• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 1983

To estimate the possible amount of weed-crop competitions under the various cropping patterns of two rice cultivars of different type, comparisons between weedy check and weed-free plots in plant height, tillering number, and plant weight were investigated. Fluctuations in Importance Value, competition value, and net productivities were used to discuss the crop-weed competition, respectively. As a result, differences in dominant weed species, competitive crop variety, most effective cropping pattern, and crop yielding characteristics under the different weed competitions were investigated, respectively.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2010

In this study, market orientation affects the real estate transaction and about the various parameters examined, the real estate transactions, market orientation and intensity of competition in the market upheaval and the impact was seen on the results can be summarized as follows. First, market orientation and about the relationship between real estate transactions were examined. Each variable of customer satisfaction information generation, information dissemination, information was used for the reaction. Among them, the dissemination of information, information about the reaction produces a lot better the customer satisfaction was the result. In other words, the dissemination of information and availability of information to real estate transactions, the more you can improve customer satisfaction. While the information does not appear to be generated as a result of the impact of market orientation when the first phase of the creation of market information and the customer's needs and preferences of current and future information and external factors affecting them to gather information about It is difficult to assess realistically can be seen. This is both our customers and dealers in real estate purchase or trade items for the exact targets, but the general approach the start of trading because by necessity. Therefore, a clear standard for real estate deals in and nine minutes to all sellers of real estate purchases through a process of communication to enable effective approach should be. Second, market orientation and about the relationship between real estate transactions were examined. The information for each variable in re-creating transactions, information dissemination, information was used for the reaction. Variable affects all the information creation, dissemination of information, information about the reaction the better the deal re-done show that two can be frequent. In other words, information generation, information dissemination and utilization of information to real estate transactions, the more customers the added responsibilities of the re-trade can be seen. Third, the relationship between market orientation and in the real estate market upheaval of environmental factors on the relationship between gender were examined. Each variable of customer satisfaction information generation, information dissemination, information was used for the reaction. Among them, the dissemination of information, information about the reaction produces a lot better the customer satisfaction was the result. In other words, the dissemination of information, depending on the market upheaval and the availability of information to raise the real estate can increase customer satisfaction. Fourth, market orientation and environmental factors in the relationship between real estate transactions and about the relationship between competition intensity was investigated. The information for each variable in re-creating transactions, information dissemination, information was used for the reaction. Variable affects all the information creation, dissemination of information, information about the reaction the better the deal re-done show that two can be frequent. In other words, information generation, information dissemination and utilization of information and the higher intensity of competition or unyounghameusseo ttaemaewoo active real estate transactions to provide our customers the added responsibilities of the re-trade can be seen. If more comprehensive, market orientation, according to real estate transactions and environmental factors affecting the performance was also different. Abundance of information about the current real estate it is true that the accuracy and reliability, and real estate, and are unsure about the expected benefits. So you want to trade to provide accurate information to customers and markets change rapidly and competition is severe, with more information if you have reliable information to the customer must supply can increase trading performance. Guarantee of future customer transactions and can provide valuable information and research needs to be differentiated based on the provision of real estate information should be done to achieve profitability will be a cow brokerage.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.460-470
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• 1985

Experiments were carried out to evaluate the standard gravity in determining potential kernel size and to determine the effective sampling way by analyzing intra - and inter - plant variations for some source and sink characters using eleven semi-dwarf indica and three japonica cultivars including four semi-dwarf indica nearisogenic lines. Also, additional experiments were conducted to understand yearly variation and variety x year interaction effects for ten characters related to source and sink and to characterize the varietal difference of pre- and post-heading self-competition employing three parental varieties and their F$\sub$5/ progenies in 1982 and 1983. It is desirable to determine the potential kernel size by average kernel wight of rice grains showing above 1.15 specific gravity. There was significant difference in leaf area per tiller, spikelets and sink capacity per panicle among vigorous, intermediate and inferior tillers classified by differentiated order and vigorousness. Although it was difficult to find out any significant difference in grain-fill ratio, ratio of perfectly ripened grain, potential kernel size and sink/source ratio between vigorous and intermediate tillers, there was big difference between them and inferior one. The coefficients of variation within each tiller-group for some characters related to source and sink were larger with the order of vigorous tillers < intermediate one '||'&'||'lt; inferior one, and the average heritability of all characters, evaluated by the ratio of varietal variance (equation omitted) to total variance (equation omitted), were higher with the order of inferior tillers '||'&'||'lt; intemediate one '||'&'||'lt; superior one. Therefore, it is desirable to sample the vigorous tillers to represent the varietal difference of these traits. '82-'83 year variations of three parental cultivars were significant for all traits except for leaf area/tiller, panicles/hill, leaf area index and rough rice yield. The characters showing highly significant variance of variety x year interaction were growth duration from transplanting to heading, leaf area/tiller, sink/source ratio, sink capacity/panicle and grain yield. Generalized yearly response of three parental varieties (Suweon 264, Raegyeong, IR1317-70-l) and their F$\sub$5/ progenies on the 1st and 2nd principal components extracted from ten source and sink characters generally exhibited reduction in both source and sink. However, there were diverse variety x year interactions such as progenies showing similar reaction with their parents and intermediate or recombinational yearly response with little or considerable yearly movement on the four-dimensional planes of the two upper principal components between 1982 and 1983. Sink characters revealing highly significant border effect were grain-fill ratio, spikelets and sink capacity per panicle. Among them the latter two especially showed significant variety x border effect interaction. Self-competition characterized by relative weakness of inside plant's sink characters compared to the border one was more severe during the reproductive stage before heading than maturing stage. Though the larger sink capacity per panicle generally disclosed the severer self-competition, some lines (like Suweon 264) revealed severe self-competition with small sink capacity while a few others showed tender self-competition in spite of big sink capacity per panicle.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.637-661
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• 2003

This paper analyzes the impact of import liberalization of petroleum product market in 1997 on the behavior of a domestic industry, regarded as a typical oligopoly. Based on the theory of implicit cartel, two regression equations were formulated and estimated for domestic production and refinery margin using monthly data for the period from Jan. 1994 to June 2003. Estimation results show that not only did domestic production rise sharply but also the refining cost fell substantially throughout 1996 before the actual liberalization of imports, Such a response is clearly consistent with the implicit cartel theory, which suggests that once the difficulty of maintaining a cartel in the future is recognized, the cartel immediately collapses and anticipation of import liberalization can cause immediately lowering market price as well as an immediate expansion of the supply by a domestic industry. However, the significant reduction of refinery cost accompanied by a large contraction in domestic output after the actual implementation of import liberalization can be explained by the collapse of implicit cartel caused by the anticipated liberalization of imports. Thus, import liberalization in the sense of allowing entry of foreign producers into domestic market has seemed to be an effective means to weaken market power and induce more competitive conduct of domestic firms.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.65-74
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• 2006

This study was attempted to Kinematical characteristics of the Endo $360^{\circ}$El-grip Swing on the horizontal bar. To do this, we selected and analyzed the performance of two athletes who did Endo $360^{\circ}$El-grip Swing in the horizontal bar competition of male artistic gymnastic in the 22nd Universiad Games 2003 Daegu. We drew the conclusions from the kinematical factors that were came out through analyzing three-dimensional cinematography of the athletes' movements, by using two video cameras. In point of analyzing the actual competition situation, it is expected that gymnastics and coaches have the effective informations, and the following conclusion had resulted. 1. When performing Endo $360^{\circ}$El-Grip, the average for entire required time was $1.93{\pm}0.06sec$. The average for descent phase time was $0.24{\pm}0.02sec$, ascent phase time was 0.22${\pm}0.07sec$, connecting phase time was $0.87{\pm}0.07sec$, and El-Grip phase time was $0.61{\pm}0.02sec$. The descent phase need short period of time but however to have a stable performance, ensuring ascent and connecting phase time are needed. El-Grip phase need short period of time to have a stable re-grasp. 2. To have a convenient preparation for El-Grip in descent and ascent phase, lowering CM, and ease up in sway and plunge from the High Bar would make descent and ascent even more faster and would have increase effect in trunk rotation. 3. In descent and ascent phase, if shoulder angle and arm slope is dwindling then it would effect rotation angle so might risk it from hitting a Bar when putting legs in and out. 4. In connecting phase, it requires some time to show stable performance when El-Grip phase is continued by using hip angle which would make trunk rotation angle bigger and make descent and ascent time slower. 5. In El-Grip phase, when doing motions like hand standing. using hip angle more than maximum would make CM even faster and it is stable position while performing.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.783-792
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the vegetation structure and the location environment of Albizzia kalkora (AK) growing in Mt. Yudal located in Mokpo city and in the nearby islands. The AK community in Mt. Yudal in Mokpo city (Community I) is located in a region which is relatively high above the sea level. The average age of the major kinds of trees found in the region is about 30 years. The vegetation structure in the community shows an early stage of vegetation development due to continued disturbance. In Community IV, on the sandy soil in the flatland near the seashores, the average age of the major kinds of trees is about 9 years. In this community, a pure forest is presumed to have been formed in a poor environment which is artificially disturbed in relatively recent times even as AK with its strong adoptability was introduced into the region. In other communities (II, III), the vegetation state shows a competition between AK and deciduous oak trees, and the average age of the major kinds of trees is about 13 to 30 years. AK communities with a better developed vegetation structure are located on the higher steep slopes near the seashore. In the early stage of vegetation development, the forest floor received more effective light for photosynthesis, and thus more seedlings of AK emerged and grew. The probability of AK appearing in the damaged or sterile soil near the seashore was high because of its strong adaptability. However, as the vegetation structure developed further and the soil fertility increased, the domination of AK in the vegetation structure decreased as deciduous oak trees won the competition with AK.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.2639-2644
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• 2013

The renewal cycle, which newly decorates stores, has been shortened, as the marketing competition between telecommunication companies has been extended to the stores, due to the rapid increase of mobile phone users and fast replacement cycle of products. The store renewal made by major telecommunication companies, including signboard, has been pushed in order for telecommunication companies to give strong impression about their own brand identity to consumers. Consumers want stores not only to sell cheap and high quality products but also to provide customer experience, by which customers can feel store, product and service and accept them. Especially, since the competition between telecommunication companies is getting tough, it is the current trend that the number of stores is increasing much, and telecommunication companies are recently renewing their stores, with the concept of SI(Store Identity), which changes store image into the incorporated image including interior and exterior, rather than just replacing CI(Corporate Identity), when they renew stores. It can be said that SI(Store Identity) is an important factor, by which companies consistently design visual factors such as interior and sign, and then apply them to the interior and exterior of the stores, and thereby give good store image to consumers, and ultimately have great effect on the increase of sales volume. This kind of activity can be image-controlled by companies' Identity Management, and it can be a very important factor in terms of marketing. In this study, it has an objective to compare and analyze SI of domestic telecommunication companies and foreign telecommunication companies, and then suggest effective SI direction.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.14
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• pp.41-45
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• 1973

This study was carried out in the central part of Korea in 1972 to investigate optimum grain number per square meter and variation of the yield and its components in the direct sowing culture on irrigated paddy field. The results could be summarized as follows; 1. Number of maximum tillerings was directly increased with increase of grain number from 120 to 280 per square meter and it was gradually decreased with increase of number sowing grain. So number of maximum tillerings showed at the plot of 280 grain per square meter. Also it was showed remarkable competition at the plot more than 280 grain per square meter. 2. Percentage of effective tiller was decreased with increase of number of sowing grain from 120 to 280 per square meter and after it was gradually decreased with increase of number of sowing grain. 3. It was not remarkable competition in plot less than 1, 000 tillering per square meter on the number of maximum tillerings. 4. It was remarkable positive correlation between the number of panicle and the number of sowing grain, but it was tendency to negative correlation between the number of panicle and the number of spiklets per panicle, and between the number of panicle and the ripening ratio. 5. Correlation coefficient between the yield and the number of spiklet per square meter of land area was 0.929, r=0.695 in the yield and the number of panicle, r=0.796 in the number of panicles and the number of spiklets per square meter Also in rank correlation, it was showed most highly positive correlation(r=0.954) between the yield and the number of panicles, so number of panicles was most largely dominated on yield among the yield components in direct sowing culture on irrigated paddy field. 6. It was producted highest yield in the plot of 280 grain sowing per square meter.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.591-599
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• 2017

It is well established that endurance performance is negatively affected by environmental heat stress. Numerous scientific investigations have attempted to improve performance in the heat with pre-cooling and per-cooling for endurance athletes. Some cooling strategies are more logistically challenging than others, and thus are often impractical for use in training or competition. The purpose of this study was to review the literature on the use of cooling interventions in the improvement of performance and recovery from exercise-induced heat stress. We undertook an examination that focused on the effects of pre-cooling and per-cooling on the improvement in endurance performance and the effects of post-exercise cooling on recovery. The benefits for pre-cooling and per-cooling strategies undertaken in the laboratory setting could be employed by athletes who compete in hot environmental conditions to improve performance. Most laboratory studies have shown improvements in endurance performance following pre-cooling and per-cooling, and in recovery following post-cooling. Cooling strategies such as cooling vest, neck cooling collar, menthol and ice slurry are practically relevant to sports field. Cooling interventions that can be applied frequently to reduce thermal strain prior to, during and directly after training appear to be the best effective strategy to improve performance and recovery. Future research is warranted to investigate the effectiveness of practical pre-cooling and per-cooling strategies in competition or field settings.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.33
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• pp.169-191
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• 2006

Changing our monopoly broadcasting advertising system into free competition system may give rise to serious troubles that intensify commercialism of broadcasting and reduce diversity of public opinion. In the boundaries of public interest out of danger, korean broadcasting system should adopt a system that partially adopts the principle of free market. Broadcasting advertising sale system affect the whole broadcasting system because it functions as an effective capital-resource provider. Thus, it affects the broadcasting policies' righteousness and efficiency. Due to the non-elastic nature of the total advertising market, broadcasting advertising's size affects other media's capital allocation process. Therefore, broadcasting advertising sales system not only affects broadcast's social duty and public interest, but also affects the whole media industry. First, provide fair and open-competitive measures to support broadcast sales policy so that the market-based system can be run smoothly. Second, block any un-due influence from advertisers by separating production/programming and advertising sales. Third, sustain public broadcast system, not based on the advertising sales but based on the subscription fee. Fourth, social intervention of the advertising market. Fifth, provide policies that can set up multiple media channels/outlets and public opinion. By providing the minimum capital resources to the public broadcasting system, the broadcasting system can act on its public-interest duty and support the people's right-to-know rights.