• Lingua Humanitatis
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.123-139
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• 2001

In the history of linguistics in the world the scholars in India could be regarded as the representative linguists, who had provided the cornerstone of the academic development at linguistics. Without looking into the contents of Indian linguistic theories devised and developed in the past it would be almost impossible to account for the origin of descriptive linguistics and historical linguistics. These linguistics trends became full-fledged in 19 and 20 century and are still accepted by a lot of researchers in order to analyze newly revealed languages and train students only coming up the toddling level of linguistic studies. In this paper I will show how far the influence of Indian linguistics has colored the flow of linguistic growth historically. Especially through the analysis of Panini grammar I will prove the intimate relationship between the Indian linguistic theory and the generative grammar - it is the most active theory at present. The methods that Panini applied to constitute the rules like sutra include lots of information, that also could be discovered at the rules postulated in the generative grammar. One of the common features found at both linguistic theories is the simplicity of rule representation. At the generative grammar a rule has to be established without any redundancy. When certain number of sounds like p, b, m show the same phonological. change relevant to lips (labial in linguistic term) different rules need not to be given for each sound separately. It is better to find a way of putting the sounds together in a rule with grouping the 3 sounds with the shared phonetic feature 'labial'. In Panini grammar the form of a rule was decided based on the simplicity, too. For example, sutra 6.1.77 shows the phonological connection between the vowels i, u r 1 and the semi-vowels y, v, r, 1. However, it does not require to postulate 4 individual rules respectively. Instead a rule in which the vowels and the semi-vowels are involved is suggested, and linguistically the rule make it clear that the more simpler the rules will be the better they can reflect the efficiency of human language acquisition. Although the systems introduced at Panini grammar have some sense of distance from the language education itself we cannot deny the fact that the grammar formulates the a turning point of linguistic development. It is essential for us to think over the grammar from the view point of the modem linguistic theories to understand their root and trunk more thoroughly. It will also help us to predict in which way linguistic tendency will proceed to in future.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.172-192
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether the effect of introduction of OCS(Order Communication System) to the hospital is satisfied or not comparing the anticipated effect with the actual effect. For this purpose, a domestic hospital which has introduced and has been operating OCS for several years was chosen. Based on the internal data of S Hospital prepared before introducing OCS, researcher has analyzed the basic direction, design standard and status of operation after the introduction of OCS, etc. After analyzing the status of operations of several departments using OCS and interviewing with the chiefs of pertinent departments, a survey form was designed. Actual survey and interviews were conducted by the researcher for weeks to know whether doctors, nurses, medical technicians and clerks of the patient management dept. were satisfied with OCS and to find if they have any recommendations to improve OCS. Based on the analysis of survey, the effect of OCS was evaluated whether it has satisfied the anticipated effectiveness. For the question if they feel convenient in using OCS, doctors, nursing staffs in charge of ward and the staffs of billing dept. has answered that they were all satisfied(100%). The answers for the same question were relatively high in the case of nurses in charge of outpatient and staffs of radiography. Of course, there have been some nurses and staffs who complained for the inconvenience. However, overall satisfaction was high on the average. Some common problems occurred after the introduction of OCS were frequent errors due to instability of OCS system, paralysis of function of hardware on data back-up system and redundant investment due to erroneous choice of DB program in setting DB. It was also pointed out that lack of computer education and low participation of medical staffs has resulted in failure of developing effective software. As a result, it has lowered the efficiency of OCS. For example, some works have to be done by hands even after OCS. Based on the result of this research, recommendations to maximize the effect of OCS were presented as follows. First, strong leadership of CEO and active cooperation of doctors are mandatory. Second, all the process of hospital work should be analyzed and be redesigned in more efficient ways. Third, OCS should be designed to be user-based system which can be used efficiently by all staffs of the hospital. Forth, prior to the operation of OCS, proper tests of the program and trainings of the pertinent staff are required. Fifth, prior to the selection of hardware, BMT(Bench Marking Test) should be conducted. Sixth, before introducing OCS, staffs in charge of OCS should visit many hospitals operating the OCS system and take their cases into account.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.403-420
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• 2016

Some of the critical changes in the revised 2015 Korean Mathematics curriculum were that direct proportion and inverse proportion were moved from elementary school to middle school and that supplementary content related to correlation was included. These decisions were based on comparative studies of international curriculum. Therefore in this study, we selected countries for comparison; United States, England, France, Finland, Australia, Japan, Singapore, China and Taiwan. We looked into the timing and scope for direct/inverse proportion and correlation in curricula of these countries. Along with this, we established four criteria; vertical sequence, horizontal sequence, external connection, and internal connection for an analysis framework. Then we compared and analysed the direct/inverse proportion and correlation in each curriculum. As a result, in most of these curricula, the direct/inverse proportions are introduced at middle school or are introduced at elementary school and then developed further at middle school. Most of curriculums on direct/inverse proportion and correlation match the four criteria. Correlation is introduced in high school mathematics in all counties except Finland and it is dealt in diverse context introducing related concepts, for example, correlation coefficient, regression straight line, and least square. We suggested that it is necessary to refer these international trends for the next revision of curriculum.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.8
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• pp.1802-1809
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• 2009

Abstract The typical distribution systems have the power flow from distribution substations (sources) to customers (load) only as one direction. However, in the case where distributed generations (DG) such as PV system and wind power systems are connected to distribution systems, the DG output variations to distribution systems, so called reverse power flow, may cause the bi-directional power flow. So, the reverse power flow has severe impacts on typical power system, for example power quality problems, protection coordination problems, and so on. Especially, protection devices (sectionalizer) in primary feeder of distribution system interconnected with distributed generations may cause problems of malfunction, and then many customers could have problems like an interruption. So, this paper presents the bi-directional operation algorithm of protection devices to overcome the problems like mal-function. And, also this paper shows the effectiveness of proposed method by using both PSCAD/EMTDC software and test facility of protection devices to simulate the field distribution systems.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.312-320
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• 2013

This study was to examine usefulness of MoCA-K by comparing the correlation between LOTCA-G, MMSE-K and MoCA-K, regarding detecting elderly people's mild cognitive function in local community. The experiments in which the three different evaluation methods were employed, of this study were conducted on 50 elderly people. While the score of MoCA-K and MMSE-K was $22.72{\pm}5.85$ out of 30 and $25.08{\pm}3.78$ out of 30 respectively, the result of LOTCA-G was $96.28{\pm}6.82$ out of 104. Observing each result of the three cognitive function assessment tools towards general characteristics showed no significant differences in gender. However, they were at considerable variance with age and education level of the example group. As all the three results of the assessment methods showed high correlation, it is reasonable to believe that MoCA-K is an appropriate evaluation tool to assess the cognitive function of old people.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1077-1098
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• 2013

Science gifted students enrolled in a program, where classes had either explicit or implicit instruction about self-directed learning, were asked to write what was satisfying after each class. This process was part of the evaluation of the program. Students' descriptions related to self-directed learning are compared in these two classes, one with explicit instruction and the other with implicit instruction. First, most of the components related to self-directed learning, which were reported in the previous research articles, were mentioned in students evaluation. If there was any specific description regarding what was satisfying, there were components of self-directed learning. Students descriptions were consistent with list of self-directed learning components, which was constructed based on the previous research. Therefore it may be concluded that students recognized most of the reported self-directed learning components and satisfied with them. Second, There were differences in the evaluation of two types of classes. The evaluation of class with explicit instruction contained more self-directed learning components more frequently. For example, students worked in small groups in both classes. However more students mentioned small groups in classes with explicit instruction. As a result the explicit instruction appears to be more effective for students to recognize the self-directed learning components. However some of the components mentioned in classes with implicit instruction were not mentioned in the classes with explicit instruction. Therefore classes with explicit and implicit instructions are complimentary with each other and both instructions are necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.29-42
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• 2017

Jeongeuihyanggyo(旌義鄕校) is a kind of traditional, Confucian cultural landscapes that is located in Jeju special self-governing province. Its historical background illustrates that the first erection was started at Goseong-li of Seongsan-eup(城山邑 古城里) at Taejong(太宗) of 16 years(1417) and it moved to the west gate of Hyunseong(縣城) at Heojong(憲宗) of 15 years,(1849) Joseon. The aim at this study is to reveal characters of these Confucian Spatial Composition and Order, which are valuable resources that can be created into the cultural contents. The results demonstrate the characters of the Confucian cultural landscape as followings; the changing process of new building and its relocation, the utilization of antique maps in location interpretation of Jeongeuihyanggyo, Confucian symbolic elements of it, the spatial compositions and layouts of its buildings, physical structures, main buildings and their characters, locational points of topographic profile, changes of axial line at Daeseongjeon(大成殿), the D/H ratio of its courts. This study can show that Jeongeuihyanggyo is a case for realizing the Confucian reformation to enhance Seongeup Hyun's education standard considering the locality of the site which is an isolated island like Jejudo(濟州島). The author can see that the example of Confucian space is applied to various layout techniques, both horizontally and vertically, in a limited space condition of being in the castle. Therefore, it is necessary to revive this point so that it can utilize unique Confucian cultural landscape possessed only by Jeongeuihyanggyo.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.25
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• pp.775-798
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• 2011

From Post-Modern Edo-language of Japan, it is possible to find expression formats related to current Tokyo language. However, in some cases, Tokyo language and Edo-language has the same format but different usage. One example is the ending portion of a sentence. This research investigates conclusive expressions of Edo-language in literary works excluding the usage of "ダ". Various formats of conclusive expressions appear in a conversation, and the usage is closely related to the speaker's sex, age, and social status. Also from the study, it was possible to see that the social relationship between a speaker and a listener and a conversation circumstance has an effect on the usage of conclusive expressions. In addition, usage does not conform to the current standard Japanese. 1. Currently "である(dearu)" format is seldom used in speaking, it is used with "だ" only in writing. The study found no case of "である(dearu)" in conclusive expressions but some use of "であろうて(dearoute) であらうな(dearouna)" "であったのう(deattanou) であったよ(deattayo)" only in old aged male. 2. "であります(dearimasu)" format is a typical Edo-language used by society-women (Japanese hostess who has a good education and an elegant speaking skills). This format was used once in "浮世風呂"(ukiyoburo) and 14 times in "梅?"(umegoyomi), but speakers were always a female. The reason for 14 occurrences in "梅?" is closely related to the fact that the main characters are society-women and genre is "人情本(ninjoubourn)" which is popular type of cultural literature (based on humanity and romance) in late Edo period. 3. "でござる" format is originally used as a respect-language but later changed to a polite language. The format is always used by male. It is a male language used by old aged people with a genteel manner such as a medical doctor, a retired man, or a funny-song writer. 4. "ございます(gozaimasu) ごぜへます(gozeemasu)" The study found the speaker's social status has a connection with the use of "ごぜへます(gozeemasu)" format. Which is "ございます(gozaimasu)" format but instead of [ai], long vowel [eː] is used. "ごぜへます(gozeemasu)" is more used by a female than a male and only used by young and mid-to-low class people. The format has a tough nuance and less elegant feel, therefore high class and/or educated ladies have a clear tendency to avoiding it

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.61-70
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• 2021

Because the educational significance of reading activities for growing children is so great, the importance of reading cannot be overemphasized. While the reading volume of elementary school students in Korea is very high, as they go up to middle school, the reading volume falls rapidly. This study examined a more effective way to resolve this middle school reduction in reading volume. Middle school freshmen were surveyed on their reading habits and preferences in the sixth grade of elementary school, after which the groups were divided into two groups based on their averages; groups with high/low reading habits and groups with high/low reading preferences). Participants also wrote reading reports for six weeks, kept a record of the days of the week they read for more than 20 minutes, and noted down the time they read in minutes. It was found that 75% of participants did not read one book a week when in the sixth grade of elementary school and it was confirmed that reading many books and liking to read were elements that had different dimensions. For example, about 35% of the participants said they liked books but rarely read them. It was also confirmed that the reading habits formed in elementary school were a strong variable that affected the number of days that and the reading time of middle school students rather than the reading preferences formed in elementary school. This study concluded that a subjective attitude toward reading and actually reading were completely different problems, which suggested that 'habits' could have a greater influence than 'preferences' when performing tasks to achieve goals.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.882-890
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• 2021

Objective : The aim of this study to investigate the benefits of patient-based 3-dimensional (3D) cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) models for preoperative surgical planning and education. Methods : Fifteen patients were operated on for AVMs between 2015 and 2019 with patient-based 3D models. Ten patients' preoperative cranial angiogram screenings were evaluated preoperatively or perioperatively via patient-based 3D models. Two patients needed emergent surgical intervention; their models were solely designed based on their AVMs and used during the operation. However, the other patients who underwent elective surgery had the modeling starting from the skull base. These models were used both preoperatively and perioperatively. The benefits of patients arising from treatment with these models were evaluated via patient files and radiological data. Results : Fifteen patients (10 males and five females) between 16 and 66 years underwent surgery. The mean age of the patients was 40.0±14.72. The most frequent symptom patients observed were headaches. Four patients had intracranial bleeding; the symptom of admission was a loss of consciousness. Two patients (13.3%) belonged to Spetzler-Martin (SM) grade I, four (26.7%) belonged to SM grade II, eight (53.3%) belonged to SM grade III, and one (6.7%) belonged to SM grade IV. The mean operation duration was 3.44±0.47 hours. Three patients (20%) developed transient neurologic deficits postoperatively, whereas three other patients died (20%). Conclusion : Several technological innovations have emerged in recent years to reduce undesired outcomes and support the surgical team. For example, 3D models have been employed in various surgical procedures in the last decade. The routine usage of patient-based 3D models will not only support better surgical planning and practice, but it will also be useful in educating assistants and explaining the situation to the patient as well.