• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.179-185
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• 2021

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of board of directors' activity on the audit committee's effectiveness score among manufactured listed companies on Saudi Stock Exchange (Tadawul) for the period 2015-2017. The final sample of this study consists of 195 firm-year observations that represent manufactured companies listed on Saudi Stock Exchange (Tadawul) for the years 2015-2017. The data of this study in terms of board of directors' meetings, audit committee size and meetings, firm leverage, firm performance, and firm age were hand-collected from the annual reports of the considered companies. The Pooled OLS regression's result indicate that audit committee's effectiveness score is influenced by the board of directors' activity. This result gives support to the agency theory prediction. This result is also consistent with the complementary function of corporate governance mechanisms in which board of directors' activity complements the function of audit committee's effectiveness score. The result of this study should be useful for manufacturing companies, Saudi Stock Exchange, auditors, and regulators which relates to the association between board of directors' activity and audit committee's effectiveness score. This study provides a new empirical evidence on the impact of board activity on the audit committee's effectiveness score in an interesting context which is Saudi Arabia.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.233-244
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• 2011

Objectives : To evaluate the effectiveness of direct moxibustion in patients with failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). Methods : 5 patients (3 females and 2 males) with FBSS underwent direct moxibustion on ouch points (阿是穴) for 10 to 15 weeks (once a week). The effectiveness of the treatment was evaluated with NRS (numerical rating scale), ODI (Oswestry disability index), BDI (Beck depression inventory) score, SF-36 (short form 36 health survey) score and PSQI (Pittsburgh sleep quality index) before and after the treatment. Results : Within observation period, average value changed from 10.0 to 4.2 in NRS of pain, from 37.0 to 20.6 in ODI, from 20.6 to 12.0 in BDI score, 42.2 to 62.6 in SF-36 score, and from 8.6 to 5.2 in PSQI. Conclusions : Direct moxibustion on FBSS patients showed more or equivalent effectiveness when compared to conventional FBSS treatment modalities.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.161-168
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• 2007

In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of e-Learning, and attempted to identify factors affecting educational results. Based on survey data from 712 distance learning participants, we selected and verified factors affecting educational results through a correlation analysis and confidential test. Participants' scores were standardized and considered as a dependent variable representing educational effectiveness. Through several tests using the program AMOS, we suggest the most appropriate structural equation that can verify the causal relation of factors affecting the effectiveness of e-Learning. In result, the most important factor affecting score which is our measurement for educational effectiveness is job-possession. The fidelity has slightly direct influence to the score and the satisfaction has least indirect influence to the score.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.119-125
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was to investigate the effectiveness of cupping therapy on peripheral facial paralysis. Methods : We investigated 39 cases of patients with peripheral facial paralysis, and devided patients into two groups : We treated one group by complex oriental medical treatment with cupping therapy, and did the other group by complex oriental medical treatment without cupping therapy. To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment applied for two groups, we used gross grading system of House-Brackmann(HB score), Yanagihara's unweighed grading system(Y score) at baseline and final. Results : 1. In cupping group and non-cupping group, compared with baseline, at final, HB score was significantly decreased and Y score was significantly increased. 2. At final, cupping group showed significant decrease on HB score and significant increase on Y score compared with non-cupping group. Conclusions : Cupping therapy can be available for relieving symptoms related with peripheral facial paralysis.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.8
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• pp.289-296
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• 2020

The study investigates the association between the effectiveness of the board of directors and the likelihood that a company receives a modified audit opinion (as a measure of the quality of companies' external financial reporting) in Malaysia. The sample companies were extracted from the population of publicly-available information mainly the annual reports of publicly-listed companies on the Bursa Malaysia. 136 firm-year observations listed on Bursa Malaysia were identified to examine the relationship between the effectiveness of the board of directors and a modified audit opinion. Data used in this study are collected from two separate sources - annual reports and Datastream. Any missing financial figure from Datastream was acquired from the annual reports. To test the study's hypotheses, we use the pooled cross-sectional logistic regression analysis for 136 firm-year observations listed on Bursa Malaysia over the period 2009-2011. The evidence we have uncovered is consistent with the hypothesis that companies with large score of the board of directors' effectiveness are less possible to receive a modified audit opinion. Therefore, the result confirms that the combined effect of the board of directors' characteristics has a significant negative association with the likelihood of the companies receiving a modified audit opinion.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.200-210
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the training effectiveness and behavior towards the elderly of 180 caregiver trainees. Methods: Data were collected from five caregiver training institutions located in G city. All subjects were surveyed about the training effectiveness and behavior towards the elderly by using the Training Effectiveness Scale and the Behavior towards the Elderly Scale. Data were analyzed by SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. Results: The study subjects gained a training effectiveness score of 3.84 out of 5 points and a behavior towards the elderly score 3.40 out of 4 points. The training effectiveness differed significantly depending on subject's characteristics, intention to work as a caregiver, and hours of training. There were significant differences in behavior towards the elderly depending on their age and hours of training. The training effectiveness was significantly correlated with the level of behavior towards the elderly. Conclusion: These findings demonstrated the necessity of developing a level of educational training that will help improve caregiver trainees' care by positively changing their behavior towards the elderly.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.179-185
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was to investigate the effectiveness of Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture therapy at Yepung($TE_{17}$) on peripheral facial paralysis. Methods : We investigated 36cases of patients with Peripheral Facial Paralysis, and devided patients into two groups : We treated one group by complex oriental medical treatment with Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture therapy at local point with Yepung(VY), and did the other group by complex oriental medical treatment with Bee Venom pharmacopuncture therapy at local point without Yepung(VL). To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment applied for two groups, we used Gross Grading System of House-Brackmann(HB score), Yanagihara's Unweighed Grading System(Y score) at baseline and final. Results : 1. In VY and VL, compared with baseline, at final, HB score was significantly decreased and Y score was significantly increased. 2. At final, VY showed significant decrease on HB score and significant increase on Y score compared with VL. Conclusions : Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture therapy at Yepung can be available for relieving symptoms related with peripheral facial paralysis.

• Journal of Korean Traditional Oncology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2011

Background and Objectives : This study is an observational study of nonequivalent control group based on time lag design in order to determine the effectiveness of gargling Hwangryunhaedok-tang (HRHDT) on stomatitis caused by chemotherapy. Methods : The study period is from July 1st, 2010 to September 30th, 2010. The subjects are 13 patients who fit the profile of the study and who are admitted in the tumor department of the regional cancer center of C University Hospital which is located in Chung-Joo City. When stomatitis occurs after chemotherapy, the level of stomatitis is assessed using oral assessment guide score and oral discomfort score. Then mix 5 g of powered HRHDT and 60 ml of distilled water, and 15 ml of the solution is given to patients 4 times per day to gargle for 1 minute. For the control group, 60 ml of Chlorohexidin gargling solution is used; everyday for one week, 4 times per day, 15 ml per gargle and gargled for 1 minute. Oral Assessment Guide score and Oral Discomfort Score are assessed at same hour everyday. Crosstabulation analysis $X^2$(${\rho}$) was used to examine the demographic characteristics and difference of the two groups by using SPSS/WIN 12.0. For mean and standard deviation, descriptive statistical analysis was used. T-test was used to determine the difference of the oral discomfort scores. Result : The study has shown that the Oral Assessment Guide score of the experimental group has decreased more with more regularity. On the third day, the score of the control group is 20.16 and the score of the experimental group was 18.75, which showed a statistically significant difference with the level of significance of p<0.05. Oral Discomfort Score of the control group's score was 13.60 on the first day and 6.80 on the seventh day and the experimental group's score was 13.00 on the first day and 2.25 on the seventh day. The experimental group's score 2.25 is statistically significantly lower than the control group's score of 6.80 with the level of significance of p<0.05. Conclusions : The HRHDT gargling solution showed more regular effectiveness compared to Chlorohexidin solution on chemotherapy-caused stomatitis. Therefore this study has shown that HRHDT gargling solution can be used as an alternative medicine.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.113-120
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• 2005

objectives : This study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Bee Venom acupuncture therapy for sprain of L -spine. Methods : A randomized double blinding study of bee venom acupuncture therapy was conducted on sprain of L-spine. We divided sprain of L-spine patient into 2 groups: one group with both acupuncture and saline acupuncture therapy, and another group with both acupuncture and bee venom acupuncture therapy. To estimate the efficacy of treatment that applied for two groups, we used visual analog scale(VAS) and oswestry disability index(ODI). We compared the VAS and ODI score of two groups statistically. Results : 1. As a result of evaluation by using visual analog scale(VAS) and oswestry disability index(ODI), treatment score after 5 days was marked more higher than score before treatment and treatment score after 10 days treatment was more higher than treatment score after 5 days on each groups. 2. After 10 days treatment, acupuncture and bee venom acupuncture therapy group had significant result on visual analog scale(VAS) and oswestry disability index(ODI) compared with acupuncture and saline acupuncture therapy group. Conclusion : Bee Venom acupuncture therapy can be used with acupuncture therapy for highly effective treatment for sprain of L-spine.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.142-152
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• 2017

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to report the effectiveness of Korean Medicine Treatment on 101 psoriasis patients for 6 months. Methods : Psoriasis Area and Severity Index(PASI) is used for measuring the degree of psoriasis with photos of total 101 psoriasis patients who have visited Korean medical clinic from October 11, 2013 to August 31, 2017. And we analyzed the PASI score according to gender, age, period of treatment, being used steroid or not. Results : 1. The ratio of male to female was 44.55 : 55.45. The mean age of patients was 34.65 years old(All patients were constituted with 9.9% of 10~19 year-old group, 31.7% of 20~29 year-old group, 26.7% of 30~39 year-old group, 12.9% of 40~49 year-old group, 15.8% of 50~59 year-old group and 3.0% of 60~69 year-old group). 2. PASI score was significantly higher in men than in women before treatment, but there was no significant difference of PASI score improvement after 2, 4 and 6 months treatment in both men and women. 3. PASI score improvement according to age after 2, 4 and 6 months treatment was no significant difference. 5. In initial visit, the steroid group patients were 61 and non-steroid group patients were 40. PASI score in initial visit between steroid group and non-steroid group was no significant difference. And PASI score after 2, 4 and 6 months treatment was no significant difference. Conclusions : PASI score was significantly decreased after 2, 4 and 6 months treatment compared with before treatment. PASI score improvement was significantly increased in proportion to the period of treatment.