and Plan for Stable Use of EAF Oxidizing Slag as Fine Aggregate of Concrete (전기로 산화슬래그 잔골재를 사용한 콘크리트의 성능 평가)

  • Cho, Bong-Suk;Lee, Hoon-Ha;Yang, Seung-Kyu;Lee, Woong-Jong;Um, Tai-Sun
    • Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.367-375
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    • 2009
  • Recently, more focus is shift to imbalances in aggregate market supply and demand and an exhaustion of natural resources. In this situation, Electric arc furnace oxidizing slag (EAF slag) has high application possibility as aggregate for concrete due to similar property with general aggregate. However, it is inherent the problem which causes pop-out by free-CaO contained in slag In this study, we've got the plan to assure the chemical stability of EAF slag, and then experimentally tested the mechanical performance and durability for the fine aggregate used EAF slag. On this test result, we suggest the application plan. At the result of this study, it shows that EAF slag would reduce the surface defect such as pop-out due to natural aging for the fixed hour and adjustment the grain size of EAF slag. And mechanical performance and durability according to the replacement rate of concrete service, were revealed more than equal or equal compare to general aggregate. Hereafter, quality control must precede not to impede the beauty of concrete surface as assure the safety for aging and processing. And, to establish the environmental resource recycling system for by-products of steel, it should be made development of various application and guideline of quality control for the EAF slag aggregate. Moreover, it must be constantly studied all kind of engineering performance and durability for related to this study.

The Study on Implementation of a Semi-Solid Flat Phantom with Equivalent Electrical Properties to Whole Human Body at MICS and ISM Band (MICS 대역과 ISM 대역에서 인체 전기적 상수를 갖는 준(準) 고체형 플랫 팬텀 제작)

  • Lee, Soon-Yong;Seo, Won-Bum;Kwon, Kyeol;Choi, Jea-Hoon
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.101-107
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    • 2012
  • When wireless devises for MICS(Medical Implant Communication Service) or ISM(Industrial Scientific and Medical) bands are designed, it is necessary to verify the performance by using a human body flat phantom. However, most of studies on the phantom are limited to the biological effects of mobile-phone EMF. In this paper, semi-solid phantoms having the electric properties suggested by FCC at MICS and ISM bands are fabricated. The manufactured phantoms satisfy the electric properties($\varepsilon_r=56.7$ and $\sigma=0.94$ at MICS band, $\varepsilon_r=52.7$ and $\sigma=1.95$ at ISM band) at each band. All the composing materials for phantoms are commercially available in domestic market. Two methods using both polyethylene powder and TX-151 and glycerin at each band are proposed for diverse purpose. The electrical properties of the fabricated phantoms are measured by a dielectric probe kit and network analyzer after the lapse of one day (24 hours).