• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 1987

Male rats were fed diets containing perilla oil, sardine oil or corn oil for 15 weeks in order to investigate their antithrombotic effects. Rats given perilla oil and sardine oil diets showed significantly longer bleeding time, and lower level of malondialdehyde generation during thrombin-induced aggregation of platelets than rats given corn oil. With regard to the composition of platelet fatty acid, the ratio of eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) $(20:5{\omega}3)$ to arachidonic acid $(20:4{\omega}6)$ of perilla oil, sardine oil and corn oil treated rats were 0.54, 0.96 and 0.01, respectively, suggesting that linolenic acid $(18:3{\omega}3)$ of perilla oil was metabolized to EPA which is known to have antithrombotic activity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.626-636
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• 2001

To compare the effect of three kinds of n-3 fatty acids-eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA), docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) and perilla oil (PO)-on serum and liver lipid levels and fatty acid composition of liver phospholipid(PL) at low fat level(5%, w/w), 4-weeks old Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with one of five different oil diets for 4 weeks. Beef tallow(BT) and corn oil(CO) was used as control for sturated or n-6 fatty acid respectively. Se겨m concentrations of cholesterol(TC) and phospholipid(PL) were lower in PO DHA and EPA groups than in BT and CO groups. HDL-cholesterol levels were higher in CO and PO groups than in EPA, DHA and BT groups. Liver PL concentrations were higher in DHA and EPA groups than in CO, PO and BT groups, but liver TC and heal PL and TC concentrations did not show any significant difference among groups. Hepatic fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), two major phospholipids in liver, reflected their dietary fatty acid composition. In PC and PE, total percentage own-6 series was higher in CO group than in any other groups, and that own-3 series was higher in DHA and PO groups than in EPA, CO and BT groups. Moreover, the ratio of 20 : 4/18 : 2 was lower in PO and DHA groups than in EPA, CO and BT groups. On the contrary, the percentage of C22 : 6 was lower in EPA, CO and BT groups than in PO and DHA groups. These results revealed that n-3 series(EPA, DHA and PO) were more effective in lowering um lipids than n-6 fatty acids or saturated fatty acid. Based on the results of fatty acid composition of hepatic phospholipid, we suggest that the dietary effect of PO and DHA on antiatherogenic characteristics seems to be similar extent. In addition, the effect of EPA might not be significantly different from that of BT or CO in the view of eicosanoids production from the precursor fatty acid. These difference of hepatic fatty acid composition might come from other characteristics of dietary oil as well as the type of unsaturation, not from the carbon chain length or the degree of unsaturation of n-3 fatty acid.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.211-215
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• 1989

The fatty acid composition of lipids separated from 14 kinds of canned fish and shellfish products from the market were examined. The crude lipid contents of canned fish and shellfish products showed wide difference (1.3-15.2%) depending on raw materials and kinds of products. Fatty acid composition of products were mainly consisted of polyenoic acid(34.5-61.4%), and followed by saturated acid(24.5-47.8%), monoenoic acid(12.4-32.0%). The major fatty acids were palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid oleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. In case of canned tuna in oil and canned smoked oyster in oil, linoleic acid was the most predominant component(48.2%, 34.6%). Judging from the results, canned fish and shellfish products were abundant of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in spite of the high temperature sterilization and lone storage periods.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.338-342
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• 1994

The bacterium producing EPA was isolated from the intestines of the marine fishes. The strains were studied for their identification and their culture conditions. The selected strain was gram negative, rod(0.7 $\times$ 2.4 $\mu m$ in size) and motile with a single polar flagellum. This strain was identified as a Pseudomonas sp. on the basis of its morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics. The strain showed a maximum productivity of phospholipid at $20^{\circ}C$ after 48 hours of culture time with an initia1 pH of 7.0 in the PYM-glucose medium. Under these culture conditions, the production of phospholipid was about 0.3 mg/ml and 0.06 mg/mg dry cell weight.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.415-424
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• 1997

Serum lipid levels and fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids(PL) were investigated in 24 healthy male subjects who consumed either corn oil(CO) rich In linoleic acid(LA), perilla oil(PO) rich in $\alpha$-linolenic acid($\alpha$-LNA), or canola oil acid(OA) as a major fat source fir 5 weeks. The PO and the CNO groups showed significant(P <0.05) increases in serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-C) levels and in ratios of HDL- C/total cholesterol(TC) compared with initial values measured at the beginning of the study. Significantly(p <0.05) increased concentrations of serum triglycerides(TG) ware observed after 5 weeks of the CO based diet compared with both its intial value and the concentration observed after 5 weeks with the PO-based diet. fatty acid composition of serum PL reflected changes in dietary fatty acid composition and metabolism. Compared with the initial levels, significandy increased contents of eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) were observed in serum PL of the PO group and significantly increased contents of $\alpha$-LNA and EPA were observed in the CNO group. Arachidonic acid(AA) content of serum PL did not change in the CO group during the study period, although, the increase in LA was significant(P <0.05). Compared with the CO-based diet, both the PO and the CNO-based diets seem to have beneficial effects on atherosclerosis by influencing the serum lipid profile and fatty acid composition of serum PL.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.565-569
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• 2003

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of different levels of refined cod liver oil (RCLO) on laying performance, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids composition (n-3 PUFAs) and the organoleptic evaluation of duck egg yolks. A total of 180 30 wk old laying Tsaiya ducks, at the beginning of peak production, were allotted into 6 treatments with 3 replicates each. Ducks were fed one of the 6 experimental diets, supplemented with 2% tallow (control) and graded levels of RCLO at 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6% to a corn-soybean diets, respectively, for 6 wks. All of the experimental diets were formulated to be both isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum throughout the experimental period. The results indicated that the RCLO supplementation levels did not affect (p>0.05) egg production, egg mass, feed intake, feed efficiency or body weight change. Egg weight was the lightest when the ducks received the 6% RCLO diet. The eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and total n-3 PUFAs contents in the yolks increased with increasing RCLO supplementation. The taste and general acceptability of the hard-boiled eggs were not significantly different among the treatments. However, a fishy flavor was much higher when ducks were fed diets supplemented with 5% and 6% RCLO diets.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.314-325
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• 1991

To compare the hypolipidemic effects of n6 and n3 PUFA at different fat levels, male Sprague Dawley rats were fed either low fat (LF, 10% Cal) or high fat (HF, 40% Cal) diet which was different only in fatty acid composition for 6 weeks. Dietary fats were beef tallow, corn oil, perilla oil, and fish oil concentrate as a source of saturated fatty acid, n6 linoleic acid(LA). n3 ${\alpha}-linolenic$ acid(LL) and n3 eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA)+docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), respectively. VLDL fraction was separated by ultracentrifugation and chemical composition was determined by thin layer chromatography. Plasma cholesterol level was increased by n6 LA but decreased by n3 LL and n3 EPA in LF and HF diets, and the hypocholesterolemic effect of n3 EPA was most significant in HF diet. HDL-Chol level was raised by n6 LA in LF and HF diets, but significantly reduced by n3 EPA in HF. Plasma TG level was reduced by n6 LA n3 LL and EPA in LF and HF with the reduction of lipogenic enzyme activity only by n3 PUFAs. The proportion of TG in VLDL fraction was significantly lowered by n3 EPA in LF and HF. The proportion of apo-B in VLDL fraction was not changed in LF, but was significantly decreased in HF by n3 EPA. Therefore, the hypotriglyceridemic effect of n3 PUFA could be from the reduced lipogenesis in liver and resulted in the depressed secretion of TG as VLDL in LF and HF with significant lower production of apoB in HF diet.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 1996

Variation in triacylglycerols(TGs) and fatty acids in Fucus serratus was analyzed for a period of one year. TGs were more concentrated during the summer(2.8mg/g dw)and autumn(2.6mg/g dw) than during the spring (0,7mg/g dw)and winter (0.5mg/g dw). The dominant fatty acides in total liqid were palmitic acid ($C_{16:0}$, 24.1%), oleic acid (($C_{18:1}$, 22.4%) and arachidonic acid (($C_{20:4}$, 14.4%) but the dominant ones in TG were $C_{16:0}$(22.8%), $C_{18:1}$(36.4%) and $C_{18:2}$(linoleic acid, 16.4%). The levels of $C_16$ fatty acids were high in winter while $C_18$ in summer and autumn. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) were more abundant in the $C_20$ series, while the UFAs of the $C_16$ were low. Especially, the amount of arachidonic acid ($C_{20:4}$, 14.4% of total fatty acids (TFA) was more abundant than that of eicosapentaenoic acid ($C_{20:5}$, 10.4% of TFA). The amount of $C_{20:4}$ and $C_{20:5}$,in TG was 9.2% and 4.8%, respectively. These UFAs in total lipid were thus higher than TG. Therefore, the synthesis of TG and fatty acid was stimulated by the alternation of emersion and submersion of thalli from sea water and eco-physiological conditions during summer: high temperature and light, and low concentration of nitrogen.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 1989

Effects of cooking and drying methods on the composition of glycolipids and phospholipids of shrimp, Metapenaeus joyneri, were investigated. Major components of the glycolipids were esterified steryl glycosides, monogalactosyl diglycerides and steryl glycosides. Hot air drying enhanced the esterified steryl glycosides content substantially with the reduction of the monogalactosyl diglycerides content. However, reversed pattern was shown for freeze drying. Main components of the phospholipids were phosphatidyl ethanolamines, phosphatidyl cholines, phosphatidic acids, phosphatidyl inositols and phosphatidyl serines. Phosphatidic acids content for hot air and freeze dried shrimp without tooting was 8.3% and 5.9%, respectively. On the other hand, freeze dried shrimp with microwave heating was higher in phosphatidyl ethanolamines contents but lower in phosphatidyl cholines contents than hot air dried shrimp. Major fatty acids of the glycolipids and phospholipids fractions were pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, nervonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in fresh shrimp.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1869-1873
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• 2008

An isolate from holothurians was identified as an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-producing bacterium KMG427, which is characterized by EPA synthesis efficiency, by thin layer and gas chromatographic analyses. The EPA production was maximized to more than 10% of the total fatty acids by incubation at $4^{\circ}C$ after cell proliferation at $20^{\circ}C$. The isolated bacterium was categorized as Gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, and motile with a single polar flagellum. According to phylogenetic analysis based on morphological and physiological specificities as an EPA-producing bacterium, the isolate KMG427 was found to belong to the genus Shewanella. The 16S rDNA of KMG427 was revealed to have 100% of sequence identity to that of S. hanedai CIP $103207^T$. Therefore, the isolate might be classified and identified as Shewanella sp. KMG427.