• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.44-56
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• 2009

Impulse purchasing is defined as an immediate purchase with no pre-shopping intentions. Previous studies of impulse buying have focused primarily on factors linked to marketing mix variables, situational factors, and consumer demographics and traits. In previous studies, marketing mix variables such as product category, product type, and atmospheric factors including advertising, coupons, sales events, promotional stimuli at the point of sale, and media format have been used to evaluate product information. Some authors have also focused on situational factors surrounding the consumer. Factors such as the availability of credit card usage, time available, transportability of the products, and the presence and number of shopping companions were found to have a positive impact on impulse buying and/or impulse tendency. Research has also been conducted to evaluate the effects of individual characteristics such as the age, gender, and educational level of the consumer, as well as perceived crowding, stimulation, and the need for touch, on impulse purchasing. In summary, previous studies have found that all products can be purchased impulsively (Vohs and Faber, 2007), that situational factors affect and/or at least facilitate impulse purchasing behavior, and that various individual traits are closely linked to impulse buying. The recent introduction of new distribution channels such as home shopping channels, discount stores, and Internet stores that are open 24 hours a day increases the probability of impulse purchasing. However, previous literature has focused predominantly on situational and marketing variables and thus studies that consider critical consumer characteristics are still lacking. To fill this gap in the literature, the present study builds on this third tradition of research and focuses on individual trait variables, which have rarely been studied. More specifically, the current study investigates whether impulse buying tendency has a positive impact on impulse buying behavior, and evaluates how consumer characteristics such as the need for cognitive closure (NFCC), psychological wellbeing, and susceptibility to interpersonal influences affect the tendency of consumers towards impulse buying. The survey results reveal that while consumer affective impulsivity has a strong positive impact on impulse buying behavior, cognitive impulsivity has no impact on impulse buying behavior. Furthermore, affective impulse buying tendency is driven by sub-components of NFCC such as decisiveness and discomfort with ambiguity, psychological wellbeing constructs such as environmental control and purpose in life, and by normative and informational influences. In addition, cognitive impulse tendency is driven by sub-components of NFCC such as decisiveness, discomfort with ambiguity, and close-mindedness, and the psychological wellbeing constructs of environmental control, as well as normative and informational influences. The present study has significant theoretical implications. First, affective impulsivity has a strong impact on impulse purchase behavior. Previous studies based on affectivity and flow theories proposed that low to moderate levels of impulsivity are driven by reduced self-control or a failure of self-regulatory mechanisms. The present study confirms the above proposition. Second, the present study also contributes to the literature by confirming that impulse buying tendency can be viewed as a two-dimensional concept with both affective and cognitive dimensions, and illustrates that impulse purchase behavior is explained mainly by affective impulsivity, not by cognitive impulsivity. Third, the current study accommodates new constructs such as psychological wellbeing and NFCC as potential influencing factors in the research model, thereby contributing to the existing literature. Fourth, by incorporating multi-dimensional concepts such as psychological wellbeing and NFCC, more diverse aspects of consumer information processing can be evaluated. Fifth, the current study also extends the existing literature by confirming the two competing routes of normative and informational influences. Normative influence occurs when individuals conform to the expectations of others or to enhance his/her self-image. Whereas informational influence occurs when individuals search for information from knowledgeable others or making inferences based upon observations of the behavior of others. The present study shows that these two competing routes of social influence can be attributed to different sources of influence power. The current study also has many practical implications. First, it suggests that people with affective impulsivity may be primary targets to whom companies should pay closer attention. Cultivating a more amenable and mood-elevating shopping environment will appeal to this segment. Second, the present results demonstrate that NFCC is closely related to the cognitive dimension of impulsivity. These people are driven by careless thoughts, not by feelings or excitement. Rational advertising at the point of purchase will attract these customers. Third, people susceptible to normative influences are another potential target market. Retailers and manufacturers could appeal to this segment by advertising their products and/or services as products that can be used to identify with or conform to the expectations of others in the aspiration group. However, retailers should avoid targeting people susceptible to informational influences as a segment market. These people are engaged in an extensive information search relevant to their purchase, and therefore more elaborate, long-term rational advertising messages, which can be internalized into these consumers' thought processes, will appeal to this segment. The current findings should be interpreted with caution for several reasons. The study used a small convenience sample, and only investigated behavior in two dimensions. Accordingly, future studies should incorporate a sample with more diverse characteristics and measure different aspects of behavior. Future studies should also investigate personality traits closely related to affectivity theories. Trait variables such as sensory curiosity, interpersonal curiosity, and atmospheric responsiveness are interesting areas for future investigation.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.153-165
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• 2006

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to obtain basic data about medical consumer's behavior by the examination of the demographic characteristics, experience of medical service and attitude toward traditional medicine based on the outpatients of oriental medicine clinic. Methods: The participants of this study are outpatients in 5 oriental medicine clinics located in the metropolitan area. The resources were collected from the self-administration questionnaire survey. 202 samples were collected. The SPSS 13.0 for windows was used for statistical analysis: One-way ANOVA, $x^2-test$, correlation analysis were used to verify the results. Results & Conclusions: The results from this study are as follow. 1, The group which are in low-ade educational background and income selected traditional medicine for the promotion of health. In this group, traditional medicine was consumed with higher purchasing frequency and more satisfaction and considered more safe and effective, on the other hand western medicine was consumed with lower frequency. People In this group highly evaluated the kindness of oriental medicine doctor and more interested in health. 2. The group which selected traditional medicine for the treatment of disease more frequently consumed traditional medicine. People In this group highly evaluated the efficacy and economical efficiency of traditional me야cine and the kindness of oriental medicine doctor. 3. The group which selected traditional medicine for the management of disease iess : frequently consumed western medicine. People In this group highly evaluated the efficacy of traditional medicine. 4. Purchasing frequency on traditional medicine was higher in the 50year above group than $30{\sim}39year$, 29year and below group.(P<0.1) 5. Purchasing frequencyy on traditional medicine slightly correlated with the satisfaction of traditional medicine and the kindness of oriental medicine doctor. The satisfaction of traditional medicine strongly correlated with the kindness of oriental medicine doctor. 6. The efficacy of traditional medicine and the kindness of oriental medicine doctor were highly evaluated in the $10{\sim}19times$ experience group and 20times above experience group than $1{\sim}4times$ experience group.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.213-219
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to suggest a plan for which Medical Record Technician, who has main task as efficient creation and management of medical information, is changed successfully to health information manager in IT-based medical environment. According to this research objective, it carried out an analysis on future model(To-be) for being changed into health information manger in addition to analysis of the current situation for task as medical record technician. The subject materials of analyzing the present status included 1) state-exam subjects for medical record technician 2) qualification examination subjects for health information manger 3) analytical data of the current task for domestically medical record technicians 4) symposiums and educational topics for the recent 3 years in Korean Medical Record Association. Future-model(To-be) data included 'HIM Professional Roles in E-HIM (R)' suggested by AHIMA(American Health Information Management Association). Through a comparative analysis of these materials, a role of being needed currently medical record technicians' new entry was analyzed to be Business change manager, IT training specialist, Consumer advocate, Clinical alerts and reminders manager, and Enterprise application specialist.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.101-113
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate the practical problem-based lesson plan for high school home economics class focusing on consumer choice of genetically modified(GM) food. The ADDIE instructional design model was applied. The first analysis step, practical problems were chosen based on the previous studies and the educational goal suggested in the 2007 revised curriculum. The next design and development steps, 4 hours of lesson plans were developed by reconstitution a chapter of Food Safety. Additional learning materials(17 student activity papers, 17 student reading materials, 3 teacher reading materials) were also developed. The implementation step, the lesson plans developed were applied to the S high school students in Bundang, Geyonggi-do. The last evaluation step, the perception change about GM food and the adequacy of teaching method were evaluated. As results, the studens' attitudes and minds towards the GM food were changed. The level of concern on GM food increased, and the ratio of students who would check whether GM food or not was increased. Also students showed high level of satisfaction on teaching method and materials.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.391-414
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• 2012

Despite the growth in public concern about health information, the ratio of users who can search for accurate and reliable health information sources has been found to be quite low. Public libraries, as the best contact point to general users, must provide training programs for improving health literacy so that users will have the ability to search and analyze health information, judge the accuracy and reliability of resources, and make informed health-related decisions. This study developed a health information literacy education program suitable for Korean public library users. The effectiveness of the training was measured after administering the program, and necessary improvements were identified. As a result, this study found the education program had the following effects: improved public library users' familiarity with CHI-related terms, improved users' ability to find CHI-related information resources on the Internet, and significantly improved knowledge about health-related websites and information sources. In addition, users expressed interest in seminars on a variety of health information sources in the public library and asked that CHI-related education be included in the library's regular programming. However, this research represented the first time CHI-related education for public library users was performed in Korea, and therefore many limitations were present in the education instructor, the diversity of subjects, and the methodology. Development of more advanced CHI-related education programs for users is still required.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.101-108
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• 2015

Purpose - The convenience store business sector in South Korea has contributed to economic growth and job creation, and the growth potential of this market segment remains very high. In addition, service value is a more important factor than price in determining purchase intention. Research in the convenience store market is relatively very low compared to other retail sectors. In particular, research on service quality for the convenience of retailers who examine and analyze customer behavior and service quality factors used in the convenience store side of the situation is very inadequate. We have investigated the relationship of store service quality, service satisfaction, and store loyalty. In addition, we have examined the way service value moderates the relationship among these variables. Research design, data, and methodology - The questionnaire was developed using modified and supplementary questions based on the KD-SQS and RSQS models. The study suggested a theoretical model composed of 15 hypotheses on the relations between theoretic variables, and surveys conducted with consumers in discount stores in the Seoul and Gyunggi Metropolitan area in order to verify the hypotheses. We used the SPSS/PC statistical packages to analyze the results. The number of surveys used was 227. Moreover, a structural equating model was also used to analyze the reliability and validity of the composing elements and to verify the suggested hypotheses. Results - The overall results of this study are as follows. First, all service quality elements have a significant effect on service satisfaction. Second, all service quality elements have a significant effect on store loyalty. Third, service satisfaction has a significant effect on store loyalty. Finally, when the participants were divided into high and low service value the results of the multiple regression analyses showed that only the relationship between policy of service quality and satisfaction, and human interaction and policy of service quality and loyalty were significant. The implications are discussed based on the findings of the study. Conclusions - First, through direct hypotheses testing, we confirmed that the convenience service quality positively impacts the service satisfaction and loyalty of buyers. In particular, the reliability, origin benefit, and promotion were found to have more influence on satisfaction and loyalty of consumers of a convenience store. Further, for the service quality of the convenience for the consumer loyalty, greater human interaction was a high-value and statistically significantly higher than the degree of improvement in consumer loyalty. This underscores the importance of education and human services management of employees working in a convenience store. In particular, frequent changes in personnel generate results that negatively impact loyalty with customers. These results may lead to a serious problem in the economics of the store. Therefore, it should enhance the value of services through the establishment of training and compensation for employees. In addition, a certain educational level is required as well as a basis for compensation and retention.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.382-391
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• 2008

Yukwa samples, made with additions of 0, 10, 20, and 30% Rubus coreanus Miquel extract, were puffed by different puffing methods(convection oven, microwave oven, and fryer) and were then examined for quality characteristics such as moisture content, expansion rate, color, hardness, and sensory qualities, in order to determine the optimal ratio of Rubus coreanus Miquel extract in the formulation and the optimal expansion of Yukwa. The moisture contents of Yukwa base increased as the level of Rubus coreanus Miquel extract increased. And the Yukwa puffed by convection had higher moisture than the samples puffed by microwave oven or frying, with the exception of the sample containing 20% Rubus coreanus Miquel extract. When comparing the expansion rates of samples, no significant differences were found between the control and extract-containing samples puffed by convection, microwave, and frying methods, respectively. However, the sample puffed by frying had the highest expansion rate, whereas the convection-, microwave-puffed samples showed no significant differences. In the convection-, microwave-, and fryer-puffed samples, lightness and yellowness decreased, but redness increased, as the level of Rubus coreanus Miquel extract increased. And the sample puffed by microwave oven had greater lightness as compared to the samples puffed by convection and frying. In terms of hardness, no significant differences were found the control and extract-containing samples puffed by convection and microwave methods. However, hardness was maximal in the sample puffed by convection and lowest in the sample puffed by frying, in which it increased according to the addition of Rubus coreanus Miquel extract. In the consumer acceptance evaluations and characteristics intensity rating tests, the samples puffed using convection and microwave methods showed higher scores for the majority of evaluated characteristics as compared to the samples puffed by frying. And the samples containing Rubus coreanus Miquel extract obtained fairly good scores. In conclusion, the results indicate that additions of 10$\sim$20% Rubus coreanus Miquel extract are optimal for Yukwa that is puffed by convection and microwave methods, as this range provides good physiological properties and reasonably high overall consumer acceptability.

• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.147-168
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to apply sustainable development education activities for young children and to verify the effects of them. To do this, 40 5-year-old children of day care centers in P city, Gyeonggi-do were grouped the experimental group(11 male, 9 female) and the controlled(11 male, 9 female). The children in the experimental group had taken the 16 activities based on the sustainable development education for 8 weeks. The results of this study are as follows. First, the children in the experimental group shows the increase of the score in the whole subconcept of the care behavior, which means that the activities in this study are effective for children's care behaviors. Second, the children in this study shows the increase of the community consciousness scores, which means that the activities executed in this study are effective for children's community consciousness. Third, the children in the experimental group in this study shows the increase of the score of consumer behaviors, which means that the activities formed in this study are efficient for young children's consumer behaviors. This study implies that the activities for sustainable development education have a positive effect on young children's education for sustainable development.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.25-55
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• 2011

These results of surveying public librarians can contribute to clearly identifying the status of CHI(consumer health information) services in Korea and to exploring future developments in CHI services. In this study, we investigated whether or not currently Korean public libraries are offering CHI services, whether or not they provide CHI reference services and the frequency of their use, and analyzed librarians' recognition of the need for Korean public libraries to provide the CHI services. The findings are as follows: 1) 70% of Korean public libraries are equipped with health-related books and medical journals, but the rate of libraries that are building CHI-related websites was very low at 5%. 2) The rate of providing the CHI reference services was only 30% of the surveyed public libraries. 3) 82.1% of public libraries did not provide educational programs related to CHI. 4) 82.1% of public libraries did not provide CHI-related services for vulnerable groups. 5) The rate of providing the CHI-related outreach programs and collaborating with CHI-related institutions was no more than about 20% each. These research findings can induce public librarians to provide CHI services in public libraries, and will contribute to activate the CHI-related research in Korea.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.129-140
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• 2018

This study aimed to analyze consumers' acceptance of sports applications and smart sportswear to better design technology-enhanced walking exercise wear for the Baby Boomer generation based on their cohort characteristics. A questionnaire with items related to acceptance of existing smart sportswear design, functionality, and usability as well as existing sports application design, functionality, and usability was sent to consumers aged 50-65. Of 163 questionnaires distributed, 150 were used for analysis. The results showed that middle-aged consumers were aware of smart sportswear's functional stability, but were concerned about care, durability, and convenience. Middle-aged consumers were also aware of sports applications as educational functions for obtaining new information. Additionally, they found sports applications to have lower perceived convenience and accessibility relative to the young generation, highlighting the need for simple instructions and explanations for sports application planning. Based on these results, we propose "Everyday design for general sportswear," "Functions based on consumer's preference," "Enhanced design for durability and management convenience" for designing and planning walking exercise wear for middle-aged consumers, and "Convenient application organization" and "Educational exercise contents" for application planning for walking exercises.