• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.307-325
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• 2019

This study aims to analyze the regional variations in which appear during the formation process of educational community in rural villages from the perspective of regional innovation theory. The study results revealed that the activities to form an educational community of the Songak village significantly influenced the variations across the social, economic and environmental aspects beyond an innovation of public education within the region based on interrelation between schools and villages. In other words, the activities including interactions and group learnings have been actively promoted among the various relevant stakeholders, thereby resulting in a variety of positive variations such as expanded regional welfare base, activated voluntary residents community gatherings based on the unity and cooperation, broadened socioeconomic opportunities, satisfaction on educational and cultural desires, and construction of healthy ecological environment in the region. Therefore, it is thought that regional development policy suitable for each region needs to be established by embracing the fact that activities to form a village educational community entail significant implication and value as the comprehensive regional innovation activities across the entire domains in each region.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.361-372
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• 1999

Thirty-two plots have been set up and surveyed to investigate the plant community structure and distribution density of Pinus thunbergii-P. densiflora forest in Kojedo District, Hallyo-Haesang National Park. By DCA ordination technique P. thunbergii-P. densiflora forest was classified into P. thunbergii community, P. thunbergii-P. densiflora community, and P. densiflora community. The trend of plant community succession was invalid. The results of simple regression analysis between mean DBH(cm), mean distribution distance(m), and number of individual of P. thunbergii and P. densiflora were as follows: Distribution distance(m) = 0.094$\times$DBH(cm)-0.1248, Number of individual=1,820.1$\times$(cm)$DBH^{-1.6734}$ , Distribution distance(m)=6.6805$\times$Number of $individual^{-0.5425}$ .

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.5_1
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• pp.409-418
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• 1998

A molel study was conducted to determine the optimal sample size for the analysis of the aquatic insect community in a stream reach of the Pangtae Creek, Kangwon-do in October 1995 and may 1996. The results showed that the required minimum sample size varied and depended on the purposes of the community analysis. Acoording to the Species: Area Curve method, at least 16 Surber samplings ($30{\times}30cm$) were required in a stream reach in each spring and fall survey. The species diversity index did not vary significantly as the sample size increased. Based on the coefficient of variation analysis, the minimum sample sizes of 10 were required in order to compare seasonal differences of the community in the study area. Considering the static community structure of aquatic insects, including both species numbers and individual numbers of aquatic insects, 11 and 7 samplings were optimal sizes for the fall and spring survey, respectively. We concluded that 12 Surber samplings from 3 riffle-pool sequences (4 samplings at each riffle-pool sequence) would be required in a stream reach (length 1 km) to obtain reliable as well as cost efficient data. Our model showed that the optimal sample size should be determined by interactions between minimum sample size, the degree of data reliability, and cost efficiency.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.65-72
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• 2007

The economic growth of the modern society brought economic expansion of the national income. It is to increase the demand that faced with community or convenience facilities helping living of the residents, but the community facilities in the apartment helping living of residents do not adapt resident living conditions or demands. This study analyzes as follows the use present situation of the community facilities supplied with an apartment plan and building plans. The objective of the study is to understand a problem of an installation standard of community facililities throughout research. The study way was based on literature review, a field study and an interview with manager in the apartments. We are as follows telling the conclusion of this research. The builder must plan the facilities which the resident requests from the plan stage to the conclusion. We must consider the operation method according to the facilities. The facilities must be planed to make the contentment of the resident with the usage.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.117-128
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• 2019

Background: Cliffs are a major plant habitat around the coastal area, but in contrast to sand dunes and salt marshes, they have been little investigated in Korea. There are simple descriptions of cliff vegetation in studies on island vegetation, but there is no published paper, which addressed sea cliff vegetation synthetically. Furthermore, the coastal area where this study was carried out was designated as a conservation reserve. Even though, this area is exposed to intense recreational use such as trekking in these days. This study aims to clarify spatial distribution and structure of vegetation along the environmental gradient on coastal cliff and plateau in the Janggi peninsula (Homigot) located on southeastern Korea. Further, this study has also another objective to prepare a restoration plan to protect this conservation reserve from intense human disturbance. Results: Landscape elements were arranged in the order of sea cliff risen directly on the sea, seashore, coastal cliff, and plateau covered with relatively deep soil in a coastal area of the Janggi peninsula (Homigot), southeastern Korea. Vegetation was sampled at 59 plots arranged from the sea cliff through the seashore and coastal cliff to plateau. The sea cliff, seashore, and coastal cliff, which compose the coastal landscape, were dominated by the seashore spatulate aster (Aster spathulifolius Maxim.) community, dwarf sand sedge (Carex pumila Thunb.) community, and seashore spatulate aster (Aster spathulifolius Maxim.) community. On the plateau corresponding to the ridge of the coastal cliff, black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) community, golden rain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxmann) community, east Asian hackberry (Celtis sinensis Pers.) community, sawleaf zelkova (Zelkova serrata Makino) community, and Korean oak (Quercus dentata Thunb.) community were established in the mentioned order along distance from the sea. Stand ordination showed a vegetation sequence from the seashore through the cliff to the plateau, consistent in its overall pattern among sites. This was dominated by topography. There is evidence for the importance also of salinity, drought and of soil depth. Conclusion: The lack of scientific interest in cliffs to date is in striking contrast to the commonness of cliffs around the whole national territory and to the attraction cliffs have had for humans throughout history. Cliffs provide a unique habitat, rarely investigated from an ecological viewpoint. Cliffs may represent an invaluable type of ecosystem, consisting of some of the least disturbed habitats on earth and contributing more to the biodiversity of a region than their surface coverage would indicate. Although this coastal area where this study was carried out was designated as a conservation reserve, this area is in danger of severe disturbance due to excessive recreational use. We recommended a restoration plan to protect this area from such a disturbance.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.247-256
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• 2012

We evaluated the landscape ecological value of selected minefields and wetland patches as a habitat of the forest bird community. The avian fauna of three minefields of 8.5ha, 17.4ha, and 40.6ha were evaluated by comparing that of three control sites of mountain area. Average number of forest bird species, number of individuals, species diversity index, species richness, and species evenness were analyzed according to the size of patch and environmental characteristics such as the presence of wetland and connectivity. Community similarity was evaluated between test and control plots. Avian fauna can be summarized as follows. First, 63 species were recorded, and the sum of maximum counts was 828 individuals. Species diversity index was 3.8, and the species richness was 9.2. Species evenness was 93.3. Second, small, isolated forest patch had a low average number of species and individuals as expected. But, small forest patches with streams had higher bird density than patches without water surface. Third, forest patches with marsh wetland were evaluated as lower habitat quality than forest patches with stream wetland in terms of the number of bird species per unit area, number of individuals per unit area, species diversity index, species richness index, and species evenness. Finally, Community similarity of the small forest patches with streams was similar with large connected forest. As a result, lowland forest patch was shown the good quality for the forest bird community in spite of small extents, and community structure was similar with mountain forest bird community. Thus, riparian forest restoration could improve the biodiversity of the forest bird community.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.118-134
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigated the plant community structure and to revaluate the part of plant ecosystem on statement of environmental impact assessment in Muju resort golf course, Solch'on area, Tokyusan National Park. The actual vegetation was comprised of Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica-Q. serrata community(33.21%), Q. spp. community(27.30%), P. densiflora community(20.68%) and high mountain marsh(4.93%) etc., which communities were the major vegetation and the forest vegetation was came to being a peculiar to environmental condition. The degree of green naturality 8, 9 was covered 93% in survey area, and so this result reflect the stability of ecosystem. There was all the difference between the statement of environmental impact assessment of development concerned and this study result in the estimation of degree of green naturality. The plant community were divided into six groups in fifty-four plots by DCA and the dividing groups were P. densiflora, P. densiflora-Q. mongolica, P. densiflora-Q. serrata-F. mandschurica-B. davurica, Q. mongolica-Q. serrata-P. densiflora, Q. mongolica-Q. variabilis, Salix koreansis- B. davurica community. Except P. densiflora forest in survey site, the ecological succession trend of the other communities was seemed to be from P. densiflora to Q. spp.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.459-467
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• 2007

The effects of turbid water on fish community was investigated in a clear reference stream (the Bongsan Steam) and a turbid stream (the Daegi Stream) located in the upstream region of the South Han River, Korea. The stress index (SI) of suspended solids (SS) were calculated during a rain event concentration by the equation SI=LN (SS${\times}$duration). EMC of SS was $1{\sim}13$ mg $L^{-1}$ in the clear stream with a mean SI of 5.2, while SS was $97{\sim}1,150$ mg $L^{-1}$ in the turbid stream with a mean SI of 10.3. Even though the number of species was not much different, the dominant species of the two steams were distinctly different. The reference stream was dominated by upstream species such as Rhynchocypris kumgangensis, Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis, and Cottus poecilopus which are typical upstream community. Whereas the turbid streams was dominated by Rhynchocypris kumgangensis, Zacco koreanus, and Orthrias nudus which are representatives of middle reache community. Fish density was four times higher in the clear steam than the turbid stream. In the similarity analysis of fish communities the community of the turbid stream showed large dissimilarity with other communities in other streams of similar size. In conclusion, although turbidity might be at the sublethal concentration, fish communities are under stress in some turbid streams of Korea that is strong enough to induce community change. It can be an example of a chronic ecological toxicity of turbidity at the community level.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.291-301
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to examine the perception of early childhood teachers on ecological art activities oriented to education for sustainable development. The research results are as follows. First, Early childhood teachers recognized the visual art of natural media, the pursuit of community values, and the participation and communication of social members as educational significance of ecological art activities. And difficulties in practicing ecological art were recognized as lack of educational environment, lack of ecological art teaching materials and specific examples, and teachers' lack of understanding of ecological art. Also, they recognized that ecological art activities foster core competencies in art experience area, such as nature-friendly communication skills, eco-friendly sensibility, and creative convergence skills. Second, regarding ecological art activities and sustainable development education, early childhood teachers considered the difficulties in practice as lack of awareness about sustainable development, lack of play meia and materials, lack of educational policies and support, and insufficient teacher training programs. Also, regarding the SDGs that can be practiced in ecological art activities, teachers were found to be highly aware of 'grow affordable and clean energy', 'improve clean water and sanitation', 'provide quality education' in the order. In the contents of education for sustainable development that can be practiced in ecological art activities, teachers are given the order of 'climate change response', 'clean energy', 'water and sanitation', 'quality education', 'health and well-being' and 'marine ecosystem'. was highly recognized. If an ecological art activity program is developed, the rate of responding that it will be used is high, so it is considered that the development of an ESD-oriented ecological art activity program is urgent.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.847-854
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• 2011

To deal with issues from global climate changes, renewable bioenergy has become important. Algae have been regarded as a good resource for biorefinery and bioenergy, and also have potential capability to remove nutrient and non-decompositional pollutants for wastewater advanced treatment. Although algal-bacterial ecological interaction would be a crucially important factor in using algae for wastewater advanced treatment and resource recovery from wastewater, very little is known about ecological interaction between algae and bacteria in a real wastewater environment. In this study, under a real municipal wastewater condition, we characterized wastewater pollutant treatability and bacterial communities in response to growth of Ankistrodesmus gracilis SAG278-2, which can grow in wastewater and has a high lipid contents. The growth of algal population using the wastewater was inhibited by increase in wastewater bacteria while bacterial survival and cellular decay rate were not influenced by the algal growth. Removals of recalcitrant organic matters and total nitrogen were improved in the presence of algal growth. According to T-RFLP and statistical analysis, algal growth affected time-course changes in bacterial community structures. The following 16S rRNA gene amplicon, cloning results showed that the algal growth changes in bacterial community structure, and that bacterial populations belonging to Sediminibacterium, Sphingobacterium, Mucilaginibacter genera were identified as cooperative with the algal growth in the wastewater.