• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identify the knowledge contents of basic nursing sciences needed by nurses in the practices of the intensive care unit(ICU). To attain the goal of this study, the nurses working at 10 hospitals in the areas of Seoul and Kangwon Province were randomly selected. They were primarily interviewed, and the open question was secondarily put to them through the questionnaire. In the process of the 1st interview, the interviewees were asked of the question, "What is the knowledge of basic sciences such as anatomy, pathology, physiology. microbiology, pharmacology and the like thought to be lacking when you communicate with doctors in the ICU and when you carry out your nursing practices in it?" The contents of the interview were tape-recorded. The period of data collection ranged from May 1, 2001 to Sept 30. The interviews were conducted with total of 20 nurses. The open-end questionnaire was secondarily mailed to nurses. 113 questionnaires were returned. 100 questionnaires except 13 ones thought to be poorly completed in content were used for data analysis. Three coders classified data obtained from the interview and the questionnaire research into 5 detailed items relating to such as anatomical physiology, pathology, pharmacology. microbiology and basics of nursing. The three coders had experiences in nursing education of 18 years, 8 years and 6 years, respectively, and of them one coder was professor in basic nursing sciences. Data were statistically treated using frequency analysis and percentage by the SAS program. As a result, the following findings were obtained : It was found that the contents that ICU nurses responded were most needed in the field of Human structure and function were water and electrolytic balance(38%), blood and circulatory system(20%), changer in the patient's skin(12%), the arrangement of the human body(10%) and the endocrine system(10%), nervous system(6%), and assessment of the state of the patient's consciousness(4%). It was found that the contents that ICU nurses responded were most needed in the field of pathology were found to be the process of the progress of the disease(32%), symptoms of the disease(27%), prognosis of the disease(22%), followed by the injury-healing process, clinical pathological examination, and examination by radiation. It was found that the contents that nurses responded were most needed in the field of pharmacology were the effect of drug(25%), the side effect of drug(22%), the relationship between diseases and drug(20%), the relationship between disease-causing bacteria and drug(20%) and chemotherapy(2%). It was found that the contents that ICU nurses responded were most needed in the field of microbiology were the relationship between diseases and disease-causing bacteria(45%), Kinds and characteristics of disease-causing bacteria(18%), infection control(16%), application of the aseptic technique(12%), isolation(9%) and the like. It was found that the basic knowledge that ICU nurses responded were needed were the identification of the patient's current state(36%), understanding of the therapeutic process(22%), the operating principle of medical equipment and instrument(20%), medical terminology(9%), equipment and instrument management(7%), calculation of the dose of injection(2%) and the like.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2017

본 연구는 창업 멘토링 특성에 맞는 창업 멘토링 척도 개발을 목표로 진행되었다. 최근 들어 창업에 대한 니즈가 커짐에 따라 창업교육이 활발하게 이뤄지고 있다. 창업 멘토링은 그 비중과 중요성이 커지고 있지만, 창업 멘토링 특성을 반영하여 고안된 창업 멘토링 척도에 대한 연구가 그동안 거의 이루어지지 않았다. 이에 본 연구에서는 연구목표를 달성하기 위해 질적 양적 연구를 수행하였는데, 먼저 문헌연구와 전문가집단 토론을 거쳐 창업 멘토링 기능 측정을 위한 설문 문항을 도출하고, 설문을 진행하여 이를 실증분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 연구의 1단계로 문헌연구를 진행하고 2단계에서 전문가집단 토론을 통해 창업 멘토링 기능의 하위요인과 측정 문항을 도출하였다. 3단계로 박사급 전문가들이 2단계에서 도출된 창업 멘토링 기능 측정을 위한 설문 문항을 선정하고, 4단계로 내용 타당도와 안면 타당도를 검증하였다. 이렇게 개발된 설문지로 전국 17개 창조경제혁신센터에 소속된 창업 멘토들을 대상으로 설문조사를 수행하였다(153부). 다음으로 5단계로 탐색적 요인분석을 통해 문제해결, 네트워킹, 의사소통, 동기부여라는 4개 요인을 도출하였고, 확인적 요인분석을 시행하여 최종적으로 4개 요인과 15개 측정 문항에 대해 요인들 간 구조가 타당함을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 의의는 다음과 같다. 먼저 학문적으로는 국내 최초로 질적 양적 접근방법으로 창업 멘토링 특성을 반영한 창업 멘토링 기능 척도를 연구했다는 점이다. 다음으로 실무적으로는 창업 멘토들을 대상으로 멘토링 기능 측정을 보다 정확할 수 있게 되어 향후 창업 멘토링 프로그램의 수준을 높이는데 유의미한 정보를 제공할 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.429-440
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• 2015

본 연구는 서울, 경기도, 충청도 지역에 소재하는 어린이집 조리종사자 333명에게 나트륨관련 영양지식, 식태도, 식행동, 자아효능감 등에 대해 설문조사하고, '나트륨 섭취 줄이기' 행동변화단계에 따라 '행동전단계 (고려전/고려/준비)', '행동단계 (행동/유지)' 두 군으로 분류하여 변수간의 차이를 분석하였다. 1) 대상자의 평균 연령은 48.5세이며 대상자의 68.4%는 중년에 해당되었다. 나트륨관련해서 식사관리에 관한 관심도는 대상자의 54.8%가 '매우 관심 있다'고 답하였고, 나트륨관련 식생활정보는 주로 TV/라디오 (56.6%)를 통해서 얻고 있었다. 나트륨관련 영양교육을 1회 경험한 대상자가 가장 많았고 (49.7%), 영양교육의 내용으로는 '나트륨을 줄이는 조리 방법', '나트륨과 혈압의 관계', '나트륨과 질환의 관계' 순이었다. 2) 나트륨관련 영양 지식 총점은 평균 9.3점으로 행동단계군 (9.4점)은 행동전단계군 (9.2점)보다 점수가 조금 높았고 두 군 간의 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 문항별로 '영유아기의 나트륨 섭취의 중요성', '가공식품과 자연식품의 나트륨 함량 비교'에서 대상자들은 매우 높은 정답률을 보였고, '성인의 1일 나트륨 목표섭취량' (27.0%), '영양성분표의 나트륨 함량 산출' (30.3%)에서 정답률이 상당히 저조하였다. 3) 나트륨 저감화에 관한 식태도 총점은 39.6점으로 행동단계군 (40.3점)은 행동전단계군 (36.6점)보다 식태도가 긍정적이었다 (p < 0.001). 행동단계군은 식태도 항목 '음식은 싱겁게 먹어야 함', '짭짤한 맛이 좋음', '식사 시 국이나 찌개를 먹는 것을 좋아함', '식사 시 김치나 장아찌를 먹는 것을 좋아함', '국수, 라면 등 국물류를 좋아함'에서 행동전단계군과 유의적인 차이를 보였고 (p < 0.001), 행동전단계군보다 바람직한 식태도에는 더 동의하고, 바람직하지 않은 식태도에는 덜 동의하였다. 4) 대상자의 식행동 총점은 49.6점으로 행동단계군 (49.9점)은 행동전단계군 (48.5점)보다 식행동이 양호하였으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 대부분의 식행동 항목에서 행동단계군은 행동전단계군보다 양호하였는데, 일반 식행동 중 '잡곡밥 먹기', '기름진 음식 먹기' (p < 0.05), 나트륨관련 식행동 중 '간장 등 양념장을 찍어먹는 음식 먹기', '짠 스낵 먹기', '가공식품류 먹기', '외식, 배달음식 먹기' (p < 0.01)에서 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 5) 나트륨 저감화 방법에 관한 자아효능감 총점은 평균 57.1점으로 행동단계군 (58.2점)은 행동전단계군 (52.5점)보다 자아효능감이 높았다 (p < 0.001). 행동단계군은 대부분의 방법에서 행동전단계군보다 자아효능감이 높았는데, 특히 '가공식품 피하기', '소금, MSG 대신 천연조미료 사용하기', '음식의 간은 조리를 마친 후 하기', '국그릇 크기 줄이기', '저염 양념장 만들어 사용하기' 방법에서는 두 군간에 큰 차이를 보였다 (p < 0.001). 6) 식태도는 식행동, 자아효능감과 양의 상관관계 (p < 0.001)를 식행동은 자아효능감과 양의 상관관계 (p < 0.001)를 나타내었고, 영양 지식은 식태도, 식행동, 자아효능감과 양의 상관관계를 보였으나 유의적이지 않았다. 7) 연구 결과 어린이집 조리종사자 대상의 나트륨 저감화 영양사업의 확대가 요구되며 영양교육 등 영양사업 시행 시 나트륨 저감화 행동변화단계별로 대상자를 구분하여 접근할 필요가 있다. 즉, 행동전단계 대상자에게는 나트륨 저감화 실천의 필요성을 인식시키고 태도 변화를 위해 동기 부여 요소를 활용하며 행동단계 대상자에게는 실천이 지속되도록 자기조절 방법, 실천 방법 등을 활용하면 좀 더 효과적일 것이다. 또한 가공식품 산업계에서는 나트륨 저감화 제품 개발이 더욱 활성화됨으로써 급식에 적용 가능한 나트륨 저감화 제품이 확대되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.532-543
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• 1999

This study was conducted to provide the basic data necessary for the improvement of the teaching method for basic nursing practice as well as the effectiveness of the practice by examining the students' competency in cleansing enema after doing the self study instead of the traditional education. To examine the competency in cleansing enema after the self study, this study is an one group pretest-posttest design that subjects did the enema practice through the self study. The subjects were 89 sophomore students at Y University. College of Nursing. In basic nursing lab practice class, cleansing enema self study module was given to the students which was developed by the researcher based on the literature review and asked them to finish doing the pre study and checking the self study evaluation criteria after reading the goal, learning activities and theoretical guideline. After watching the video tape, students practiced the process in the module by themselves. For the competency in cleansing enema. repeated autonomous practices were done during the open lab other than the regular class. Whenever the practice was done, the frequency and time were measure and documented. When the student felt confident through repeated practices, the competency was evaluated by the researcher and two assistants based on the evaluation criteria. And the process was repeated till the student could perform all the items on evaluation criteria completely. The data were collected for 42 days from Oct. 15 to Nov. 26 in 1996. Collected data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, Pearson correlation coefficient and variance analysis. The results are summarized as follows : 1. 43.2% of the students were favorable to nursing and 63.6% like lecture, but 71.6% like practice. So they were more interested in practice than in lecture. 2. 62.3% of the students scored high in written test, 97.8% scored high in practice. So the practice score was better. 3. The frequency of repeated practice to pass the test ranged from 1 to 4 and the average is 2.2. 4. The average time needed in preparation and the performance was nearly the same regardless of the frequency. It took 5 to 38 minutes for those who passed the test after practicing once and the average was 16 minutes. 5 to 60 minutes were taken for those who practiced twice to pass the test and the average was 21 minutes. Those who passed the test after three practices needed 8 to 30 minutes and the average was 15 minutes, which was similar to the time that the students who passed the test for the first trial. Only one student passed the test after 4 practices and it took 10 minutes. 5. 64% of the students agreed that the context and the content of the module were appropriate for the self study and 68.2% were satisfied. And 71.9% said that the module helped them to practice the enema self study 6. Though only 42% of the students were satisfied with the video. 50.6% said that it was helpful for the self study. 7. 52.3% of the students were satisfied with the self study method, and 86.6% obtained self-confidence when performing the enema. 8. The lower the student's practice score was, the more practices were needed for them to pass the test(r=-.213, P<.05). As a result, for performing the enema practice competently, two or more practice opportunities were needed to be given. And it is possible to obtain the less complex nursing skills through the self study, when enough learning resources and assistance such as learning guidance or video tapes are provided. Based on this study. I want to suggest that. 1. There must be college policy that can support the new method instead of the traditional learning method for the students to attain the proficiency in basic nursing skills. 2. The assistant materials should be developed as soon as possible to promote the self study of basic nursing skills.

• 한국철학논집
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• 제56호
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• pp.151-180
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• 2018

유가사상가들이 도덕과 지식의 측면에서 최고의 이상적 인간형으로 설정한 성인(聖人)은 "선천적으로 신비한 능력을 타고나는 것인가, 아니면 후천적으로 노력을 통해 그런 경지에 도달할 수 있는가?" 이 문제에 대해 논리적 정합성을 제시하는 것이야 말로 맹자 이후 유학자들의 주요 이슈였으며, 많은 사상가들은 이 문제에 대해 다양한 답변을 시도해 왔다. 일반적으로 성인은 선천적으로 타고난다는 입장과 배움(學)과 지식(知)들 통해서 성인의 경지에 이를 수 있다는 입장의 두 가지 학설이 존재한다. 유학은 어떤 학문 체계 보다 인간의 배움과 지식을 중요시한다. 사실 "논어"의 주요 내용에서 우리는 윤리 도덕적 가치의 집합인 인(仁)에 관한 대화보다 공자가 꾸준히 강조하고 제자들을 칭찬하는 용어인 배움(學)에 대한 표현이 더 많이 등장하고 있음을 확인하기도 한다. 유학 사상사적인 측면에서 볼 때 배움과 지식을 통해 성인이 될 수 있다는 견해는 공자 이후 맹자와 순자에 이르기 까지 절대적 지지를 받는 학설로 여겨진 것으로 보인다. 그러나 한당시대에 이르러 인간의 내면에 대한 세분화된 견해를 정립하는 것을 시도하게 되는데, 한유와 왕충 등의 사상가들은 '성인은 이미 선천적으로 결정된 것이지, 인간의 노력으로 도달할 수 없다'는 견해를 피력하였다. 그리고 다시 송대 성리학 시기 정이천은 이 문제에 대해 깊이 있는 논의를 제시하고, 치밀하고 자세한 설명구조를 확립하는데, 즉 선진시대 사상가들의 견해를 계승하여 '배움과 지식을 통해 그리고 인간의 노력으로 성인이 될 수 있다'는 사유를 제시한다. 성인에 대한 이런 이해 방식은 송대 성리학의 주류를 형성하게 되었으며, 주자 이후 유학사상의 핵심이론으로 자리매김하게 된다. 이 글은 유학의 기본 테제라 할 수 있는 성인과 관련된 문제에 대한 정이(程?, 1033-1107)의 사유를 정리한 것이다. 그는 기본적으로 '성인가학이지(聖人可學而至)' 즉, 배움을 통해 聖人에 도달할 수 있다는 견해를 피력하고 있으며, 이와 관련하여 태어나면서 성인인 경지에 대한 표현법인 생지(生知)와 배움과 지식을 통해 성인에 도달할 수 있다는 입장의 학지(學知), 최상의 지혜(上智)와 최악의 어리석음(下愚) 등의 용어들에 대해 구체적이고 깊이 있는 논의를 제공하고 있다. 논자는 이글에서 논제와 관련된 문제(안연, 자질과 성품의 문제, 지혜와 어리석음의 관계) 등에 대해 주로 정이천의 "유서(遺書)"의 "안자소호하학론(顔子所好何學論)"과 기타 논저 그리고 유학사상 관련 텍스트를 중심으로 성인론의 특징을 고찰하였다. 정이천이 인간은 누구나 성인이 될 수 있다는 견해를 논리와 방법론을 정립하면서 제시한 그의 학설은 송대 성리학의 주요 과제로 자리 잡게 되었으며, 주자학의 주요체계로 포함되어 오늘날 정통의 이론으로 평가받고 있다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.210-233
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• 1993

The herbicide has become indispensable as much as nitrogen fertilizer in Korean agriculture from 1970 onwards. It is estimated that in 1991 more than 40 herbicides were registered for rice crop and treated to an area 1.41 times the rice acreage ; more than 30 herbicides were registered for field crops and treated to 89% of the crop area ; the treatment acreage of 3 non-selective foliar-applied herbicides reached 2,555 thousand hectares. During the last 25 years herbicides have benefited the Korean farmers substantially in labor, cost and time of farming. Any herbicide which causes crop injury in ordinary uses is not allowed to register in most country. Herbicides, however, can cause crop injury more or less when they are misused, abused or used under adverse environments. The herbicide use more than 100% of crop acreage means an increased probability of which herbicides are used wrong or under adverse situation. This is true as evidenced by that about 25% of farmers have experienced the herbicide caused crop injury more than once during last 10 years on authors' nationwide surveys in 1992 and 1993 ; one-half of the injury incidences were with crop yield loss greater than 10%. Crop injury caused by herbicide had not occurred to a serious extent in the 1960s when the herbicides fewer than 5 were used by farmers to the field less than 12% of total acreage. Farmers ascribed about 53% of the herbicidal injury incidences at their fields to their misuses such as overdose, careless or improper application, off-time application or wrong choice of the herbicide, etc. While 47% of the incidences were mainly due to adverse natural conditions. Such misuses can be reduced to a minimum through enhanced education/extension services for right uses and, although undesirable, increased farmers' experiences of phytotoxicity. The most difficult primary problem arises from lack of countermeasures for farmers to cope with various adverse environmental conditions. At present almost all the herbicides have"Do not use!" instructions on label to avoid crop injury under adverse environments. These "Do not use!" situations Include sandy, highly percolating, or infertile soils, cool water gushing paddy, poorly draining paddy, terraced paddy, too wet or dry soils, days of abnormally cool or high air temperature, etc. Meanwhile, the cultivated lands are under poor conditions : the average organic matter content ranges 2.5 to 2.8% in paddy soil and 2.0 to 2.6% in upland soil ; the canon exchange capacity ranges 8 to 12 m.e. ; approximately 43% of paddy and 56% of upland are of sandy to sandy gravel soil ; only 42% of paddy and 16% of upland fields are on flat land. The present situation would mean that about 40 to 50% of soil applied herbicides are used on the field where the label instructs "Do not use!". Yet no positive effort has been made for 25 years long by government or companies to develop countermeasures. It is a really sophisticated social problem. In the 1960s and 1970s a subside program to incoporate hillside red clayish soil into sandy paddy as well as campaign for increased application of compost to the field had been operating. Yet majority of the sandy soils remains sandy and the program and campaign had been stopped. With regard to this sandy soil problem the authors have developed a method of "split application of a herbicide onto sandy soil field". A model case study has been carried out with success and is introduced with key procedure in this paper. Climate is variable in its nature. Among the climatic components sudden fall or rise in temperature is hardly avoidable for a crop plant. Our spring air temperature fluctuates so much ; for example, the daily mean air temperature of Inchon city varied from 6.31 to $16.81^{\circ}C$ on April 20, early seeding time of crops, within${\times}$2Sd range of 30 year records. Seeding early in season means an increased liability to phytotoxicity, and this will be more evident in direct water-seeding of rice. About 20% of farmers depend on the cold underground-water pumped for rice irrigation. If the well is deep over 70m, the fresh water may be about $10^{\circ}C$ cold. The water should be warmed to about $20^{\circ}C$ before irrigation. This is not so practiced well by farmers. In addition to the forementioned adverse conditions there exist many other aspects to be amended. Among them the worst for liquid spray type herbicides is almost total lacking in proper knowledge of nozzle types and concern with even spray by the administrative, rural extension officers, company and farmers. Even not available in the market are the nozzles and sprayers appropriate for herbicides spray. Most people perceive all the pesticide sprayers same and concern much with the speed and easiness of spray, not with correct spray. There exist many points to be improved to minimize herbicidal phytotoxicity in Korea and many ways to achieve the goal. First of all it is suggested that 1) the present evaluation of a new herbicide at standard and double doses in registration trials is to be an evaluation for standard, double and triple doses to exploit the response slope in making decision for approval and recommendation of different dose for different situation on label, 2) the government is to recognize the facts and nature of the present problem to correct the present misperceptions and to develop an appropriate national program for improvement of soil conditions, spray equipment, extention manpower and services, 3) the researchers are to enhance researches on the countermeasures and 4) the herbicide makers/dealers are to correct their misperceptions and policy for sales, to develop database on the detailed use conditions of consumer one by one and to serve the consumers with direct counsel based on the database.