• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.435-446
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• 2002

Purpose : The purpose of the study were to describe outcomes of CHP activities, and to evaluate the economic validity of CHP through a cost-benefit analysis. Method : The sample size was 272. Data were collected using a researcher developed questionnaire from November 1999 to March, 2000. Result : The mean age of CHPs was 39.6 (SD-36). In regard to marital status, 90.8% of the respondents were married. 72% of the CHPs had associate degree. Among CHP activities, providing medical services was 50%, followed by home care visits 20% and health promotion services 20%, preventive services 10%. Total costs per month incurred to CHP activities was \3,053,437($2,442.7). Total benefits per month was \6,711,525($5,369.2). Hence, net benefit was calculated as \3,658,089($2,926). Conclusion : Cost-benefit ratio was 2.20, which provides the evidence of the economic viability of CHP program. The result of cost-benefit analysis, however, would more strongly support the economic value of CHP if intangible benefits of CHP activities such as decreases in pain and suffering and increased quality of life, could be counted.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.69-77
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• 2015

Purpose - Economic status at an early stage of life after one's retirement is often determined by the long-term sacrifice of one's earlier consumption tendencies. In general, the first and foremost way to secure income after retirement is through annuity savings. People sign up for personal annuity savings in order to guarantee a stable economic life upon retirement, and such actions may be heavily influenced by self-efficacy. Confidence in current economic activity is a source of rational decision-making. Inability to achieve self-control can lead to reckless spending and the eventual hindering of proper investment for the future. This paper examines how self-efficacy and self-control affect the intention and action of enrolling in an annuity savings plan in relation to one's level of financial literacy. Research design, data, and methodology - To analyze the proposed model, this study investigates financial consumers over the age of 20. The data were collected from 511 respondents and analyzed with SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0. First, for the one-dimensional test and to measure the convergent validity of each structure, we use the scale purification process. The results of the test and the confirmatory factor analysis ensure the focus of the validity of the single dimension for each structure. In addition, the validity of the measurement was guaranteed from the results of correlation analysis. Results - First, self-efficacy and self-control have positive effects on the purchasing intention of the personal annuity savings plan. Second, purchasing intention positively affects purchasing behavior. Lastly, self-control has a positive effect on purchasing intention among the low financial literacy group, whereas self-efficacy does not have this effect in the high financial literacy one. Conclusions - The time of product benefit is different with age. The younger group would be granted the savings after several decades once they enroll, whereas the older group would wait for a relatively shorter period of time. Therefore, further research should be conducted in order to verify such a difference. However, this study has value through its confirmation that the roles of self-efficacy and self-control play a part in leading to the enrollment in annuity savings plans and by verifying different effects based on levels of financial literacy. Such results suggest a number of implications in a real life setting. First, banks need to put greater emphasis on the stability of annuity savings in general. Second, customers with relatively low levels of financial literacy are able to control their finances through annuity savings, but find self-efficacy difficult due to a lack of financial understanding. Therefore, such customers should be approached from an invest-effectiveness comparison method. Third, customers with high financial literacy tend to put more value in rational economic decision-making and behavior than in self-efficacy. Therefore, such customers should be approached by promoting the reliability of annuity savings and the excellence of the specific bank's annuity savings plan in comparison to those of other financial institutions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.352-359
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• 2012

For rebuilding and managing fish stocks and fisheries, the biological and socioeconomic evaluations on fisheries management regulations are important. This study aimed to estimate the economic effectiveness of different mesh sizes in the yellow croaker gillnet fishery. In particular, by comparing economic effects of mesh sizes, 50mm and 52mm, it aimed to provide the economic validity for increasing mesh sizes. Analytical results showed that the fishing revenue was higher in the vessels using a mesh size over 52mm than that in the vessels using a mesh size less than 50mm. In addition, the effect of fishing cost reduction was also larger in the vessels using a mesh size over 52mm than that in the vessels using a mesh size less than 50mm.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.567-573
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• 2002

Two-dimensional MT (Magneto-Telluric) modeling is performed to verify the validity of difference arrow for GDS(Geomagnetic Depth Sounding) survey. The electromagnetic mutual coupling between the sea and in-land conductor is used as a criterion that judges the validity of difference arrow. In this study, the mutual coupling between them is examined according to the spatial distance between them and the period of magnetic variations. The difference arrow is valid for conductors located at surface which are far from the sea or when the long period is used, but the mutual coupling is weak for buried conductor in all the periods. However, when a conductor extends vertically down to the deep part, the validity of difference arrow is in doubt, since the strong mutual coupling influences up to the long period. Therefore, to remove the known conductor effect such as sea effect from the observed induction arrow, the mutual coupling between them must be examined and the caution must be exercised in interpreting the resultant difference arrow if mutual coupling between them is strong.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.2 s.107
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• pp.187-201
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• 2005

With the trend of urban polynucleation, the issue of detecting economic clusters or urban employment centers has been considered as crucial. However, the prior researches had some limitations in detecting economic clusters in the empirical analysis: i.e. inherent inefficiency of density-based clustering methods, difficulty in detecting linear types of spatial clusters and lacks of consideration of economic significance. The purpose of this paper is to propose the clustering method with the procedure of testing statistical and economic significance named as VCEC (Variable Clumping method for Economic Clusters) and to apply it to a case analysis of Erie County, New York, in order to test its validity. By applying a search radius and a total employment as an economic threshold, 'the both statistically and economically significant clusters' were detected in the Erie County, and proved to be efficient.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.25-31
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• 2020

Purpose: The AEO (Authorized Economic Operator) program, created in 2001 in the United States due to 9.11 terrorist's attack, fundamentally changed the trade environment. Korea, which introduced AEO program in 2009, has become one of the world's top countries in the program by ranking 6th in the number of AEO certified companies and the world's No. 1 in MRA (Mutual Recognition Agreement) conclusions. In this paper, we examined what trade-economic and non-economic effects the AEO program and its MRA have in Korea. Research design, data and methodology: In this study we developed a model to verify the impact between utilization of AEO and trade-economic effects of the AEO and its MRA. After analyzing the validity and reliability of the model through Structural Equation Model we conducted a survey to request AEO companies to respond their experience on the effects of AEO program and MRA. As a result, 196 responses were received from 176 AEO companies and utilized in the analysis. Results: With regard to economic effects, the AEO program and the MRA have not been directly linked to financial performance, such as increased sales, increased export and import volumes, reduced management costs, and increased operating profit margins. However, it was analyzed that the positive effects of supply chain management were evident, such as strengthening self-security, monitoring and evaluating risks regularly, strengthening cooperation with trading companies, enhancing cargo tracking capabilities, and reducing the time required for export and import. Conclusions: When it comes to the trade-economic effects of AEO program and its MRA, AEO companies did not satisfy with direct effects, such as increased sales and volume of imports and exports, reduced logistics costs. However, non-economic effects, such as reduced time in customs clearance, freight tracking capability, enhanced security in supply chain are still appears to be big for them. In a rapidly changing trade environment the AEO and MRA are still useful. Therefore the government needs to encourage non-AEO companies to join the AEO program, expand MRA conclusion with AEO adopted countries especially developing ones and help AEO companies make good use of AEO and MRA.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.131-154
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper is to verify the financial validity of dredging the port of Busan with the change of global port logistics circumstances. In order to do so, NPV, IRR, B/C ratio, DPP techniques are adopted. The whole dredging at Northern port area is supposed to be negative at the depth of 16m water. Based upon its financial validity, however, the priority is Shinsundae (option 1) followed by Shinsundae (option 1) and Gamman (option 1), Shinsundae (option 1) and Gamman (option 2), Shinsundae (option 2) and Gamman (option 2), Shinsundae (option 2) and Gamman (option 2) and ShinGamman in sequence. In addition to this, Busan New port is considered to be the positive financial validity at the dredging of 16m water depth. This is because the ultra containerships of over 8,000TEU are trying to call at the port and Hanjin shipping and Hyundai Merchant shipping companies which are now the most significant customers in Northern port are scheduled to divert it.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.33-41
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• 2019

Purpose - This study investigates the effect of strategic orientation on market performance with emphasis on the mediative role of innovation capability, economic value and relational value in food producer companies. Research design, data, and methodology - In this descriptive study, a population of 244 managers and employees of Food industry companies in Tehran were investigated. The respondents filled a questionnaire on strategic orientation, innovation capability, economic value, relational value and market performance, during January to August 2018. Reliability and validity were evaluated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis. To analyze the data, Spearman's correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used by SmartPLS software. Results - Effects of competitor's orientation and technology orientation on all three intermediary variables were positive and significant. The effect of customer orientation on innovation and economic value was positive and significant, but the effect of customer orientation on the value of the relationship was insignificant. Furthermore, entrepreneurial orientation has a positive and significant effect on innovation capability. The effects of three mediator variables on market performance are positive and significant. Conclusions - As the relationship between the mediator variables and market performance were positive and significant, companies should have a comprehensive plan of focus on strengthening these variables.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.518-531
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to develop and test a measurement for assessment of stress of female marriage immigrants in Korea. Methods: Forty four preliminary items were initially developed based on literature review and focus group interviews. Those items were evaluated by experts for content validity, resulting in six factors and 26 items. The 26 items were translated into Chinese, Vietnamese, and English by professional translators and were reviewed by native speakers of each language who are fluent in Korean. For testing validity and reliability, data were collected from 323 female marriage immigrants residing in five regions in Korea. Results: As a result of item analysis, 25 items were selected. Factor analysis yielded 21 items in four factors, including 1) household economic 2) parenting and discrimination 3) cultural and 4) emotional stressors, explaining 61.3% of the total variance of stress of female marriage immigrants in Korea. The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was .903 for the overall instrument and .692-.892 for four factors. Conclusion: Measurement of stress for female marriage immigrants in Korea has high validity and reliability. Therefore, this measurement may be utilized for systematic assessment of stress and for identification of areas of support for female marriage immigrants in Korea.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.62-73
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• 2001

The scope of this study is focused on the survey of new logistics transportation systems in railroad and case studies of new systems such as piggyback system, bi-modal system swapbody, and double stack train(DST). Piggyback system, bi-modal system, swapbody, and double stack train are reviewed in term of technological validity and economic validity in Korea. Piggyback - trailer does pass loaded weight limits but does not pass train limits and can not utilize the existing freight cars. Piggyback - cargo trunk does pass all the criteria and could be developed by a domestic technology. But this study suggests to expand the length of train cars to 18.300mm for accommodation of two cargo trucks. Bi-modal system and swapbody do also pass. Double stack train could only pass the loaded weights and does not meet the train limit and the possibility of using existing freight cars. Domestic technology could not development DST, due to civil engineering construction limits and low standard height of electric line, which could not afford to operate DST.