• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.203-212
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• 2016

In order to investigate actual pesticide usage, this survey was carried out with farmers growing four crop groups, leaf vegetables, fruit vegetables, fruits, and rice from 2012 to 2015. Five hundred sixty farmers were selected in main crop production areas and were asked about their pesticide uses during the growing season. Investigations on pesticide damages to crop in recent 5 years showed that fruit vegetables had the highest proportion of damage at 14%, followed by rice at 11%, orchards at 11%, and leaf vegetables at 8%. Compared to the results of a pilot study which took place from 2009 to 2011, fruit vegetable damage increased by 4% while damage to rice and orchards decreased by 7-9%. This means continuous education on mixed spraying, usage methods, and precaution is required. In the survey on the safety guidelines for pesticide use, 6 items were well observed (89.0-95.0%), but one item for use of protective gear had the lowest observance (81.7%). A measure for protective gear for poisoning prevention is required. The survey of pesticide usage per area ($kg\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$) showed that 1.65, 4.93, 10.98, and $3.16kg\;a.i.\;ha^{-1}$ of pesticides were applied to leaf vegetables (6 species), fruit vegetables (6 species), fruits (6 species), and rice, respectively, which decreased from the usage reported in the pilot study. This change was likely caused by more effective pesticides and fewer pest outbreaks; therefore, shipments of pesticides have been decreasing. In the case of paddy rice herbicides, 43 products, including butachlor, were used for $1.3kg\;ha^{-1}$. Herbicides represent 44% of pesticides used in paddy rice.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2004

Purpose: Even though there have been various efforts for the dying with dignity of terminal patients, no researches focused on the public attitudes. Methods: In February 2004, we sampled 1,055 persons over 20 years of age from the sixteen cities and local districts of Korea through the quota sampling method according to their gender, age, and location. We conducted a telephone survey with a structured questionnaire on the attitudes toward dying with dignity and hospice palliative care. Results: The most important conditions for the dying with dignity on the patients' views were 'removing burdens for other people' (27.8%). Over the half of the samples chose their home as a preference for place of death (54.8%). 82.3% of the respondents agreed to the idea of withdrawing the medically futile life-sustaining treatment. Fifty seven percents of the answered public said that they intended to use the hospice service in case of terminal illness. Eighty percents thought that health care insurance should cover hospice service, and 80.9% gave positive response to the necessity of advance directives. Respondents emphasized 'the financial support for the terminal patients' (29.8%), 'covering hospice service with health insurance' (16.5%), and 'the education and public relation for settlement of desirable dying culture and hospice service' (15.9%) as the roles and responsibilities of the government for the dying with dignity. Conclusion: This study shows that there is a possibility of significant consensus on hospice and palliative care system for the dying with dignity of patients and reduction of the suffering for their families among the general public.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.53-63
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• 1974

For the elucidation of the nutritional status of residences of apartments located in various areas in Seoul city, the food and nutrition survey was undertaken by the graduate students from Department of Food & Nutrition, Ewha Womans University in 1973. The socioeconomic stratification was mainly considered for the selection of sample apartments included in this study. Hangang Mansion, KIST, Munwhachon & Bukahyun apts were selected in this respect. A. Common living circumstances. Through the questionaries, author concluded nutritional concept on everyday food life as follows; 1. Higher income seems less effective in everyday food life on the nutritional view point than higher education does. 2. It needs to be urgently improved to be accustomed to use exact measuring concept of foods when they cook. 3. It needs to be improved to serve meals for individual portion at meal table, because the portion control at meal table will effect to national food policy. B. Nutrition Survey. Average daily calroie intake was the highest in Hangang Mansion and lowest in Bukahyun apt., in accordance with their economic living standard, but most of their calorie intakes were lower than the R.D.A. (3000ca1 for male, 2200 Cal for female). But the composition ratio of the total calorie intake was near to the ideal, carbohydrate 60%, protein 15%, fat 25%. Although there were differences in their economic living situations in urban area, most people ingested relatively good quality and large amounts of protein and fat. Vitamin A and Niacine intake exceeded the R.D.A., but the intake of Ca, Thiamine, Riboflavin, Ascorbic Acid were far less than that of R.D.A. C. food Intake. Amounts of total daily food intake were highest in Bukahyun apt. and lowest in Hangang Mansion. These showed adverse aspects to the total calorie intakes and their income levels. The ratio of cereals, $40%{\sim}50%$ of the total food intake, was higher than any other kinds of foods in all apartments. Among the other foods except cereals, there represented the highest level of meats in Hangang Mansion and KIST apt., while intake of Kimchies were highest in Munwhachon and Bukahyun apt. In the case of vegetables and fruits intake, the ratio of them in Hangang Mansion and KIST apt. were high, on the other hand the ratio of starchy roots appeared lowest in Hangang Mansion. For the main sources of protein, meats were ingested in Hangang Mansion and KIST apt., meats and fishery were used in Munwhachon apt., and beans were eaten highly in their meals in Bukahyun apt. These food contents and distributions showed the significant differences not only their economic classes but also regional characteristics.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.83-94
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• 2014

Purpose : This study assessed the improvement of competency levels for participants, as well as their satisfaction from completion of the special international disaster response program. Methods : The program structure followed an intensive two-week course that included a combination of lectures, discussions, case studies, and field trips. "ICN Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies" was used for designing the program. A pre-post survey was done to measure the change in the competencies of students and assess their satisfaction after finishing the program. Focus group interviews were also performed to further understand the attitudes of participants toward the disaster issues. Results : The overall pre-program test score for disaster competency was $2.18{\pm}0.68$ and the post-program test score was $6.30{\pm}0.84$, which showed statistically significant gains in all competency items (p <.001). The general satisfaction of participants with the program was quite high, demonstrated by a mean score of $4.5{\pm}0.51$. The benefits for students from program participation included increased knowledge and better understanding of the important roles of international organizations and NGOs. Conclusion : The international disaster education programs are necessary to provide an opportunity for students to increase their disaster competency. In addition, future development of a unified educational competency framework is also necessary.

• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.11-24
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• 2020

Objective : The Human Rights constitute one of the basic pillars of every work where persons are involved, such is the case of the occupational therapy field. Methods : In this study we investigate the human rights sensitivity and the advocacy activities of occupational therapists. The differences according to their characteristics, the relationship and the impact of the human rights sensitivity are examined and presented. Making use of online surveys 116 subjects participated in the study. Results : The measured average of human right sensitivity is 69.00 ± 17.67 point, being them distributed according to the following subcategories: to the perception of the situation corresponds 23.25±5.62 points, to the perception of the consequences 22.75±6.54 points and for the perception of the responsibility 23±6.54 points. In all the cases have been taken in account the equal rights, the right to education in disables, the right to pursue the happiness of the elderly, the right of the disables to have personal freedom, the privacy rights and the privacy rights for mental illness people. According to the working area the Human Right sensitiveness is higher in Seoul than in the Gyeongsang province meanwhile the advocacy activities is higher in Seoul and in Gyeonggi province than in Gyeongsang province. Depending of the type of service, general hospitals and rehabilitation/nursing hospitals showed higher human rights sensitivity than other service organizations According to the working field, occupational therapy group focused in elderly showed higher Human Right sensitivity than other fields. Professionals belonging groups of clinical experience from 3 to 5 years and from 6 to 10 years showed higher advocacy activities than professionals with more than 11 years of experience. A positive correlation was showed between the human rights sensitivity and the advocacy activities. For this situation, the human rights sensitiveness was divided in sub-categories in perception of the situation, perception of the consequences and perception of the responsibility. As showed by the result of multiple regression analyses the advocacy activities of human would grow up in accordance with the increase of the human rights sensitiveness of responsibility perception. Conclusion : Due to the actual lack of information, the collection and study of basic data is fundamental for the development of practical human rights educational programs and to emphasize the role of the defense of the human rights.

• Korean Journal of Comparative Education
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.145-169
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influences of educational policy transfer on transitional countries by analyzing the impacts of the Bologna Process on the educational systems of former socialist countries in Europe including Russia, Ukraine, and Hungary. For this purpose, documents published by European Union and its associated educational institutions, as well as academic institutions and scholars were analyzed to evaluate the changes made not only in the systemic level but also institutional and personal levels. The Bologna Process, instigated by the rise of knowledge economy and globalization, is purported to be the most influential educational reform conducted by the member countries since the formation of EU. However, unlike its original intentions to promote the voluntary participation of universities and students, the Bologna Process strengthened the structure of centralized bureaucracy in the educational systems, and restricted the freedom of professors, since most of the universities in these countries relied on governments for their funding. This indicates that in analyzing the influences of educational policy transfer in transitional countries, it is important to analyze the roles and motivations of actors participating in the decision-making processes. Moreover, Bologna Process reforms, made under the direction and control of government, were often turned into cases in which administrators hurriedly implement new policies against the will of faculty members and students, thus impeding the efficient localization of the reforms. This case, thus, implies that while educational reforms driven by policy transfer can change external systems and policies of universities, the fundamental reforms in the minds of faculty and inner workings of organization can only come about after a careful consideration of the societal and cultural values embedded within society.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.83-96
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• 2012

This paper has obtained the following results by investigating the physical geographical names appeared on the school songs of the primary secondary school in Daegu metropolitan city. 1) The physical geographical names appeared many on the school songs in the old-established schools are the traditional physical geographical names such as The Mt. Palgong, The Geumho river, The Nakdong river, The Mt. Biseul and the physical geographical names related to the identity of Daegu such as Dalgubeol, The Mt. Taebaek, Seorabeol and so forth. 2) The physical geographical names appeared many on the school songs in the primary schools are The Mt. Palgong, The Geumho river, The Nakdong river, and The Mt. Biseul in order, while those appeared many on the school songs in the secondary schools are The Mt. Palgong, The Geumho river, The Nakdong river, and The Mt. Biseul in order. 3) Since The Mt. Taebaek and Seorabeol relatively often appear in the physical geographical names, we can find the relationship between Daegu and Silla Dynasty, and that between The Mt. Palgong and The Mt. Taebaek from the viewpoint of feng shui. 4) In case of the school songs in the schools distributed around the area of Suseong-Gu and DalSeo-Gu which are newly developed, the physical geographical names within the two areas in addition to the traditional physical geographical names(including the physical geographical names related to the identity of Daegu) appeared many on the school songs. 5) The Mt. Palgong, which is the representative physical geographical name of Daegu, almost did not appear on the school songs of the schools within the Dalseong-Gun. In other words, the residents in the Dalseong-Gun have recognized the mountain based on The Mt. Biseul rather than The Mt. Palgong. 6) It is special that The Sincheon amounting to the central stream in Daegu almost did not appear on the school songs. 7) It is concluded that the physical geographical names found in this paper can be not only set as main ecological space in Daegu area but also considered in top priority as ecological space in the various plans of development.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.241-252
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• 2016

In this paper, in order to test the possibility of applying K feldspar $pIR-IRSL_{290}$ signal(read out at $290^{\circ}C$) to date old terrace sediments(up to ~ 200 ka, MIS 7) in Korea, we investigated luminescence properties of $pIR-IRSL_{290}$ signals in K feldspar extracts from 27 marine and fluvial terrace sediment samples, and these were compared with those of quartz OSL and conventional K feldspar $IRSL_{50}$ (readout at $50^{\circ}C$) signals. The averaged $2D_0$ value of K feldspar $pIR-IRSL_{290}$ growth curves was ~ 700 Gy, which is consistent with that of $IRSL_{50}$ signal, and this is 3 times higher than that for quartz OSL (~ 250 Gy) on average. Where possible, K feldspar $pIR-IRSL_{290}$ ages were compared with quartz OSL and conventional $IRSL_{50}$ ages. Our preliminary K feldspar $pIR-IRSL_{290}$ ages were older than quartz OSL ages by about 200%, while fading rate-corrected conventional $IRSL_{50}$ ages are in good agreement with those based on quartz OSL. This seems to indicate the possibility of K-feldspar $pIR-IRSL_{290}$ age overestimation due to the presence of unbleachable $pIR-IRSL_{290}$ signals, even with a prolonged exposure to sunlight. Both quartz OSL and K-feldspar $pIR-IRSL_{290}$ signals for the samples from Noeum fluvial terrace and Gusan fault site were all in dose saturation level, thus unable to estimate the formation ages of the sediments. However, $2D_0$ values derived from the dose response growth curves strongly indicate that the Noeum fluvial terrace sediments have formed before 109-140 ka, while the fluvial sediments from Gusan fault were desposited before 100-105 ka. Further, this seems to suggest that the previous quartz OSL ages of ~40-50 ka for Gusan fault sediments should be the underestimated ones due to dose saturation problem.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.352-363
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the load of nutrients contained in the drainage discharged from the facility horticultural complex and to use them for re-use of fluids and design for introduction of water treatment plants. Representative hydroponic cultivation crops were selected as tomato, paprika, cucumber, and strawberry, and the total number of samples analyzed for water quality was 80. As a result of the analysis, since various fertilizer components such as N, P, K⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Si₄⁺, HCO₃^-, Cl^-, S^2-, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo and B are contained at very high concentrations in the drainage, the need for water treatment was confirmed. Through statistical analysis, it was analyzed that the drainage concentration of strawberries was lower than that of tomatoes, paprika, and cucumbers. In the case of tomatoes, these essential ion concentrations are the highest, so it was confirmed that they are subject to valuable resources in terms of reuse of fertilizers. The load of N and P of the drainage discharged from the facility horticultural complex 1m² was analyzed. For N, the daily processing capacity of 4.0 kg of tomatoes, 3.3 kg of paprika, 3.0 kg of cucumbers, and 1.5 kg of strawberries was calculated based on 1 ha. It was suggested that the P concentration needs a scale and capacity that can handle 0.5 kg of tomatoes, 0.6 kg of paprika, 0.4 kg of cucumber, and 0.2 kg of strawberries per day. Through this study, the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus contained in the drainage discharged from the greenhouse of each crop was evaluated to analyze the economy. In addition, it was expected to be used as basic data that can be used to calculate the treatment capacity to be reflected when introducing water treatment facilities in facility horticultural complexes for sustainable agriculture.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.260-285
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• 2021

This article deals with the current status of investigation of the royal tombs of Baekje (Gongju Songsan-ri Tomb, Buyeo Neungsan-ri Tomb, Iksan Ssangneung) from the Japanese colonial period to the present. A review of the maintenance status is also conducted to see if the survey content was actually reflected in the restoration maintenance of the ruins. First, the structure scale and characteristics of the royal tombs of Baekje during the Woongjin and Sabi periods were identified by examining the survey content organized by period and feature. Through the recent re-excavation survey, it was confirmed that the results of the research during the Japanese colonial period were being verified. Next, before examining the maintenance status of the Baekje royal tombs, related content about maintenance of laws and regulations were extracted to establish the maintenance standards. It was confirmed that the most importance part of maintenance is 'maintenance of the original form' without compromising the authenticity of cultural properties. Based on these criteria, the maintenance status was reviewed. The main part of the burial tomb is located underground, so maintenance is mainly made around the tomb, which is the upper structure. However, most of the original burial mounds have been lost or damaged, so it is difficult to determine their original form. In fact, constant changes in the size and location of tombs from the Japanese colonial period to the present were confirmed in the Songsan-ri and Neungsan-ri tombs, meaning that the current maintenance status is problematic. On the other hand, in the case of Ssangneung, not only are the tombs relatively intact, but there are also few changes in the records, so it seems that maintenance was carried out that preserved the original form of the tombs. Therefore, the maintenance of tombs in the future should be based on 'maintaining the original form', but it is recommended that the 'education and utilization' plan be prepared after determining whether or not to restore the tomb and the degree of restoration.