• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.169-181
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• 2014

Marginalized random effects models (MREM) are commonly used to analyze longitudinal categorical data when the population-averaged effects is of interest. In these models, random effects are used to explain both subject and time variations. The estimation of the random effects covariance matrix is not simple in MREM because of the high dimension and the positive definiteness. A relatively simple structure for the correlation is assumed such as a homogeneous AR(1) structure; however, it is too strong of an assumption. In consequence, the estimates of the fixed effects can be biased. To avoid this problem, we introduce one approach to explain a heterogenous random effects covariance matrix using a modified Cholesky decomposition. The approach results in parameters that can be easily modeled without concern that the resulting estimator will not be positive definite. The interpretation of the parameters is sensible. We analyze metabolic syndrome data from a Korean Genomic Epidemiology Study using this method.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 한국언어정보학회 2007년도 정기학술대회
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• pp.275-284
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• 2007

Among the languages that allow long-distance reflexives, some languages have blocking effects, whereas others don't. The goal of this paper is to provide computational algorithms that can handle presence and absence of blocking effects of long-distance reflexives. We will examine the blocking effects in Chinese and Korea and develop computational algorithms for handling blocking effects in those two languages. The algorithms will be developed by incorporating Chierchia's Binding Theory into Steedman's Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG). Through the analyses and implementations, this paper illustrates how blocking effects can be implemented computationally.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.79-95
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• 2003

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the depigmentation effects of Salt, Acetum, Sesami Semen Nigrum. Methods: Inhibition of tyrosinase activity, melanin production & cell viability in cultured B16 melanoma cells, UV screen and cytoprotective effects on PC12 cells injured by hydrogen peroxide were measured. Results: Salt, Acetum, Sesami Semen Nigrum did not show any inhibitory effects of tyrosinase activity & melanin production in melanoma cells, UV screen and cytoprotective effects on PC12 cells injured by hydrogen peroxide. Conclusions: This study shows that Salt, Acetum, Sesami Semen Nigrum which were generally used for the addition in external application do not have the depigmentation effects. Following this, the depigmentation effects of the other addition which were generally used for external application shoud be examined.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.467-474
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• 2014

The aim of this paper is to describe a relatively recent international agreement on the widely debated concepts of: (i) attributing effects to low dose radiation exposure situations that have occurred in the past and, (ii) inferring radiation risk to situations that are planned to occur in the future. An important global consensus has been recently achieved on these fundamental issues at the level of the highest international intergovernmental body: the General Assembly of the United Nations. The General Assembly has welcomed with appreciation a scientific report on attributing health effects to radiation exposure and inferring risks that had been prepared the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) following a formal request by the General Assembly.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.115-122
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• 2009

1. Purpose : Sasang constitutional herb medicine is known as specific to his own's constitution. So Other constitutional herb medicine can induce side effects. This study investigates the cause and side effects of other constitutional herb medicine. 2. Methods : Literature study was carried out with the chapters including harm to Other constitutions in the books "Dongyisasangjinryoeuijeon(東醫四象診療醫典)" and "Joeuihak(朝醫學)". And the causes of side effects were studied in terms of herbology and movements of Qi in Sasang constitutional medicine. 3. Results : Herb medicines of Taeeumin's have the dispersing Qi energy, so Soeumin could have side effects mostly and some of Soyangin could do. Herb medicines of Soeumin's have the warming Qi energy, so Soyangin could have side effects like dermatitis or fever. Herb medicine of Soyangin's have cooling Qi energy, so Soeumin could have side effects of digestive system like diarrhea and some of Taeeumin could do. 4. Conclusion : It is thought that herb medicine is safe and less harmful when herb medicine is prescribed and taken according to his own constitution.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.235-240
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• 2013

Generalized linear mixed models(GLMMs) are frequently used for the analysis of longitudinal categorical data when the subject-specific effects is of interest. In GLMMs, the structure of the random effects covariance matrix is important for the estimation of fixed effects and to explain subject and time variations. The estimation of the matrix is not simple because of the high dimension and the positive definiteness; subsequently, we practically use the simple structure of the covariance matrix such as AR(1). However, this strong assumption can result in biased estimates of the fixed effects. In this paper, we introduce Bayesian modeling approaches for the random effects covariance matrix using a modified Cholesky decomposition. The modified Cholesky decomposition approach has been used to explain a heterogenous random effects covariance matrix and the subsequent estimated covariance matrix will be positive definite. We analyze metabolic syndrome data from a Korean Genomic Epidemiology Study using these methods.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of service quality, perceived sacrifice, food price and image on value. A total of 273 questionnaires were completed. MANOVA, ANOVA, and ANCOVA were used to measure the main effects and mediating effects of service quality and perceived sacrifice on the relationships among price, image, and value. The main effects of price on service quality, perceived sacrifice, and value were statistically significant. The main effects of image on service quality and value were statistically significant. As expected, when price, service quality, and perceived sacrifice regressed on the value, they were statistically significant. Moreover, when image, service quality, and perceived sacrifice regressed on the value, they had statistically significant effects on value. The results demonstrated that service quality played a mediating role in the relationship between price and value.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.1263-1272
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• 2014

Longitudinal categorical data commonly occur from medical, health, and social sciences. In these data, the correlation of repeated outcomes is taken into account to explain the effects of covariates exactly. In this paper, we introduce marginalized random effects models that are used for the estimation of the population-averaged effects of covariates. We also review how these models have been developed. Real data analysis is presented using the marginalized random effects.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2014

In this paper, we posit that time-related effects (i.e., the importance of saving time) on patronage preference for shopping online will be moderated by consumer characteristics. To explore these moderating effects, we empirically examine the moderating roles of consumer characteristics on the respective effects of shopping-time-saved and delivery on online purchase preference. On the basis of analyses performed on data gleaned from an Internet-based survey, this study demonstrate that time effects related to both shopping-time-saved and delivery on online purchase preference are more pronounced for consumers who are male, young, and more starved for time. In addition, the effect of delivery time on online patronage preference is amplified by disposable income, but attenuated by online shopping experience. Through our analyses, we also find that Japanese consumers value delivery time to a greater degree than Chinese and American consumers do.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.1186-1196
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• 2023

Objectives: This study aims to analyze recent research on the pharmacological effects of Zingiber officinale. Methods: We searched for papers from databases such as ScienceON, RISS, DBPia, and NaNet. The papers were classified according to pharmacological effects, and the selected studies were analyzed. Results: Six studies were finally included in the study. 1. Four studies mainly focused on the effects of anti-inflammation using in vitro or in vivo experiments. 2. Two studies mainly focused on the effects of antioxidants using in vitro experiments. 3. Other pharmacological effects, including improvement of gastrointestinal function, inhibition of body temperature reduction, and anti-aging, were investigated using in vitro or in vivo studies. Conclusion: This study shows that Z. officinale has several pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammation and antioxidant.