• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2018

Reproductive phenology and physiological responses of Epilobium hirsutum L. to moisture content and nutrient content of soil were analysed in order to obtain basic data for effective conservation and restoration. Epilobium hirsutum L. is a perennial plant. But Epilobium hirsutum L. grew reproductively in all moisture and nutrient gradients. Flower bud, flowers and peduncle were respectively ripened in earlier under highest moisture condition and highest nutrient condition. And, number of flowers and peduncle were more quickly increased under highest moisture condition and highest nutrient condition. Chlorophyll content was high under highest moisture condition and higher middle moisture condition. However, we found no significant difference of chlorophyll content regard to nutrient gradients. There was no difference in minimum chlorophyll fluorescence among all moisture and nutrient gradients. The photochemical efficiency values of PS II were 0.75 in all moisture gradients, and it was 0.78 in highest nutrient gradient. The chlorophyll content of Epilobium hirsutum L. increased as the moisture content increased, and the Fv/Fm value increased as the organic matter increased. Our results showed that high moisture and nutrient content of soil advance their breeding season and promote reproductive growth. It might be important basic informations for the maintenance of population and the management of habitat of Epilobium hirsutum L. an endangered plant species.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 1999

Through manifestation of the principles of commodity production spatial sharing of labour can be observed in the agriculture as well as in cattle production. Better adjustment of the production structure to the environment factors brings higher yields and more effective production. In being able to maximize the profit the entrepreneurs opt for producing output that closely matches to their featuring conditions. In contrary to the relatively high "mobility" of crop production animal husbandry and within this cattle production - as known - is strictly chained to forage production. On the basis of our economic research and as a result of multivariable analysis(factor analysis) it can be concluded that two variable groups(factors) are highly dominant in organizing profitable cattle production. First of them is the crop site factor (indicated by gold crown value), the second is the forage production feature(forage and grassland area and the yield of them). During recent years the weight of environmental factors suffered from devaluation. As a result of the central economic administration differentiating effects were suppressed and the chances of equalizing concepts strengthened. The outcome can be observed even today. In the regions, for example, being predominantly suitable for grass and forage cropping the milk and slaughter cattle production decreased. The same is ture for com and pig production regions. Unexploitment of local environmental features can be observed mainly in grassland management. Branches being potential user of grasslands hardly take them into consideration. Main method of rational use of grasslands is pasturing. Presence of pastures and the usage of them through cattle production is highly important not only for profitable production but also for maintaining ecological stability.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.103-111
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• 2016

Seasonal dynamics of kelp forest-forming algae, Ecklonia cava population formed following the large-scale disturbance by Typhoon 'Bolaven' in August 2012 were investigated in Jeju Island, Korea. Morphological characteristics, recruits density, mortality rate, total density and biomass were monitored bimonthly from June 2013 to June 2015. Total and longest blade lengths, and individual weight of E. cava showed distinct seasonal trends. Stipe length increased from winter to spring, but did not show increase or reduced from summer to autumn. This indicates that morphological characteristics of E. cava are mainly affected by the change of blades. The optimal temperature for E. cava growth was about $15-18^{\circ}C$ during winter to spring while the growths were inhibited at the water temperature above $20^{\circ}C$ during summer. E. cava exhibited very low recruitment during spring-summer. However, high recruitment was observed on April 2015 when canopy cover was very low due to low density. This indicates that recruitment of E. cava was controlled not by seasonal effects but by physical factors such as canopy and space. The mortality rate of juvenile plants was highest due to their unstable settlement. By June 2015, 34 months after the disturbances, E. cava was almost recovered to the pre-disturbance population size structure. These results suggest that recovery of kelp forest following the large-scale disturbance requires a considerable period of time (more than three years). This study should provide valuable ecological information on management, restoration and protection of kelp species.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.spc
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• pp.83-99
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• 2014

Fish community of eight lagoons in the east seashore, Korea were investigated from 2007 to 2008. Total 66 species caught during the period were belonged to 34 families, and total biomass was 2,024.8 kg. Also, similarity analysis results of each lagoon were divided three major groups. On the other hand, result of a comparison of the composition ratio of freshwater fish, brackish water fish, and seawater fish which is divided into separate each age data of previous studies has emerged in this study, since the 1990's, freshwater fish is reduced, seawater fish and increase, some changes in the fish community had changed dynamically in the lagoon. These changes considered that against the natural hydrach succession will change to freshwater lake from brackish water lake. Therefore, we considered to ecological characteristics of lagoon and process of hydrach succession when conservation, management, and restoration of the lagoons.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.35-49
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to provide the baseline data for conservation and management of the ecosystem of urban forest by surveying and analysing the vascular plants distributed in Hwangseong Park, Gyeongju-si. The results of the survey of vascular plants from April 2018 to May 2020 were summarized as 338 taxa including 78 families, 222 genera, 296 species, 5 subspecies, 18 varieties, 6 forms, 4 hybrids and 9 cultivars, and 110 taxa of planted species and 235 taxa of native species were identified. The representative planting species was Liriope muscari. The 7 taxa of rare plants and 5 taxa of Korean endemic plants were investigated. The specific plants by floristic region were totally 24 taxa, which were 1 taxa of grade V, 4 taxa of grade IV, 7 taxa of grade III, 4 taxa of grade II and 8 taxa of grade I. The 57 taxa of naturalized plants and 6 taxa of invasive alien plants were showed. In particular, Chionanthus retusus represent traditional landscape trees in Korea and have high ecological value. Therefore, the old trees of Chionanthus retusus will have to be managed by assigning a number for each individual. The invasive alien plants will need periodic control and development of programs that can work in conjunction with civic groups.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.62-74
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• 2004

Baekdu-daegan is the greatest mountain chain as well as the major ecological axis of the Korean Peninsula. In recent year, however, this area is faced with the various kinds of developmental urge. To cope adequately with these problems, this study was executed to prepare synthetic and systematic management with conservation-oriented strategy for Baekdu-daegan and to suggest spatially definite zoning for the managerial area. This study is to take into consideration the traditional concepts of stream and watershed as well as the actual disturbance on Baekdu-daegan area. The study area is selected with semi-mountainous type, from Namdeokyusan to Sosagogae. To propose the process for reasonably establishing the managerial boundary adjacent to the Ridges, the analysis was carried out that ArcGIS was mainly used for its analysis with digital maps, Landsat TM image and ArcGIS Hydro Model. Landsat TM image was classified by 5 land use types such as cultivated land, urban area, barren area, water body and forest. Based on these analyses results, the managerial boundaries as alternatives from the Ridges were produced by watershed expansion process, and used for tracing the changes of areal ratio of various land use types to the relevant watersheds to search out the adequate managerial boundary. The results show that watershed expansion process could be effective tool for establishing the managerial boundary, and eighth expanded watershed toward Muju-Gun(west) and fifth expanded watershed toward Geochang-Gun(east) might be included for the adequate managerial boundary of the case site.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze annual tree ring growth characteristics for major tree species distributed in Chungbuk province. A total of 800 sample trees from 56 permanent sampling plots measured by the 5th Korean National Forest Inventory Program in 2007 was used for the calculation of annual growth rates. According to the results of this study, the species of Robinia pseudoacacia(2.30mm/yr) showed the best annual tree ring growth rates and the others are Quercus serrata(2.27mm/yr)>Prunus sargentii(1.98mm/yr)> and Larix leptolepis(1.98mm/yr) in order. Most of the major tree species in Chungbuk province, as tree age and stand density increased, annual tree ring growth rates tended to decreased. This information could be very useful for forest managers to understand annual tree ring growth characteristics in Chungbuk province.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.52 no.spc2
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• pp.865-873
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to develop and apply a river space restoration framework considering various functions of river basin system. In particular, we will present sustainable river basin management directions by quantifying the effect of improving the aquatic ecosystem through the restoration of river space. For this purpose, the present problems are derived from functional aspects of the river basin, and the river area restoration framework linked with the individual outcome indicators is constructed to evaluate the restoration effect by each function. The ecological impact of restoration of river area was quantitatively analyzed by introducing ecotope concept. As a result of the comparison of restoration effects by creating three kinds of river area restoration scenarios, the construction of suitable habitat such as backswamp in the expanded area has shown favorable results in expanding biodiversity. The diversity evaluation of ecotope in conjunction with the hydraulic and hydrological characteristics of the year will not only provide the expected effects of restoration of river space but will also serve as a criterion about post-project monitoring for outcome evaluation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.408-408
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• 2019

The persistence of drought periods and water scarcity is a growing public concern, as climate change projections indicate a more critical scenario in the future. The sustainability of water resources for the increasing population, and to ensuring crop production will unarguably be a daunting task for the water resources managers, with a projected 9.8 billion people by 2050 as well as the need to increase food production by 70 to 100%. Consequently, there is a need for significant irrigation water use for more crop production in the face of stiff competition among water users. However, the available natural resources are already over-constrained, and the allocation of more resources for food production is not feasible. Currently, about two-thirds of global water withdrawer is used by the agricultural sector while 48% of water resources in Korea is used for agricultural production. Despite the apparent ecological deficit and unfavorable conditions of resources utilization, a staggering amount of food waste occurs in the country. Moreover, wastage of food translates to waste of all the resources involved in the food production including water resources. Food waste can also be considered a serious potential for economic and environmental problems. Hence, exploring an alternative approach to efficient resources utilization in a more sustainable way can ensure considerable resources conservation. We hypothesized that reducing food waste will decline the demand for food production and consequently reduce the pressure on water resources. We investigated the food wastage across the food supply chain using the top-down datasets based on the FAO mass balance model. Furthermore, the water footprint of the estimated food wastage was assessed using the representative of selected food crops. The study revealed that the average annual food wastage across the food supply chain is 9.05 million tonnes, signifying 0.51 kg/capita/day and 48% of domestic food production. Similarly, an average of $6.29Gm^3$ per annum of water resources was lost to food wastage, which translates to 40% of the total allotted water resources for agriculture in the country. These considerable resources could have been conserved or efficiently used for other purposes. This study demonstrated that zero food waste generation would significantly reduce the impact on freshwater resources and ensure its conservation. There is a need for further investigation on the food waste study using the bottom-up approach, specifically at the consumer food waste, since the top-down approach is based on estimations and many assumptions were made.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.565-577
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to understand the factors influencing the decline and the patterns of changes in Abies nephrolepis populations on Mt. Seorak. We installed permanent quadrats in the areas of the Gwittagicheongbong (peak), Gwanmoneungseon (ridge), and the Seorak Falls and have monitored the community structure, population dynamics, radial growth, and vitality in the quadrats since 2009. Excluding the Seorak Falls, the three research sites showed a three-layer structure in which the low-tree layer forms the canopy. Major tree species were Khingan fir, Korean arborvitae, Mongolian oak, Erman's birch, and Korean maple. The significance of Khingan fir in Seorak Falls decreased from 45.3% in 2009 to 36.8% in 2018. The number of shoots ($DBH{\geq}5cm$) was highest at 1,800 individuals/ha and 1,700 individuals/ha at the Gwittagicheongbong 2 and the Gwanmoneungseon, respectively. The mortality rates over the past 10 years were very high, at 38.3% and 35.3%, respectively, in the Gwittagicheongbong 1 and Seorak Falls. The most stable inverse J-shaped distribution in the Gwittagicheongbong 1 area was shown in the size-frequency distribution of the Khingan fir populations. The average annual ring growth of the Khingan fir was 0.96 ~ 1.73 mm/year, and the ring growth tended to decrease in the areas of Gwittagicheongbong 1, Gwanmoneungseon, and Seorak Falls, where the vitality was low. If the monitoring process continues, it will be possible to obtain basic data for the conservation and management of subalpine vegetation.