• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.300-306
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The doubly labeled water (DLW) method is considered the gold standard for the measurement of total energy expenditure (TEE), which serves to estimate energy requirements. This study evaluated the accuracy of predictive dietary reference intake (DRI) equations for determining the estimated energy requirements (EER) of Korean adults by using the DLW as a reference method. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Seventy-one participants (35 men and 36 women) aged between 20 and 49 years were included in the study. The subjects' EER, calculated by using the DRI equation ($EER_{DRI}$), was compared with their TEE measured by the DLW method ($TEE_{DLW}$). RESULTS: The DRI equations for EER underestimated TEE by -36.3 kcal/day (-1.3%) in men and -104.5 kcal/day (-4.9%) in women. The percentages of accurate predictions among subjects were 77.1% in men and 62.9% in women. There was a strong linear correlation between $EER_{DRI}$ and $TEE_{DLW}$ (r = 0.783, P < 0.001 in men and r = 0.810, P < 0.001 in women). CONCLUSIONS: The present study supports the use of DRI prediction equations to determine EER in Korean adults. More studies are needed to confirm our results and to assess the validity of these equations in other population groups, including children, adolescents, and older adults.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.7-23
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• 2015

Women are more disadvantaged than men in many fronts and this confines them to informal sector livelihood activities. Any attempt to improve women's economic status will require information on the organization, cost and returns to investment in the livelihood activities in which they predominate. This is the issue for this study which compared yield performance in artisanal fishing and fresh fish marketing. Primary data collected through multi-stage sampling method were analyzed using inferential statistics, budgeting and regression models. Empirical findings revealed that about 75.0% of fisher folks either had no formal education or acquired only primary school education while 50.0% of marketers had secondary school education. The budgeting model revealed fisher-folks' and marketers' annual net profit to be N2,882,626.00 and N640,227.00, respectively. Profit from fishing was significantly higher than that of fish marketing. At 53.2% for fishing and 40.3% for marketing, returns to investment was better in fishing. Regression model results showed the significant factors influencing returns to each livelihood strategy to include fishing ground, distance covered and years of experience. The major constraint faced by operators of both livelihoods groups was insufficient credit. Despite this, the livelihood strategies were shown to be profitable ventures which contributed to households' consumption expenditure. Organizing women informal sector operators into groups to enhance access to government support and formal credit are recommended for improving livelihood strategy performance.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.91-102
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• 2008

Purpose: To enlarge the efficiency of operation and establish a constituency for development of new radiotherapy treatment through database which is established by arranging and indexing radiotherapy related affairs in well organized manner to have easy access by the user. Materials and Methods: In this study, Access program provided by Microsoft (MS Office Access) was used to operate the data base. The data of radiation oncology was distinguished by a business logs and maintenance expenditure in addition to stock management of accessories with respect to affairs and machinery management. Data for education and research was distinguished by education material for department duties, user manual and related thesis depending upon its property. Registration of data was designed to have input form according to its subject and the information of data was designed to be inspected by making a report. Number of machine failure in addition to its respective repairing hours from machine maintenance expenditure in a period of January 2008 to April 2009 was analyzed with the result of initial system usage and one year after the usage. Results: Radiation oncology database system was accomplished by distinguishing work related and research related criteria. The data are arranged and collected according to its subjects and classes, and can be accessed by searching the required data through referring the descriptions from each criteria. 32.3% of total average time was reduced on analyzing repairing hours by acquiring number of machine failure in addition to its type in a period of January 2008 to April 2009 through machine maintenance expenditure. Conclusion: On distinguishing and indexing present and past data upon its subjective criteria through the database system for radiation oncology, the use of information can be easily accessed to enlarge the efficiency of operation, and in further, can be a constituency for improvement of work process by acquiring various information required for new radiotherapy treatment in real time.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.339-347
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• 2007

Along with developments of information and communication technologies, internet has spread not only all over the society, but also our everyday life deeply. Recently, requirements for e-learning using internet in the educational aspect have a great influence on the changes of school educations. Cyber Home Learning System, in particular, has been implemented throughout the nation for the purpose of reducing private expenditure for education and promoting substantial improvements in quality of public education. However, there have been exposed many problems with respect to quality of operations and managements of the system comparing to its quantitative growth, and so, at this point in time, researcher conducted analysis of actuality of perceptions of both elementary and middle school teachers with a focus on the case of S System in K province. To test this, total 278 participants were sampled from the elementary schools (139 teachers) and the middle schools (139 teachers) located in K province and were asked to complete a survey and the results therefrom were analyzed accordingly. Results from the analyses revealed that elementary school teachers responded more positively than other respondents in the most areas, including supply of a variety of learning contents of S System, quality of contents, and providing for helps insomuch as to complement school works, etcetera. In addition, researcher has found out that, to make the system become all the more efficient, it shall be required to establish a strategy in order to induce students' interest in the system, as well as to construct infrastructure for facilitating the use of computer. And that there are also needs for continuous supports from both the school and the education authority concerned, and for method of flexible operation of curriculum.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.95-123
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• 2016

As Korean society grows rapidly older, a systematic analysis of the determinants of labor supply behavior among the elderly becomes a prerequisite for designing more effective senior employment policies and income security regime for the elderly. Literatures review shows that a majority of previous researches have been ignoring the problem of "endogenous predictor" especially when it comes to the estimation of the effects of the two key variables, education and non-labor income, on labor supply decisions among older people. They have failed to take into consideration the unobserved heterogeneities which might affect both labor supply decisions of the elderly and their levels of education and non-labor income, which means, according to some econometric literatures, that the estimated coefficients of the two predictors can be inconsistent. The paper tries to redress the endogeneity problem by employing a panel logit model with data from the 1st. to 4th. wave of the KLoSA(Korean Longitudinal Survey of Ageing) to estimate the effects of key predictors on the probability of getting jobs among older people(ages of 60 or older). Both a random effects and a fixed effects model reaffirms that non-labor income has a negative effect on the chances of being employed. And a random effects model shows that the effect of education is also negative, as has frequently been reported by previous studies. That means the effects of education and non-labor income on elderly employment remain negative after the effect of unobserved heterogeneities is controled for and the problem of endogenous predictors is redressed through an appropriate panel data analysis. These findings mean, in turn, that when Korean baby-boomers, who had acquired an unprecedentedly higher level of education and were expected to enjoy ever-larger amount of non-labor income than their preceding generations, retires in near future, their incentives to work will become much weaker and the lack of labor-force and the burden of financing increased public pension expenditure will become more troublesome. The paper concludes with recommending some policy initiatives helpful to solve these expected problems.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.284-292
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to develop a manipulation system for nutrition counseling based on internet. This system offers convenient user interface and the synthetic counseling results with various utilities. This system consists of the general information of clients, the anthropometry data and the calculation of obesity and body index, the state of eating habits, calorie expenditure, clinical symptoms, the convenient method for analysis of nutrients, biochemical data and nutrition prescription. Having interoperability, these functions preserve the information of clients and manage the historical data. This system can insert, store, print out and generate the synthetic information of clients to provide a suitable and efficient nutrition counseling information. With accumulated client data, It does the nutrition education and counseling simultaneously. As it is developed based on internet, it provides friendly user interface. Also, Managing clients' information connected to database, it can provide a systematic and formal information. It is possible for the system to retrieve information and counsel in real time. It is expected that the nutrition counseling management system can improve the national health with animated nutrition counseling.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.89-104
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• 1990

This study was a succession of the paper of Reference 1), and was an attempt to quantify the Level of Need of Living through the relation bet ween Ds(Degree of Sufficietncy) and Di(Degree of Importance). The relation formula was: Level of Need of Living=Di×(5-Ds)＋Di×lrl. From the caculated values, some indicators of highest and lowest Level of Need of Living could be cleared and by them the Level of Consumers' Life and Conciousness could be presumed. The main results are as follows. 1. The Level of Need of Living that the indicators of the equity of income allocations, social mobility, judicial equality, and residential amenity showed was the highest, and that of the life of planned expenditure, the development of transportation, the longevity, an the high level of education was the lowest. 2. The rural residents showed the highest Level of Need on the indicators of medical care, culture and basic living expenditures. 3. The higher the perception of social class and the satisfaction of living was, the lower the Level of Need Living was. 4. In general, it was presumed that the Level of Consumer's Life was in the term of sufficiency of the second need, which durable electric consume products were purchased under the intended conciousness of consumers to be as like as others.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.229-242
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• 1997

the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of household type on human capital enhancement expenditures and to compare the difference in these expenditures between female-hemale-headed and married-couple households. Data for this study were from the 1990-91 Consumer Expenditure Survey(CES) and consisted of a sample of 7,225 married-couple and 1,391 female-headed households with children under age 18. The dependent variable to measure human capital expenditures was the sum of four sub-components-education reading leisure and health care expenditures. Tobit analysis with a dummy variable for household type was used to identify the effect of household type on the dollars spent on human capital expenditures. The effect of household type was significant in human capital expenditures indicating that female-headed households spent significantly less for this category than did married-couple household holding other factors constant. the findings of this study suggested that income from a public assistance program was associated with lesser expenditures on human capital while social security income source was associated with greater human capital expenditures, It was also found that the addition of family members between ages of 6 and 17 positively affected human capital expenditures. Understanding these factors is useful for family resource management professionals who work with female-headed households.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.79-90
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• 2005

This study was performed to estimate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and to evaluate the relationship between serum 2S-hydroxyvitamin D level and associated factors. The subjects were 61 premenopausal working women aged 30 - 49 y in Busan. The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was measured by radioimmunoassay. Data for physiological characteristics, lifestyle factors, physical activity and nutrient intake were assessed by questionnaire including information about outdoor activity time, daily activity diary and 24 hr recall method. The mean vitamin D intake was 3.12 ug, which corresponded to $62.5\%$ of the Korean RDA. The mean level of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was 31.0 ng/mL. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (<25 nmol/L) was not found in the subjects. The serum 2S-hydroxyvitamin D level showed positive significant correlations with exercise hours, daily energy expenditure, hours of outdoor activity per weekdays (p < 0.001, P < 0.05, P < 0.05). Exercise hours were found to be the most important determinant of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level. Therefore nutritional education for increasing hours of physical activity including indoor and outdoor exercise, is needed for premenopausal working women to increase vitamin D status.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.332-338
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine consumers' behaviors toward ready-to-eat foods and to develop ready-to-eat food market segmentation in Korea. The food-related lifestyle and purchase behaviors of ready-to-eat foods were evaluated using 410 ready-to-eat food consumers in the Republic of Korea. Four factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis (health-orientation, taste-orientation, convenience-orientation, and tradition-orientation) to explain the ready-to eat food consumers' food-related lifestyles. The results of cluster analysis indicated that "tradition seekers" and "convenience seekers" should be regarded as the target segments. Chi-square tests and t-tests of the subdivided groups showed there were significant differences across marital status, education level, family type, eating-out expenditure, place of purchase, and reason for purchase. In conclusion, the tradition seekers consumed more ready-to-eat foods from discount marts or specialty stores and ate them between meals more often than the convenience seekers. In contrast, the convenience seekers purchased more ready-to-eat foods at convenience stores and ate them as meals more often than the tradition seekers. These findings suggest that ready-to-eat food market segmentation based on food-related lifestyles can be applied to develop proper marketing strategies.