• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.261-275
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• 2003

Truss members built-up with double angles back-to-back have monosymmetric cross-section and twisting always accompanies flexion upon the onset of buckling about the axis of symmetry. Approximate formulae for calculating the buckling capacity are presented in this paper for routine design purpose. For a member susceptible only to flexural buckling, its optimal cross-section should consist of slender plate elements so as to get larger radius of gyration. But, occurrence of twisting changes the situation owing to the weakness of thin plates in resisting torsion. Criteria for limiting the leg slenderness are discussed herein. Truss web members in compression are usually considered as hinged at both ends for out-of-plane buckling. In case one (or both) end of member is not supported laterally by bracing member, its adjoining members have to provide an elastic support of adequate stiffness in order not to underdesign the member. The stiffness provided by either compression or tension chords in different cases is analyzed, and the effect of initial crookedness of compression chord is taken into account. Formulae are presented to compute the required stiffness of chord member and to determine the effective length factor for inadequately constrained compressive diagonals.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.431-436
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• 2016

In the design of transformer winding, natural vibration frequency is an important parameter. This paper presents a 2D model to calculate axial vibration natural frequency of power transformer winding based on the elastic dynamics theory, and according to the elastic support equivalent principle of radial pressboards. The 3D model to calculate natural vibration frequency can be simplified as a 2D one as the support of pressboards on the winding is same. It is verified that results of the 2D model are consistent with those of 3D one, but the former can achieve much higher calculation efficiency. It shows that increasing the width and number of pressboards can improve axial natural frequency through formula analysis and simulation, and also the relations between the changes of axial pre-compression and axial natural vibration frequency on the windings are investigated. Finally, the proposed 2D model's effectiveness is proved when compared with tested ones.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-24
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• 2014

The present study deals with two dimensional electro-elastic analysis of a functionally graded piezoelectric (FGP) cylinder under internal pressure. Energy method and first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) are employed for this purpose. All mechanical and electrical properties except Poisson ratio are considered as a power function along the radial direction. The cylinder is subjected to uniform internal pressure. By supposing two dimensional displacement and electric potential fields along the radial and axial direction, the governing differential equations can be derived in terms of unknown electrical and mechanical functions. Homogeneous solution can be obtained by imposing the appropriate mechanical and electrical boundary conditions. This proposed solution has capability to solve the cylinder structure with arbitrary boundary conditions. The previous solutions have been proposed for the problem with simple boundary conditions (simply supported cylinder) by using the routine functions such as trigonometric functions. The axial distribution of the axial displacement, radial displacement and electric potential of the cylinder can be presented as the important results of this paper for various non homogeneous indexes. This paper evaluates the effect of a local support on the distribution of mechanical and electrical components. This investigation indicates that a support has important influence on the distribution of mechanical and electrical components rather than a cylinder with ignoring the effect of the supports. Obtained results using present method at regions that are adequate far from two ends of the cylinder can be compared with previous results (plane elasticity and one dimensional first order shear deformation theories).

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.547-555
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• 2001

In pressurized light water reactor fuel assembly, spacer grids support nuclear fuel rods both laterally and vertically. The fuel rods are supported by spacer grid springs and grid dimples that are located in the grid cell. The support system allows for some thermal expansion and imbalance of the fuel rods. The imbalance is absorbed by elastic energy to prevent coolant flow- induced vibration damage. Design requirements are defined and a design process is established. The design process includes mathematical optimization as well as practical design method. The shape of the grid spring is designed to maintain its function during the lifetime of the fuel assembly. A structural optimization method is employed for the shape design. Since the optimization is carried out in the linear range of finite element analysis, the optimum solution is verified by nonlinear analysis. A good design is found and the final design is compared with the initial conceptual design. Commercial codes are utilized for structural analysis and optimization.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.181-190
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• 1998

현재 제주도 서귀포시 제주감귤연구소에서 개발중인 내풍형 2중 아치 비닐하우스에 풍하중을 재하하여 탄성수치해석을 시도한 결과, 풍동실험에 의하면 파풍망의 효과는 풍속이 5∼25m/s 일 때 파풍망을 통과한 유출속도가 86∼98%까지 감소하여 매우 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 일반적으로 사용하고 있는 파이프를 지반에 고정시키는 경계조건을 주지 않고 설치한 피라미드형 콘크리트 지지대의 사하중을 지점에 재하하여 경계조건을 준 결과, 하우스가 풍하중의 양력에 의하여 위로 들리는 거동을 나타내고 있었다. 이러한 거동은 현장에서 목격되는 파괴형상이 기초 전체가 인발되고 파이프가 콘크리트 기초로부터 인발됨으로써 야기되는 파괴요인이 된다. 본 연구에서 재하한 45m/s의 풍하중은 재현기간이 100년에 대한 값으로 반영구적인 구조물에 기준으로 비닐하우스의 내구수명이 상대적으로 짧으므로 이 풍하중을 감소시켜서 설계할 수 있었다. 또한 본 연구에서는 지붕아치가 연결되는 Y-형 접속장치를 내부힌지로 모델링한 것을 제외하고는 모든 연결을 고정연결로 보아 해석하였다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.512-520
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• 2006

The effects of flexibilities of supporting structures on shaft alignment are growing as ship sizes are Increasing mainly for container carrier and LNG carrier. But, most of classification societies not only do not suggest any quantitative guidelines about the flexibilities but also do not have shaft alignment design program considering the flexibility of supporting structures. A newly developed program, which is based on innovative shaft alignment technologies including nonlinear elastic multi-support bearing concept and hull deflection database approach, has S basic modules : 1)fully automated finite element generation module, 2) hull deflection database and it's mapping module on bearings, 3) squeezing and oil film pressure calculation module, 4) optimization module and 5) gap & sag calculation module. First module can generate finite element model including shafts, bearings, bearing seats, hull and engine housing without any misalignment of nodes. Hull deflection database module has built-in absolute deflection data for various ship types, sizes and loading conditions and imposes the transformed relative deflection data on shafting system. The squeezing of lining material and oil film pressures, which are relatively solved by Hertz contact theory and built-in hydrodynamic engine, can be calculated and visualized by pressure calculation module. One of the most representative capabilities is an optimization module based on both DOE and Hooke-Jeeves algorithm.

• 복합신소재구조학회 논문집
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2010

복합적층구조의 층간분리현상은 탄성좌굴하중을 감소시키며 설계값보다 낮은 수준에서 전체구조물의 파괴를 유발한다. 따라서 복합적층구조의 층간분리 현상은 매우 중요한 문제이며 많은 이론과 실험적인 연구가 진행되어왔다. 본 연구에서는 3차원 이론을 사용한 효과적인 유한요소법에 기초하여 임베디드된 사각형 층간분리 현상을 갖는 복합적층판의 탄성좌굴 거동을 분석하였다. 해석을 위해 개발된 3차원 유한요소는 EAS-SOLID8이라고 이름 붙여졌으며 강화된 대체 변형률 방법을 사용하였다. 임베디드된 사각형 층간분리를 갖는 복합적층판의 탄성좌굴거동 분석을 위해 경계조건, 폭-두께비 변화에 대하여 매개변수 해석을 수행하였다. 본 연구의 그래프와 좌굴모드는 임베디드된 사각형 층간분리를 갖는 복합적층판의 설계에 매우 유용한 자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2007

인공위성 카메라 주반사경의 광학적 성능은 반사경과 반사경 지지부의 접착특성에 크게 영향을 받는다. 따라서 고성능의 주반사경을 설계하기 위해서는 접착제의 기계적 특성 규명이 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 3종의 접착제를 선별하여 이에 대한 기계적 특성을 규명한다. 접착제의 탄성계수는 인장 시험을 통해 얻을 수 있다. 비선형 거동을 보이는 접착제의 경우 지수함수 형태로 곡선맞춤을 수행하여 응력-변형률 관계를 얻고, 선형거동을 보이는 접착제의 경우 선형 맞춤을 통해 탄성계수를 얻는다. 접착제의 작동 온도 범위내 8개 온도점을 선택하여 시험을 수행한다. 시험을 통해 탄성계수를 온도에 따른 함수로 표현하고, 이를 바탕으로 접착제의 특성에 대해 논의 한다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2008

이 연구는 고령자를 대상으로 탄성저항운동을 수행하였을 경우 운동 전 후로 보행 시 지면반력 신호 크기와 이들의 variability에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 가를 구명하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 여성 고령자 12명을 대상으로 12주간 탄성저항운동을 실시하였으며, 운동 전 후로 보행 시 3방향 지면반력 신호의 주파수 크기와 variability 값을 산출하였다. FFT(fast Fourier transform)를 이용하여 주파수 분석을 하였으며, PSD(power spectral density)를 계산하였다. 총 대상자들의 변이 계수(SD/Mean*100)을 이용하여 집단 간 variability를 계산하였다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 지면반력 신호의 주파수 크기는 좌우 방향에서 운동 전보다 운동 후에 작은 값을 보였으며, 통계적으로도 유의한 차이(p<.05)가 나타났다. 지면반력 신호의 variability에서는 좌우 방향에서 운동 전보다 운동 후에 큰 값이 나타났으며, 통계적으로도 유의한 차이(p<.05)가 나타났다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.19-29
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• 2017

Background: Patients after rotator cuff (RC) surgery experienced pain, weakness and limited of motion of the shoulder. Physical therapists have used heat therapy, electrotherapy, range of motion (ROM) exercise and other methods to treat patients after RC surgery. In addition, functional taping is also used to support joint movement and to increase shoulder joint stability. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine the initial effects of functional taping using non-elastic tape on pain, strength and ROM of the shoulder following RC surgery. Methods: Forty-eight patients with who underwent RC surgery volunteered for this study. The subjects were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG, $n_1=25$) and a control group (CG, $n_2=23$). First, non-allergic tape was applied to the shoulder to prevent skin irritation. The EG applied functional taping using non-elastic tape and the CG applied sham taping using elastic tape. Assessment tools included the shoulder pain and disability index for functional activity score, visual analog scale for level of pain, shoulder muscle strength, hand grip strength and ROM testing. Results: Pain score in the both group significantly decreased (p<.05), and change in pain score of in the EG increased significantly than in the CG (p<.05). Shoulder strength and ROM in the both group significantly increased (p<.05). Especially external rotation and extension of the shoulder ROM in the EG increased significantly more than in the CG (p<.05), but the rate of change in the two groups showed no significant difference. Conclusion: These results suggest that functional taping using non-elastic tape was initially effective in decreasing pain score level in patients with RC surgery.