• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.260-269
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• 2021

BACKGROUND: Diquat dibromide is a fast-acting nonselective herbicide and plant growth regulator. In this study, in order to understand the possibility of unintentional pesticide contamination in the following crops, the phytotoxicity and transition of diquat dibromide residue in soil into the following crops such as pepper, radish, lettuce and corn have been assessed through phytotoxicity trial and residual evaluation in the unintentional contamination of the higher residual diquat dibromide. METHODS AND RESULTS: The pepper, radish, lettuce and corn were cultivated in the sandy soil and loam soil where the 35 mg/kg and 90 mg/kg diquat dibromide were applied, respectively. Mild growth inhibition symptoms were observed in radish, lettuce and corn crops at the 90 mg/kg- diquat dibromide treatment on the 30 day of cultivation. Diquat dibromide was analyzed using liquid chromatography QTRAP (LC-MS/MS). The recovery rates of diquat dibromide from soil and crop were determined within range from 89.1 to 116.4% with relative standard deviation less than 14.7%. Diquat dibromide residues in soil were found to be 23.90-30.22 and 69.59-82.57 mg/kg from the 35 mg/kg and 90 mg/kg of diquat dibromide-treated soil, respectively after 30 days of crop cultivation. This result implicates that diquat dibromide did not convert to metabolites and remained mostly in the soil, even though it was partially decomposed during crop cultivation. In addition, the diquat dibromide in pepper and radish that were grown for 47 days, and lettuce and corn that were cultivated for 30 days were detected to be 0.01 mg/kg or less in the sandy loam and loam soil where the 90 mg/kg diquat dibromide was applied. CONCLUSION(S): Diquat dibromide did not cause severe phytotoxicity in the following crops as well as it did not uptake and distribute to the following crops, even though it was considered to be residual in the soil.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.441-451
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• 2023

Golden apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata) were first introduced as food for high protein source and were later widely used as a means of weeding in rice paddies by taking of their vigorous feeding habits. Since 2000, the wintering of golden snails has been found and damage to rice plants occurred by them. To prevent damage, a means to control golden apple snails has become necessary. In this study, we investigated the possibility of eco-friendly control of golden apple snail by using Styrax japonicus fruit that grow naturally in-country. When the ethanol extract of the fruit was treated for controlling golden apple snail, the effect of over 90% was confirmed at 250 and 125 ppm after 1 day. Using UPLC MS analysis, two major compounds, dihydrorotenone known as a natural pesticide was detected. The molluscicidal activity was confrimed at 50 ppm of dihydrorotenone standard material. Our results showed that the possibility of developing an eco-friendly agent of golden apple snail using S. japonicus fruit was confirmed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.137-137
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• 2017

Rice has important role as a primary food resource in especially the Asia, Korea, China, India, Indonesia and Japan. After development and increasingly using artificial chemical fertilizer, rice is getting high quality and quantity to satisfy ever-increasing people. On the other hand, the earth environment is more polluted each day. Nowadays consumers are looking for the organic crops or foods that were grown with eco-friendly method and in pure farmland. With the immergence of this trend, it is time to development environmentally-friendly agriculture. One of the methods is growing green manure crops in winter or spring on the fields. For this reasons, growing rye and Italian ryegrass are useful to use green manure to enhance rice production without chemical fertilizers and make the property of the soil eco-friendly. To know how improve the quality and quantity of rice with green manures, rye and Italian ryegrass, first the characteristics of green manure corps were measured. Dry matter yields of the rye and Italian ryegrass were 2.21 and $1.81t\;Ha^{-1}$. And the percentages of the dry matter were 28 and 32%. And, analyzed mineral components in rye and Italian ryegrass were nitrogen, organic matter, $P_2O_5$, CaO, $C_2O$ and MgO. Specially, the percentages of the organic matter and the CaO between rye and Italian ryegrass have difference appreciably. the height of the rice on the Italian ryegrass-fertilized field was the highest among the variant fields. The height of the rice on the non-fertilized field was the lowest. Yield of the Italian ryegrass-, rye- and non-fertilized rice are 805.2, 639.9 and $415.3kg\;10a^{-1}$. At the result, Italian ryegrass is the most effective green manure among the 3 treated-fertilized.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.96-102
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• 2021

A new cultivar of oak mushroom 'Dadam' was bred from monokaryotic strains of 'GMLE36062-4' and 'GMLE36288-34'. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of the new cultivar 'Dadam' on potato dextrose agar was 19-22℃. Total cultivation period of the new cultivar, from innoculation to its first harvest, was 135-139 days, similar to that of the control cultivar 'Hwadam'. The pileus color and stipe thickness of the new cultivar were darker and thinner than those of 'Hwadam'. Total yield of 'Dadam' was 621 g per 3 kg substrate, and is higher than that of 'Hwadam' (371 g). In farmhouse field test, it showed that the period of mycelial growth, browning, and fruiting body formation were the same as those of the control cultivar L808. The number of available fruiting bodies of 'Dadam' was 15, and is lower than that of the control (47), therefore, it was possible to save workforce in thinning. The total yield for 2 flush was 480 g for 'Dadam', similar to the 473 g of the control cultivar.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.721-726
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• 2006

Mosquitoes are carriers of malaria and encephalitis. This study performed for eco-friendly control of mosquitos by using genus Acorus. Several solvents were used for the extraction of genus Acorus; water, ethanol, and methanol. Grinded leaves and roots were also included. Acorus extracts killed mosquito larvae and the ethanol extract showed the best result. Autoclaved Acorus water needed long time to kill mosquito larvae. $LT_{50}$ of 1 % Acorus calamus decoction was 13.6 hrs and 1 % autoclaved Acorus water was 53.6 hrs. $LT_{50}$ of 0.05% Acorus calamus rhizome powder was 28.5 hrs. $LT_{50}$ of 0.5% Acorus calamus leaf powder was 10.8 hrs. $LT_{50}$ of 0.1 % Acorus calamus decoction was 63.4 hrs and 0.1 % Acorus calamus ethanol extracts was 48.6 hrs and 0.1% Acorus calamus methanol extracts was 53.9 hrs. $LT_{50}$ of 0.4% Acorus gramineus decoction was 45.5 hrs, 0.4% ethanol extracts was 10.9 hrs, 0.4% methanol extracts was 10.2 hrs. $LT_{50}$ of ethanol extracts was shorter than other extracts. Acorus calamus rhizome powder could be used for the eco-friendly control of the mosquito larvae.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.3
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• pp.431-439
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• 2000

In this study, a GIS-application model to determine the optimal route of eco-friendly forest roads and to evaluate the environmental and engineering features of the route was developed. The model consists of five modules for managing spatial and attribute data, determining the optimal route for forest road projection, evaluating environmental and engineering efficiency of forest roads, analyzing characteristics of mountain terrains and report-writing. Using the pull-down menu system, these modules were integrated to be user-friendly for forest field practitioners. Visual Basic 6.0 and Avenue were used as the programming tool and the commercial GIS softwares, ArcView 3.1, Spatial Analyst and 3-D Analyst were used as the basic engine of the model for GIS analysis. In this paper, discussed are the principles for forest road projection and evaluation and structures and application features of the model.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.07a
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• pp.185-197
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• 2009

Eco-friendly agricultural products(EFAPs) are on an increasing trend of supply, but not much enhancing the rate of consumption due to higher price premiums and safety concerns among core consumers. Recently, the overall domestic market is rapidly changing from supplier's into a consumer-oriented one with increasing preferences for well-known branded produce, large retailers, and e-commerce. To cope with marketing shifts and develop eco-friendly farming, marketing strategies should be properly prepared on the basis of consumption trends, purchase patterns, and the specific needs which is interlinked sectors of productions, distributions, and general process of consumption. The key factors for stimulating the demand for EFAPs are outlined as follows : classification of buyers(segmentation of markets), provision of more information and safety assurance, labeling of brands and reference prices, shopping convenience for consumers and more appropriate pricing. In order to motivate consumers to buy more EFAPs, the products' safety should be verified and they should be made to sell at specialty store such as Chorokmaul, It is necessary that government, producers, consumers, and distributors play their respective roles in developing feasible programs for marketing EFAPs. Consequently, the specialty store will greatly contribute to the development of domestic environmentally-friendly farming and to raising their standings and prospects as well.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.66-72
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• 2016

The applicability of rice husk fiber as a raw material for eco-friendly pulp mold was evaluated in this study. The higher demand of environmental friendly packaging material resulted in the more interest for the natural fiber based pulp mold. The rice husk which is an abundant agricultural byproduct in Asia could be defiberized by an alkaline digestion process. The changes in the pulp mold making process and the properties of pulp mold by the addition of the rice husk were investigated. The addition of rice husk fiber to the pulp mold made with OCC or UBKP resulted in the increase in drainage at the pulp mold forming process. In case of UBKP pulp mold, the addition of rice husk fiber increased the drying efficiency after pulp mold forming since the structure of pulp mold became more bulkier by the addition of the rice husk fiber. Those results showed the rice husk fiber could be applied to the pulp mold manufacturing as one of the eco-friendly natural fiber resources.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.135-154
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• 2010

The green craze has hit all the world lately. The green revolution which means immense changes for sustainable development under the new environment-economy system is foretelling that we should have new angle to the environment and economy. This paper is about the development of the model and indicators for construction of ECO(Energy Circulating Organic)-Village which is the green growth option of local community. This model is composed of three concepts - SPDC (about procedural methodology of Model), Virtuous Circle (about functional relationships of three requisites), Network (about spatial relationships between communities) - and evaluation indicators. Environment, tourism, industry (Energy & Organic Agriculture) are set as the three requisites for green growth of local community. Nations of the world plunge into the green war which is silent, general, sweeping changes. We can not win this war with the existing thinking system and policy. We need revolutionary changes reconsidering of environmental value and sustainable development strategy of the region. Each of us should go through the changes and this work would be the one among those efforts.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-78
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• 1998

Nowadays, there are increasing demands of golf courses and it is necessary to make more golf courses than the present. To do this, we need to improve the environmental problems with the regional inhabitants, and it is said that the first thing to be considered in developing any golf course in Korea is to preserve the environment. In this context, the purpose of this study is to set forth several design factors to lessen the negative impacts which are accompanied with the development of golf courses. 1. The present conditions of golf courses in Korea Many new golf courses have come into being, particularly since the late 1980s, and now, in the year of 1997, over one hundred of golf courses are doing their business, yet the number of golf course is still less than required. So far, over a half of them have been made in the vicinity of Seoul on account of various reasons, and this has adversely affected on our natural environment. This unreasonable development of golf courses has caused serious water pollution, landslides and the other problems. Also, the topography of Korea is not good for golf courses. Although the demands of golf courses are increasing, the suitable sites for them are very limited, and therefore it is sometimes unavoidable to make golf courses on steep hills. Consequently, in designing golf courses in Korea, the most important thing is the balance between natural environment and artificial environment. 2.Eco-friendly golf course design factors 1) The concept of eco-friendly golf courses Ecologically sustainable and sound golf courses which are made by eco-friendly approaches 2)Basic conditions of eco-friendly golf courses (1)The most suitable sites (2) Conservation of existing ground as much as possible (3)Proper use of agricultural chemicals which have great impacts on the environment (4) Reasonable use of fertilizers (5) Developing a specialized fertilizer only for grass (6) Adaptation of organic agriculture (7) Improvement of grass sorts (8) Establishing reservoirs for purifying the water from golf courses 3) Eco-friendly golf courses (1) Location-Enough area /Gentle slope/Winding ground/Including lakes or streams /Not crossing wind's main direction Facing south or southeast /Suitable soIl for grass /Good drainage /Low level of underground water (2)Course layout and design -Consideration about existing contours as much as possible -Adaptation of Scotish design trend -Various holes' configuration -Consideration toward surrounding landscapes -Reducing grass areas -Giving buffer zones -Adapting computer methods in the process of site analysis and design (3) Eco-friendly considerations in constructing and managing golf courses -Protection of wildlife -Reuse of existing forests and preservation of topsoil -Renovation of old-fashioned courses -Reducing grass areas -Purification of water -Standization of management -Strict regulations against chemicals -Recycling organic materials -Through separation of the water inside golf courses and out of bounds -Getting proper construction works done in a due time 4.Eco-friendly considerations from a viewpoint of cultural environment 1) Well-matched landscape design and events planning 2) Implement of identifications and awarding systerns 3)Acknowledgement of superintendents' qualitications in the maintenance of golf courses 4)Increasing public golf courses and keeping good relationships with the neighbors near golf courses Key words: Pro-environmental development, Golf course.