• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.478-485
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• 2012

The dying properties of fabrics with Chaenomelis Fructus extract were studied through an investigation of the characteristic of Chaenomelis Fructus colorants, the effect of dyeing conditions (dye temperature, dyeing concentration, and times on dye uptakes), effect of mordant, effect of UV irradiation, and color change in addition, antimicrobial ability and deodorant ability were estimated. In the UV-Visible spectrum, the wavelength of maximum absorption of Chaenomelis Fructus extract was 280 nm and showed that tannin is the major pigment component. From the increase of absorbance by UV irradiation, it was assumed that catechol tannin color was developed through UV irradiation. An increased dyeing concentration resulted in a larger dye uptake. Dye uptake increased as the dyeing time and temperature increased. Chaenomelis Fructus extract showed relatively good affinity to silk than cotton. Mordant, Fe and Cu were effective to increase the dye uptake of cotton fabric in addition, the dye uptake of silk fabric mordanted with Fe and K improved. UV irradiation let the color of dyed fabrics develop regardless of the UV irradiation stage however, UV irradiation on the dyed fabric was more effective than on the extract for the color development. Dyed silk fabric showed very good antimicrobial abilities of 99.9% in addition, deodorant ability improved in the fabric dyed with Chaenomelis Fructus extract.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: This study was initiated to quantitatively evaluate the effects of five heavy metals on the growth and P removal efficiencies of Alcaligenes sp., known as the Phosphorus Accumulating Organisms (PAOs). It was cultivated in the batch system with five heavy metals, such as Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni, added in single and binary mixtures, respectively.METHODS AND RESULTS: IC₅₀ (half of inhibition concentration of bacterial growth) and EC₅₀ (half of effective concentration of phosphorus removal Efficiencies) were used to quantitatively evaluate the effects of heavy metals on the growth and phosphorus removal Efficiencies of Alcaligenes sp. In addition, Additive Index Value (A.I.V.) method was used to evaluate the interactive effects between Alcaligenes sp. and heavy metals. As a result, as the five heavy metals were singly added to Alcaligenes sp., the greatest inhibitory effects on the growth and P removal efficiencies of each bacteria was observed in the cadmium (Cd). In the binary mixture treatments of heavy metals, the treatments of lowest IC₅₀ and EC₅₀ were the Cd + Cu treatment. Based on the IC₅₀ and EC₅₀ of the binary mixtures of heavy metals treatments, most interactive effects between the heavy metals were found to be antagonistic.CONCLUSION: Based on the results obtained from this study, it appears that they could provide the basic information about the toxic effects of the respective treatments of single and binary mixtures of heavy metals on the growth and P removal efficiencies of Alcaligenes sp. through further study about the characterization of functional proteins involved in toxic effects of heavy metals.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.675-681
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• 2012

In this experiment, I investigated toxicity evaluation of chemicals using domestic frog embryos, along FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus) protocol. I investigated $Cu^{2+}$ and Tebuconazole effect on the tree frog, Hyla japonica, embryos by probit analysis. Mortality and malformation rates increased and larval body length decreased depending on the concentrations of $Cu^{2+}$ and Tebuconazole. The teratogenic concentration ($EC_{50}$) of $Cu^{2+}$ and Tebuconazole were 0.05, 5.0mg/${\ell}$, respectively and the embryo lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) of $Cu^{2+}$ and Tebuconazole were 0.16, 38.5, respectively. The teratogenic index (TI) appeared 3.0 in $Cu^{2+}$ and 7.7 in Tebuconazole, which showed teratogenicity in embryonic development of Hyla japonica. These results reveal that $Cu^{2+}$ and Tebuconazole in this experiment suppressed the development of embryos at relatively low concentration. Much of Hyla japonica embryos can be secured, and easy to incubate. In addition, mortality, malformation ratios, malformation patterns and growth rates are similar to the results from the other assay systems. Therefore, the Hyla japonica embryo teratogenesis assay system could be a useful tool to evaluate toxicity of pollutants in environment.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.162-171
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• 2021

Dry etching of copper thin films is performed using high density plasma of ethylenediamine (EDA)/hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)/Ar gas mixture. The etch rates, etch selectivities and etch profiles of the copper thin films are improved by adding HFIP to EDA/Ar gas. As the EDA/HFIP concentration in EDA/HFIP/Ar increases, the etch rate of copper thin films decreases, whereas the etch profile is improved. In the EDA/HFIP/Ar gas mixture, the optimal ratio of EDA to HFIP is investigated. In addition, the etch parameters including ICP source power, dc-bias voltage, process pressure are varied to examine the etch characteristics. Optical emission spectroscopy results show that among all species, [CH], [CN] and [H] are the main species in the EDA/HFIP/Ar plasma. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicate the formation of CuCN compound and C-N-H-containing polymers during the etching process, leading to a good etch profile. Finally, anisotropic etch profiles of the copper thin films patterned with 150 nm scale are obtained in EDA/HFIP/Ar gas mixture.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.146-151
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• 2024

Pure SnO₂ has proven very difficult to densify. This poor densification can be useful for the fabrication of SnO₂ with a porous microstructure, which is used in electronic devices such as gas sensors. Most electronic devices based on SnO₂ have a porous microstructure, with a porosity of > 40%. In pure SnO₂, a high sintering temperature of approximately 1300℃ is required to obtain > 40% porosity. In an attempt to reduce the required sintering temperature, the present study investigated the low-temperature sinterability of a current system. With the addition of TiO₂, the compositions of the samples were Sn_1-xTi_xO₂-CoO(0.3wt%)-CuO(2wt%) in the range of x ≤ 0.04. Compared to the samples without added TiO₂, densification was shown to be improved when the samples were sintered at 950℃. The dominant mass transport mechanism appears to be grain-boundary diffusion during heat treatment at 950℃.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.180-188
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• 2011

In the present study, denting corrosion experiments were performed as a function of crevice gap size (50, 100 and 200 ${\mu}m$) in a solution containing 3,500 ppm NaCl + 0.2 M $CuCl_2$ (pH = 3 adjusted by HCl). The effects of chloride ion concentrations (3, 3,500 and 35,000 ppm as NaCl) were also outlined with two different crevice gap sizes (100, 200 ${\mu}m$). In addition, the effect of NiB on the denting corrosion was also investigated in a solution of 35,000 ppm NaCl + 0.2 M $CuCl_2$ (pH = 3 adjusted by HCl). The results showed that denting rate increased with the increasing crevice gap size at an initial stage and became nearly constant afterwards. As the concentration of chloride ion increased, the denting rate also increased. However, the addition of a NiB powder of 4 g/L in to the acid-chloride solution was observed to suppress the denting rate significantly.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.179-184
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• 1989

This study seeks to the morphological changes in the oxide skin of the Al-10wt.%si alloy melts. These changes depend on the oxidation time and the temperature of the molten alloy, as well as the effects of adding Mg, Cu and Ni. Thess affects observed by X-ray diffractometer(XRD) and scanning electron microscope(SEM)' Very litte oxide skins on Al-10wtwt.%Si alloy melts can be detected by XRD because it is less than the measuring capabillity of the XRD, or the formation of noncrystalline oxide skins oxide skins canbe deteced by SEM. The addition of 1%Mg and 1%Cu-1%Mg-2.5%Ni to this base alloy crystallized the structure of the oxide skins and increased the oxidation in proportion to the length of time, but adding 3% had hardiy anyaffect at all on the crystal structure of the oxide skins.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.4021-4026
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• 2011

Functions of the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) and its induced release by divalent metal ions have received great attention because this neurotransmitter subsequently regulates the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH). Metal-LHRH complexes were synthesized by addition of various Cu(II),Ni(II),Zn(II) ions into LHRH in order to understand how the induced release of LHRH is possible. The degree of complexation was monitored by $^1H$, $^{13}C$-NMR chemical shifts, and final products were identified by Mass spectrometry. Solutionstate structure determination of Zn(II)-LHRH out of metal-complexes was accomplished by using NMR and NMR-based distance geometry (DG). Interproton distance information from nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy was utilized for structure determination. Structure obtained in this study has a cyclic conformation exhibiting a specific ${\alpha}$-helical turn with residue numbers His[2]-Leu[7] out of 10 amino acids. Comparison of chemical shifts and EPR studies of Ni(II),Cu(II)-LHRH complexes exhibit that these metal complexes have 4-coordination geometry.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.251-259
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• 2004

Xenoestrogens are chemicals with diverse structure that mimic estrogen. Bisphenol A, a monomer of polycarbonate and epoxy resins, has been detected in canned food and human saliva. Bisphenol A stimulate cell proliferation and induce expression of estrogen -response genes in vitro. The purpose of the this study was to evaluate cell proliferation of bisphenol A in the presence of a rat liver 59 mix contaning cytochrome P450 enzymes and Cu (II). The fragmentation of intact DNA, a parameter of apoptotic cell death, was evaluated quantitatively by diphenylamine reaction method. Bisphenol A induced apoptotic cell death in a dose-dependent manner The effect of radical scavenger on the apoptotic cell death induced bisphenol A was investigated. The DNA fragmentation induced by bisphenol A was significantly inhibited by addition of radical scavenger to the culture medium. This indicated that elevated oxidative stress caused by imbalance between the production and removal of free radicals occurred in cells. Taken together, these results suggest that free radical reacts with Cu (II) leading oxidative stress.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.879-888
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• 2001

The effects of final annealing temperature on the microstructure and creep characteristics were investigated for the Zr-lNb-0.2X (X=0, Mo, Cu) and Zr-lNb- 1Sn-0.3Fe-0.1X (X=0, Mo, Cu) alloys. The microstructures were observed by using TEM/EDS, and grain size and distributions of precipitates were analyzed using a image analyzer. The creep test was performed at $400^{\circ}C$ under applied stress of 150 MPa for 10 days. The $\beta$-Zr was observed at annealing temperature above $600^{\circ}C$. In the temperature above$ 600^{\circ}C$, the grain sizes of both alloy systems appeared to be increased with increasing the final annealing temperature. The creep strengths of Zr-1Nb-1Sn-0.3Fe-0.1X alloys were higher than those of Zr-1Nb-0.2X ones due to the effect of solid solution hardening by Sn in Zr-lNb-lSn-0.3Fe-0.1X alloy system. Also, Mo addition showed the strong effect of precipitate hardening in both alloy systems. The creep strength rapidly decreased with increasing the annealing temperature up to $600^{\circ}C$. However, a superior creep resistance was obtained in the sample that annealed to have a second phase of $\beta$-Zr. It was considered that the appearance of $\beta$-Zr would play an important role in the strengthening mechanism of creep deformation.