Many people suffers from multiple chronic diseases, leading cause of death and disability in the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting multiple chronic diseases, hypertension, and diabetes. We analyzed the data of one metropolitan city of community health survey, 2015. 4,590 citizens were enrolled in this study. Prevalence of multiple chronic diseases, hypertension, and diabetes were 5.14%, 16.8%, and 3.89%, respectively. Educational attainment, income, salt intake, and BMI were identified as independent risk factors associated with multiple chronic diseases. Educational attainment, income, salt intake were significantly associated with hypertension and age, educational attainment, frequency of alcohol drinking, salt intake were associated with diabetes. Multiple chronic diseases, hypertension, and diabetes were associated with sociodemographic, economic, and health behavioral factors. We should consider these variables in the prevention and management programs and policies for patients with multiple chronic diseases.
The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
/
v.8
no.5
/
pp.207-218
/
2022
This study, to confirm the mediating effect of knee pain on cognitive functions and depression in older adults, and as an interdisciplinary research between the physical and psychological mechanisms, confirmed the identifying group differences by gender, age, and educational attainment of older adults, and aimed to research the improvement of cognitive functions, which is a main factor of dementia's risk prediction. The analysis data was from the 8th Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA) in 2020, and the research model was verified using Process macro and model #4. The main analysis results are as follows. First, depression partially mediation effect of knee pain on cognitive functions. Second, the mediation effect of depression by gender was significant, but the direct effect in the male older adults group was twice that in the female older adults; the indirect effect did not vary significantly based on gender. Third, the mediating effect of depression by age was relatively greater in the old-old aged group than in the young-old aged one. Fourth, as for the mediating effect of depression according to the classification of educational attainment, the mediating effect was not significant in the group with a college degree or higher education but was significant in the remaining three sub-groups. Based on the results, this study makes implications for the need for active intervention strategies to improve cognitive functions, focusing on group differences by gender, age, and educational attainment in the management of knee pain and depression.
Using the data from the Family Income & Expenditure Survey, this study investigated (1)the factors determining the level of burden of the private educational expenditure in households; (2) the influences of the level of the burden of private educational expenditure on the other household expenditures. For the analysis of data Chi-square, GLM, Multinomial legit, and Seemingly Unrelated Regression were applied. The major findings were: (1) The factors associated with the burden of private educational expenditure were the number of students by each of the school levels, housing tenure, location of residence, educational attainment of householder; (2) Households with the lower level of burden of the private educational expenditure adjusted the allocation of the expenditure shares of food, utility, and transportation and did not reduce the levels of consumption. Households with the higher level of burden of the private educational expenditure adjusted the extensive ranges of the household expenditure shares and reduced the levels of consumption.
This study aims at identifying the recent change in marriage behaviors in Korea. The data used here is the vital statistics compiled from the vital registration system of which registration form is put on one from together with the civil registration form. According to the results of this analysis, since 1970 the number of marriages has steadily increased from about 300, 000 in the former of 1970s to about 400, 000 in the latter of 1980s, appproximately coincided with the change in population size at the marriageable age span. The few exceptions that can be seen in the 1970s seem to result from the impact of social upheavals during 1950s; since the birth cohorts affected by the low fertility during the Korean war and the post-war baby-boom generations chracterized by the high fertility entered the marriage market in the 1970s. However, the marriage rate shows a little increase from around 7 in the former of 1970s to around 9 in the latter of 1980s, indicating that the marriage prevalence has been more or less inconsiderably changed during this period. It is also found that the proportion of remarriage to the total marriages has increased to around 10 per cent in 1989, while decreasing that of first marriage. This fact can be attributable to the higher prevalence of divorces and the collapsing of the Confucianism ethic which contributed to expediting the remarriage of widows. Although this proportion is insignificant compared with that of the of more developed countries, it is not difficult to say that the proportion of remarriages will continue to increase in future. The age first at first marriage(AFM) which directly affects the span exposed to the risks pregnancy has increased to the age about 28 for male and about 25 for female in recent years. However, big difference in AFM between urban and rural areas has narrowed, resultant from the increasing involuntary postponement of marriage of rural young population who have met difficulties in seeking their bride or bridegroom in rural areas characterized by the heavy out-migration of young, particularly female, population. The present study shows the reverse relationship between AFM and educational attainment; i.e, the higher the educational attainment the lower the AFM. The conditions which are taken into considerations were the class and the family in the past time but which are, educational attainment, job and personal characteristics. With regard to the age condition, in recent years the male prefers the female younger than himself on the average by 3 years and vice versa, which is reduced form 4-5 years in beginning of 1970s. The age difference bride and bridegroom tends to decrease with the educational attainment increase. This may be attributable to the fact that the persons with the higher educational attainment prefer the love marriage and hence are more likely to choose their counterparts in the about same age. The education condition is characterized by the bridegroom having the higher educational level than bride. It is also significant to note that the proportion of love marriage has increased, whereas that of traditional arranged marriage has decreased. This is true in the urban areas than the rural areas, indicating that rights as well as responsibilities for marriage have been handed over the young population from their parents. In conclusion, the change in the marriage behaviors in Korea are characterized by increasing tendency for the postponement of first marriage, higher prevalences of divorces and a result remarriages, increase of love marriages, narrowing age difference between bride and bridegroom, etc. which are the main results of rapid industrization, increase in educational and economic activity opportunities and change in the ideals of marriages during the past decades. These phenomena prevailing in Korean society would affect not only the family structure that will become less proliferiated but the population size and structure. The most important is that the changes in marriage behaviors of Koreans and their impact on the society with respect to norms, values, morals, of individual and family in the social aspect, change in population size and structure in the demograpic aspects, and economic development in the economic aspects should be integrated into the plannings towards to the future.
The purpose of this study was to explore housing cost burden of young single- or two-person households in the United States who have recently moved for job-related reasons. Total 580 households were selected from 2009 American Housing Survey public-use microdata for data analysis. The findings are as follows: (1) Targeted single-person households were characterized as younger households with higher educational attainment, lower household income, and greater proportion of renters, multifamily housing residents and households with housing cost burden than other households; (2) two-person households showed a higher income level and lower housing cost burden; (3) characteristics that showed significant influences on housing cost burden were household size, householder's age, gender, race and educational attainment, household income level and tenure type; and (4) a linear combination of household size, household income, whether or not a low-income household, residency in metropolitan area, and home structural type were found to be most efficient to predict a single- or two-person household's housing cost burden regardless of the household size.
The purpose of this study was to compare the factors affected on the leisure participation leisure satisfaction and leisure effect of the middle-aged with those of the aged who were paticipated in the leisure program of the public community facilities. the sample of he study consisted of 218 midle-aged and 163 the aged living in Seoul and Daegu. Frequencies means ,$x^2$,T-test and multiple regression were employed for the analysis. The results of this study were as follows; The middle-aged had more positive leisure attitude than the gaged less leisure participation and more leisure satisfaction. The factors affected one he leisure participation of the middle-aged were region and fee and those of the aged were region leisure attitude and fee. The factors affected on the leisure satisfaction of the middle-aged were number of the family region and the access of the transportation as compared with those of the aged were sex health status and the access of transportation. And the factors had effects on the leisure effect of the middle-aged were sex educational attainment number of the family the access of transportation and fee comparing with those of the aged were educational attainment and leisure attitude.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of human resource development on the job satisfaction and wage among employed workers. A sample of 3,578 employed workers was selected from Korea Labor Panel Data. For data analysis, t-test and multiple regression were used. The major findings were as follows: First, the employed workers who had experiences of human resource development had more certificates of job-related qualification, more employed in government-invested organization or foreign company regularly than the counterpart. Second, the employed workers' wage was affected by gender, age, educational attainment, as well as whether they had experiences of human resource development. Third, the factors that influence employed workers' job satisfaction were gender, age, educational attainment, job regularity, having certificate of job-related qualification or not, and having experiences of human resource development or not. From the findings, it can be concluded that the employed workers' wage and job satisfaction were improved by the human resource development.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between cognitive function, self-esteem, and depression among patients in long-term care hospitals. Methods: The study participants were 159 patients from 2 long-term care hospitals in Kyungki province. Data were collected from January 2 to February 5, 2013, by conducting across-sectional descriptive survey using a structured questionnaire administered by researchers. Results: Cognitive function and depression were significantly different according to age, education level and marriage. Self-esteem was significantly different according to education level and economic status. Self-esteem was significantly positively correlated with cognitive function, which in contrast showed a significant negative correlation with depression. Among our subjects, those older than 80 years showed low cognitive function and those with low educational attainment showed high scores of depression. Conclusion: We conclude that, elderly patients in long-term care hospitals who have low educational attainment should be carefully monitored, especially by nurses, for cognitive function and depression. In addition, nurses should have constant communication with their patients. Moreover, long-term care hospitals should apply early detection of and a management system for cognitive impairment and depression among their patients.
This study identifies and tracks changes gender differences in adolescent users' problematic online behavior. This study used Korea Youth Panel Survey (KYPS), which has tracked respondents over 7 years, with self-control theory and social learning theory applied as a theoretical framework. The model included individual-level variables such as self-control and respondent's experience of problematic behavior (offline), as well as socialization variables such as the number close friends who engaged in problematic offline behavior, parent-child relationships, and parental monitoring. Dependent variables included problematic online behavior, unauthorized ID use (ID theft) and cyberbullying (cursing/insulting someone in a chat room or on a bulletin board). Control variables consisted of academic performance, time spent on a computer, monthly household income, and father's educational attainment. Random and fixed effects models were performed by gender. Results supported self-control theory even for the within-level analysis (fixed effects models) regardless of gender, while social learning theory was partially supported. Only peer effects were found significant (except for unauthorized ID use) among girls. Year dummy variables showed significant negative associations; however, academic performance and time spent using computers were significant in some models. Father's educational attainment and monthly household income were found insignificant, even in the random effects models. We also discuss implications and suggestions for future research and policy makers.
The purpose of this study was to identify: (a) the latent profiles of the difficulties associated with the schoolto-work transition (decline in confidence, mood swings, family disagreements, the burdens of familial expectations, economic hardship, and a lack of support) made by university students, (b) predictors (gender, age, grade, university location, co-residence with parents on weekdays, monthly household income, and parental educational attainment) of these profiles, and (c) how the profiles were associated with mental wellbeing. The participants of this study were 311 senior or above students (164 males and 147 females) under the age of 29, who were unmarried and preparing for employment. The findings of this study were as follows. First, the latent profile analysis revealed three distinct profiles: the "low overall difficulties" type (25.4%), the "moderate overall difficulties" type (49.9%), and the "high overall difficulties" type (24.7%). Second, the factors that predicted each profile included gender, age, co-residence with parents on weekdays, monthly household income, and parental educational attainment. Third, the "low overall difficulties" type demonstrated the highest level of mental well-being (emotional, social, and psychological well-being). This study was significant for examining the latent profiles of the difficulties associated with the school-to-work transition made by university students preparing for employment, while also exploring their mental well-being. Based on the results of this study, practical implications, limitations, and suggestions for further study were discussed.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.